VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018.

An Internship Report
On

“Embedded System ”
27.10.2023 to 27.11.2023
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by

ABHILASH BR 1VI22EC400

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BENGALURU – 560034
2023-2024
 Karnataka Reddy Jana Sangha®

VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi) Koramangala,
Bengaluru-560034.

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship entitled “Embedded System ” is a bona
fide work carried out by Mr.Abhilash B R(1VI22EC400) during the academic
year 2023-24 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have
been incorporated in the report. The internship report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of the Internship prescribed for the said degree.

Guide Head of the Department Principal

(Prof.S.Mukul manohar) (Dr. Parameshwara M C) (Dr. Vijayasimha Reddy B.G)

External Viva

Name of the Examiner Signature with

date 1.

2.
 ABSTRACT

Embedded systems are special-purpose computing systems embedded in application

environments or in other computing systems and provide specialized support. The
decreasing cost of processing power, combined with the decreasing cost of memory and
the ability to design low-cost systems on chip, has led to the development and
deployment of embedded computing systems in a wide range of application
environments. Examples include network adapters for computing systems and mobile
phones, control systems for air conditioning, industrial systems, and cars, and
surveillance systems.
An embedded system is a programmed controlling and operating system with a dedicated
function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and
mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Ninetyeight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured as components of embedded
systems. Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with
general-purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating
ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the price of limited processing resources,
which make them significantly more difficult to program and to interact with.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize
it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance.
Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players,
to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex
systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very higher one.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank Visvesvaraya Technology University for providing a platform to do the

internship work.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Vijayasimha Reddy B G, Principal, Vemana Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru, for providing necessary facilities and motivation to carry out internship
work successfully.
I express heartfelt gratitude and humble thanks to Dr. Parameshwara M C, HoD, ECE,
Vemana Institute of Technology, for his constant encouragement, inspiration and help to
carry out internship work successfully.
I am very thankful to my external guide, Mr. Rakesh, Indian Institute of Embedded Systems,
who has given in-time valuable instructions and put me in contact with experts in the field,
with extensive guidance regarding practical issues.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my internal guide, Prof. S.Mukul
manohar, Asisstant Professor, ECE, Vemana Institute of Technology for providing
encouragement and inspiration throughout the internship.

I thank internship coordinators Dr. Byra Reddy G R and Prof. Kusuma G S for their
cooperation and support during the internship work.

I am thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Electronics &
Communication Engineering department for their help and much needed support throughout
the internship.

ABHILASH BR
1VI22EC400

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

Abstract I.

Acknowledgement II.
Table of content III.

List of figures IV. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 Embedded system 1

1.2 Basic structure of embedded system 2

1.3 Purpose and characteristics of embedded systems 2

1.4 Application of embedded systems 4

CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATION PROFILE 6-8
2.1 Company strategy 6

2.2 Company service 6

2.3 Departments 6
2.4 Company information 8
CHAPTER 3 SKILL ACQUIRED 9-22
3.1 Core of embedded systems 9
3.2 Components of embedded systems 10
3.3 Microcontroller 16
3.4 Architecture of embedded systems 19
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER 23-26
4.1 List of components 23
CHAPTER 5 PROJECT WORK 27-29
5.1 objective 27
5.2 industry based application 27
5.3 components 28
5.4 procedure 29
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 30
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES 31

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No. TITLE Page No

1.1 Embedded Systems and Features 3

1.4 Characteristics of Embedded Systems 8

3.1 Components of embedded systems 14

3.2 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 16

3.4 ARM 18

3.6 Von Neumann Architecture 20

3.7 Harvard Architecture 20

4.1 Arduino Uno Board 23

4.2 16X2 LCD display 23

4.3 IR Fire detecting sensor 25

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5.5 Result 29

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In our day-to-day life, we witness electronics playing a major role around us. If you look around
anytime you can definitely spot one or another device that works with electricity. Hence,
electronics have become part of our lives. We can broadly define an embedded system as a
microcontroller-based, software-driven, reliable, real-time control system, designed to perform
a specific task. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or
electronic hardware and mechanical parts.

1.1 Embedded system and its Features

An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system with software
that is designed to perform a dedicated function, either as an independent system or as a part
of a large system. At the core is an integrated circuit designed to carry out computation for
realtime operations.
An embedded system is an electronic/electromechanical system designed to perform a
specific function and is a combination of both hardware and software. It is unique and the
hardware and firmware are highly specialized to the application domain. It may or may not
contain an operating system for functioning.
An embedded system is a computer system—a combination of a computer processor,
computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within
a larger mechanical or electronic system.[1][2] It is embedded as part of a complete device
often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded
system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it
often has real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in
common use.

Features of embedded systems:

• Embedded systems execute pre-programmed functions, and they have a particular set of
requirements. They are programmed hardware devices that run on hardware chips that
are programmable.
• Embedded systems perform a specific function or a set of specific functions unlike a
computer, which is used to carry out a wide number of functions.
• They are not always independent devices. Embedded systems form smaller parts of a much
larger device that carries out a specific task. transportation.

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• The program scripted for a n embedded system is called a firmware and is stored on a read-
only or flash memory.
• Embedded systems are stable and reliable, and the users cannot upgrade the functions
directly. These embedded systems are expected to function for long durability without any
difficulties

1.2 Basic structures of embedded systems

The basic structure of an embedded system includes the following components:

• Sensor: The sensor measures and converts the physical quantity to an electrical signal,
which can then be read by an embedded systems engineer or any electronic instrument.
A sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.

• A-D Converter: An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the
sensor into a digital signal.

• Processor & ASICs: Processors assess the data to measure the output and store it to the
memory.

• D-A Converter: A digital-to-analog converter changes the digital data fed by the
processor to analog data.

• Actuator: An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual output
stored and stores the approved output.

1.3 Purpose and characteristics of embedded

systems Purpose of embedded systems
Embedded systems provide chip-level programming and are used in most of the latest
technology used today. Its purpose is to control a device and to allow a user to interact with
it. To have a real-time application guarantee in its performance, embedded systems are
needed.
They always function as part of a complete device which is what’s meant by the term
embedded. Embedded systems have become a revolution. The purpose of an embedded system
is to enable an object to use computer programs without needing a connection to an external
server or network. Embedded systems allow a computing device to be self contained. Common
embedded technologies include pacemakers, traffic

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lights, and smart home devices. The Internet of things is one reason why the growth of
embedded systems is expected to grow rapidly. Applications such as wearables, drones,
smart homes, smart buildings, 3D printers, and smart transportation all play a big part in the
growing success of embedded systems.

1.4 Characteristics of Embedded Systems:

Some of the key characteristics of Embedded Systems are as mentioned below.
• All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task repeatedly
/continuously over their lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an mp3 player.
• Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain time frame. It must
therefore perform fast enough. A car’s brake system, if exceeds the time limit, may
cause accidents.
• They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic washing machine
works on its own after the program is set and stops once the task is over.

• Some embedded systems are designed to react to external stimuli and react
accordingly.
A thermometer, a GPS tracking device.

• Embedded systems are built to achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small-sized,
can work with less power and are not too expensive.

• Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the users. Hence, they

must rank high on reliability and stability. They are expected to function for long
durations without the user experiencing any difficulties.

• Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems.

• Embedded systems need connected peripherals to attach input & output devices.
The hardware of an embedded system is used for security and performance

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Fig 1.4: Characteristics of Embedded Systems

1.5 Applications of an embedded system:

• GPS systems: The GPS is a navigation system that synchronizes data about
location, time, and velocity using satellites and receivers.

• Fitness trackers: Wearable fitness trackers can monitor your health and track activities
such as sleeping, running, and walking. over a wide area network (WAN) such as
LTE or GPRS.

• Medical devices: Embedded systems have been used in medical equipment at

healthcare institutions for a long time. Embedded systems are being used in a new
class of medical gadgets to assist treat patients who require ongoing monitoring and
treatment at home.

• Automotive systems: Automobile embedded systems are created and installed to

improve vehicle safety.

• ATMs: An automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized banking machine

that communicates across a network with a host bank computer. The ATM’s

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embedded system shows transaction data

• and processes inputs from the ATM keyboard, while the bank computer verifies all
data submitted by users and stores all transactions.

• Defense and Aerospace: Missile Guidance Systems, Systems for navigation and
guidance, GPS, Space Exploration (Rovers) use the embedded systems.

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CHAPTER 2

ORGANIZATION PROFILE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (IIES) is one of the fastest growing
trainings. Solutions Companies in India. IIES has established itself as one of the pioneers
in the field of IoT, Embedded, VLSI, Artificial intelligence, machine learning and
programming languages like C, C++, DS, VHDL, Verilog, MATLAB, LABVIEW,
PYTHON etc.

2.1 Company Strategy

• To impart quality training and achieve excellence in teaching and research.

• To provide training in core areas to meet the current need of the industry.

• Guiding and mentoring students to identify and achieve their development and
professional goals.

• Delivery skills and knowledge that will increase our students’ productivity, which
will in turn enhance their contribution to the industry they work.

2.2 Company Services

• Embedded System
• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine learning
• Programming languages like C, C++, DS, VHDL, Verilog, Python etc
• Web Development

• VLSI MATLAB

2.3 Departments
• Electrical

• Electronics

• Wireless Communications

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 Embedded system

• Signals Processing

• Computer Science

• Information Science

• Data Science

2.4 Our Goal

The overall goal of this organization is to provide undergraduate and graduate students, the
state-of-the-art technical training and project building opportunities. We sincerely aim to
build the technical-academic gap in order to provide young engineers with the skills that
enhance career opportunity as well as academic requirements. The training is also intended
to appreciate and promote the new ideas in innovation and technology.

Fig 2.1: Motherboard

2.5 Company Information

COMPANY NAME : Indian Institute Of Embedde Systems

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ADDRESS : 80 Ahad Pinnacle, Ground Floor, 5th Main road 2nd Cross, 5th
Block, Industrail Area, Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka
560095.

MOBILE NUMBER : 9886920008

EMAIL : enquiry@iies.in

WEBISTE : www.iies.in

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CHAPTER 3

SKILLS ACQUIRED

3.1 CORE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems are domain and application specific and are built around a central
core. The core of the embedded system falls into any of the following categories. Some
embedded system applications require only 8-bit controllers whereas some require superior
performance.

General purpose and Domain Specific Processors

• Microprocessors: A microprocessor is a silicon chip representing a central processing

unit. A microprocessor is a dependent unit, and it requires the combination of other
hardware like memory, timer unit, and interrupt controller, etc. for proper
functioning. Architectures used for processor design are Harvard or Von-Neumann.

• Microcontrollers: A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that contains a CPU,

scratch pad RAM, special and general-purpose register arrays, on chip ROM/FLASH
memory for program storage, timer and interrupt control units and dedicated I/O
ports. Texas Instrument’s TMS 1000 Is considered as the world’s first
microcontroller. Some embedded system applications require only 8bit controllers
whereas some requiring superior performance and computational needs demand
16/32bit controllers. The instruction set of a microcontroller can be RISC or CISC.
Microcontrollers are designed for either general purpose application requirements
or domain specific application requirements.
• Digital Signal Processors: DSP are powerful special purpose 8/16/32 bit
microprocessors designed to meet the computational demands and power
constraints of today’s embedded audio, video and communication applications.
DSP are 2 to 3 times faster than general purpose microprocessors in signal
processing applications. This is because of the architectural difference between
DSP and General-Purpose microprocessors. DSP includes the following key units:
Program memory: It is a memory for storing the program required by DSP to
process the data. Data memory:

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• It is a working memory for storing temporary variables and data or signal to be
processed. Computational engine: It performs the signal processing in accordance
with the stored program memory computational engine incorporated many
specialized arithmetic units and each of them operates simultaneously to increase the
execution speed.

• Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC): ASICs is a microchip design to

perform specific and unique applications. Because of using single chip for
integrates several functions there by reduces the system development cost. As a
single chip ASIC consumes a very small area in the total system.
Thereby helps in the design of smaller systems with high capabilities or
functionalities.

Classifications of embedded systems

The classification of Embedded systems is based on different criteria, including functionality
and performance, generation, complexity, and triggering.

Based on Generation
Another type of embedded system is by the technological era or generation in which they
were developed. These include:
• First Generation: The early Embedded Systems were built around 8 -bit
microprocessors and 4-bit microcontrollers. They are simple circuit hardware with
firmware developed in assembly code. A few examples are Digital Telephone
Keypads, stepper motor control units, etc.
• Second Generation: These are the Embedded Systems built around 16-bit
microprocessors and 8- or 16-bit microcontrollers, following the first-generation
Embedded Systems. The instruction set for the second-generation processors/
controllers was much more complex and powerful than the first generation
processors/ controllers. Some of the second-generation Embedded Systems contain
embedded operating systems for their operations. Few examples of secondgeneration
Embedded Systems are Data Acquisition Systems (DAS), SCADA systems, etc.
• Third Generation: With advances in processor technology, Embedded System
developers started making use of powerful 32-bit processors and 16-bit
microcontrollers for their design. A new concept of Application and Domain-

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specific

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processors/ controllers like Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Application Specific
Integrated Circuits (ASICs) come into the picture. The instruction set of processors
became more complex and powerful and the concept of instruction pipelining is also
evolved. The processor market was flooded with different types of processors from
various vendors.
Intel Pentium, Motorola 68K, etc. gained attention in high-performance embedded
requirements.

• Fourth Generation: With the System on Chip (SoC) ‘s advent, reconfigurable and
• multicore processors are bringing high performance, tight integration, and
miniaturization into the embedded device market. The SoC technique implements a
total system on a chip by integrating different functionalities with a processor core
on an integrated circuit. The fourth-generation Embedded.

Based on Complexity
These systems can range from simple to highly sophisticated designs, depending
on their memory, processing power, and applications. The three main categories of
embedded systems based on complexity include.
• Small-Scale Embedded Systems: These systems use either a single 8 or 16-bit
microprocessor or controller. They have limited memory and processing power. They
also have relatively lower hardware and software complexities. Also, they may or
may not contain an operating system for their functioning. They are majorly found
in gadgets like electronic toys, smartcards, etc.
• Medium-Scale Embedded Systems: These come with 16-bit or 32-bit
microprocessors or controllers, ASICs, or DSPs. Also, they have a fair amount of
memory and processing power. These systems have complexities in both hardware
and software and run on a real-time operating system. They are often employed in
home appliances, medical devices, and automotive systems. The main
programming tools used for these systems include C, C++, JAVA, etc.
• Large-Scale Embedded Systems: These systems have highly complex hardware
and software, like ones built on 32-bit or 64-bit RISC processors, System-on-Chip
(SoC), processors/controllers, and scalable and configurable processors. A
highperformance real-time OS is usually required for task scheduling, prioritization,
and management. They are used in innovative applications that demand hardware
and

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• software design, such as aerospace technologies, industrial automation, and
wireless communication systems. Based on Performance and Functional
Requirements: This classification of embedded systems in based on performance
and functional requirements. These systems are specialized computer systems
designed to perform specific tasks. They are divided into the following four types.
• Networked Embedded Systems: These connect to a network to access resources from
one location. This network may be a LAN, WAN, or the internet, and the
connection can be wired or wireless. This category represents the fastest-growing
area in embedded system applications. Embedded web servers, home security systems,
ATM machines, and card swipe machines are examples of networked embedded
systems. Real-Time Embedded Systems: These systems provide the required.
• Mobile Embedded Systems: These systems are compact, user-friendly, and
resource efficient. They are commonly found in portable devices such as mobile
phones, digital cameras, mp3 players, and personal digital assistants. These systems
are designed for ease of use and portability, making them ideal for on-the-go
applications.
• Standalone Embedded Systems: These systems are self-sufficient and do not rely
on other systems. They accept input in analog or digital form, process it, and
generate an output. Some common examples include mp3 players, digital cameras,
video game consoles, etc.

Based on Deterministic Behavior

• These systems are primarily divided into the following two categories: Soft
RealTime Systems:

These systems do not enforce strict timing constraints for task deadlines. While they
still require a response time to specific events, missing a deadline is acceptable.
Examples include ATMs and multimedia systems. In these cases, a late answer is still
an acceptable answer.

• Hard Real-Time Systems: These systems demand strict adherence to their timing
constraints, as failing to meet the required response time can result in severe
consequences or system failure. That is why, for these systems, a late answer is
always considered a wrong answer. Examples are airbag control systems and
antilock braking systems in vehicles.

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This classification of embedded systems in based on performance and functional

requirements. These systems are specialized computer systems designed to
perform specific tasks. They are divided into the following four types.

• Networked Embedded Systems: These connect to a network to access resources

from one location. This network may be a LAN, WAN, or the internet, and the
Embedded Systems connection can be wired or wireless. This category represents
the fastest- growing area in embedded system applications. Embedded web servers,
home security systems, ATM machines, and card swipe machines are examples of
networked embedded systems.
• Real-Time Embedded Systems: These systems provide the required output within a
predetermined time frame. They adhere to strict time constraints for task
completion. They can be further classified into soft and hard real-time embedded
systems. Examples of real-time embedded systems include automotive airbag control
systems and flight control systems.
• Mobile Embedded Systems: These systems are compact, user-friendly, and resource
efficient. They are commonly found in portable devices such as mobile phones,
digital cameras, mp3 players, and personal digital assistants. These systems are
designed for ease of use and portability, making them ideal for on-the-go
applications.
• Standalone Embedded Systems: These systems are self-sufficient and do not rely
on other systems. They accept input in analog or digital form, process it, and
generate an output. Some common examples include mp3 players, digital
cameras, video game consoles, etc.

Based on Deterministic Behaviour

These systems are primarily divided into the following two categories:
• Soft Real-Time Systems: These systems do not enforce strict timing constraints
for task deadlines. While they still require a response time to specific events,
missing a deadline is acceptable. Examples include ATMs and multimedia
systems. In these cases, a late answer is still an acceptable answer.

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• Hard Real-Time Systems: These systems demand strict adherence to their timing
constraints, as failing to meet the required response time can result in severe
consequences or system failure. That
is why, for these systems, a late answer is always considered a wrong answer. Examples
are airbag control systems and antilock braking systems in vehicles.

Based on Triggering:
These systems are of the following two types:

• Event-Triggered Embedded Systems: These systems rely on specific external events

or activities to initiate tasks. They respond to changes in variables such as
temperature, pressure, or user inputs, making them more adaptive to their
environment. They are particularly suited for applications requiring immediate
responses or real-time reactions, such as intrusion detection systems, medical device
monitoring, etc.
• Time-Triggered Embedded Systems: These systems are activated or initiated at pre-
determined intervals or at a specific point in time. In these systems, the tasks are
scheduled to be executed based on a predefined time or periodic timer, which
ensures the timely and consistent execution of processes.

• They are used for data collection, industrial systems with routine control loops,
and scheduled car maintenance systems. Classification of embedded systems is
essential for today’s technology.
• As technology advances, the future of embedded systems appears promising, with
the anticipation of more innovative applications and solutions in the coming
years.

3.2 Components of embedded systems:

The components of embedded systems consist of hardware and software
elements that work together to enable the desired functionality of the system.
Hardware components of embedded systems:
• The hardware components of embedded systems encompass various physical
elements that comprise the system infrastructure. These include power supply,
microcontrollers and microprocessors, memory, timers and counters,
communication interfaces, input/output, and electrical circuits, all of which work

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together to enable the desired functionality of the embedded system.

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• Power supply: The power supply component is an electrical unit responsible for
powering up the electrical load of the embedded system. While a 5V power
supply is generally required, the range can go from 1.8V to 3.3V, depending on
the application.

• Microcontroller and microprocessor: Embedded systems come in two key

variants: microcontroller powered and microprocessor-powered. A form of
integrated circuits, these components give the system its computing power. In
simple terms, the microcontroller or microprocessor serves as the brain of the
embedded system and drives its performance. Processors range from 8-bit to 16-
bit to 32-bit, with the main difference in processing speed and throughput. For
instance, a 32-bit processor has a higher processing speed since it can manipulate
32 bits at once, while a 16-bit processor has a comparatively lower processing
speed as it manipulates only 16 bits at a time.
• Memory: The memory component is essential for storing critical data in
embedded systems. This component is generally integrated into the
microprocessor or microcontroller. The two types of memory are RAM (random
access memory) and ROM (read-only memory).

• Input/output: Input components allow other components within the larger

interconnected infrastructure to interact with the embedded system. For instance,
a sensor helps provide inputs for the system to process.

Fig 3.2: Components of embedded systems

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3.3 MICROCONTROLLER

Types of microcontrollers
Common MCUs include the Intel MCS-51, often referred to as an 8051 microcontroller,
which was first developed in 1985; the AVR microcontroller developed by Atmel in 1996;
the programmable interface controller (PIC) from Microchip Technology; and various
licensed Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) microcontrollers. Several companies
manufacture and sell microcontrollers, including NXP Semiconductors, Renesas
Electronics, Silicon Labs and Texas Instruments.

8051 MICROCONTROLLERS
8051 is one of the first and most popular microcontrollers, also known as MCS-51. Intel
introduced it in the year 1981. Initially, it came out as an N-type metal-oxide semiconductor
(NMOS) based microcontroller, but later versions were based on complementary metal
oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. These microcontrollers were named 80C51,
where C in the name tells that it is based on CMOS technology. It is an 8-bit microcontroller
which means the data bus is 8-bit. Therefore, it can process 8 bits at a time. Electronic
circuits made using a PCB are more cost-effective and operationally efficient than wire
wrap or point-to-point configurations. Watch dog timer: Watchdog timer is a piece of
hardware in micro- controller. Watchdog timer is used to generate system reset if system
gets stuck somewhere i.e. if system goes into endless loop of execution watchdog timer will
reset the system to come out of endless loop. Watchdog is a safety mechanism in embedded
system which makes your system reliable, but it depends on how you make use of watchdog
timer. Reset circuit: The reset circuit is essential to ensure that the device is not operating at a
voltage level where the device is not guaranteed to operate, during system power ON. The
reset signal brings the internal registers and the different hardware systems of the
processor/controller to a known state and starts the firmware execution from reset vector.
Oscillator Unit: A microprocessor/Microcontroller is a digital device made up of digital
combinational and sequential circuits.). Embedded firmware: Embedded firmware is the flash
memory chip that stores specialized software running in a chip in an embedded device to
control its functions. Embedded firmware is used to control the limited, set functions of
hardware devices and systems of greater complexity but still gives more appliancelike usage
instead of a series of terminal commands. Embedded firmware functions are activated by
external controls or external actions of the hardware.

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Fig 3.3: 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS

Working of 8051 Microcontroller

• A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular function in a
device. It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals using its
central processor.
• The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its data memory,
where the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory to
decipher and apply the incoming data. It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate
and enact the appropriate action.
Microcontrollers are used in a wide array of systems and devices.
• Devices often utilize multiple microcontrollers that work together within the device to
handle their respective tasks. For example, a car might have many microcontrollers
that control various individual systems within, such as the antilock braking system,
traction control, fuel injection or suspension control. All the microcontrollers
communicate with each other to inform the correct actions. Some might communicate
with a more complex central computer within the car, and others might only
communicate with other microcontrollers.
• They send and receive data using their I/O peripherals and process that data to
perform their designated tasks.

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Applications of 8051 Microcontroller
• Home applications
• Communication systems
• Aeronautical and Space
• Robotics and Defense Systems
• Medical Equipment
• Light/Temperature sensing and controlling device.
• Fire detections and safety devices
• Automobile applications
• Process control devices
• Industrial instrumentation devices
• Voltmeter applications
• Current meter objects
• Handheld metering system
• Measuring and revolving objects

3.4 ARM
ARM, which stands for Acorn RISC Machine (and later Advanced RISC Machine), is a
family of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures for computer
processors. ARM architectures are widely used in various electronic devices, ranging from
mobile phones and tablets to embedded systems and high performance computing.

RISC Architecture
• ARM processors are based on the RISC architecture, emphasizing a reduced set of
instructions, which leads to simplified instruction decoding and improved
performance.
• ARM architecture is one of the most widely adopted in the world, powering a vast
array of electronic devices.
• ARM-based processors are commonly found in mobile devices, including
smartphones and tablets.

• ARM processors are versatile and are used in a wide range of applications, from
lowpower microcontrollers to high-performance servers.

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• ARM processors are known for their energy efficiency, making them suitable for battery-

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powered devices and applications where power consumption is critical.
• ARM architectures are prevalent in embedded systems, including microcontrollers
and System-on Chip (SoC) designs.
• They are used in applications such as automotive control systems, smart appliances, and
IoT devices.

• ARM processors have made inroads into high-performance computing (HPC) and data
centers, challenging the dominance of traditional x86 architectures.

Fig 3.4: ARM

3.5 Architecture of Embedded System

Typical embedded system mainly has two parts i.e., embedded hardware and embedded
software. Embedded hardware are based around microprocessors and microcontrollers,
also include memory, bus, Input/Output, Controller, whereas embedded software includes
embedded operating systems, different applications and device drivers. types of
architecture i.e., Harvard architecture and Von Neumann architecture are used in
embedded systems. Architecture of the Embedded System includes Sensor, Analog to
Digital Converter, Memory, Processor, Digital to Analog Converter, and Actuators etc.

3.6 Von Neumann Architecture

The Von Neumann architecture was first proposed by a computer scientist John von
Neumann. In this architecture, one data path or bus exists for both instruction and data.
As a result, the CPU does one operation at a time. It either fetches an instruction from
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memory, Microcontroller, and microprocessor: Embedded systems come in two key
variants: microcontroller-powered and microprocessor-powered. A form of integrated
circuits, these components give the system its computing power. In simple terms, the
microcontroller or microprocessor serves as the brain of the embedded system and drives
its performance. Processors range from 8-bit to 16-bit to 32-bit, with the main difference in
processing speed and throughput performs read/write operation on data. So an instruction
fetch and a data operation cannot occur simultaneously, sharing a common bus.

Fig 3.6: Von Neumann Architecture

3.7 Harvard Architecture

The Harvard architecture offers separate storage and signal buses for instructions and
data. This architecture has data storage entirely contained within the CPU, and there is no
access to the instruction storage as data. Computers have separate memory areas for
program instructions and data using internal data buses, allowing simultaneous access to
both instructions and data. Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor
could not boot itself. In Harvard architecture, there is no need to make the two memories
share properties. Reset circuit: The reset circuit is essential to ensure that the device is
not operating at a voltage level where the device is not guaranteed to operate, during
system power ON. The reset signal brings the internal registers and the different

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hardware systems

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of the processor/controller to a known state and starts the firmware execution from reset
vector. Oscillator Unit: A microprocessor/Microcontroller is a digital device made up of
digital combinational and sequential circuits.

Fig 3.7: Harvard Architecture

Function of embedded of system

Hardware and software modules come together to form an embedded system.

Power supply: be smooth and should be efficient so that continuous power

supply can be provided to an embedded system. The power supply should also
allow dissipation and should be as efficient as possible For the embedded system
the power supply is the key component to provide the power to the embedded
system circuit. Usually, the embedded system requires 5 V supply or can range from
1.8 to 3.3V. The power supply source can be a battery or can be provided by a wall
adaptor. The power supply is selected as per user requirements and application
requirements. The power supply should.

Processor: For any embedded system the processor acts as the brain of the system.
The processor is responsible for deciding the performance of the embedded system. In
the market there are multiple types of processors available and can be selected as per
user requirement. The embedded system can act as a microcontroller and
microprocessor. The processor can be an 8-bit processor, a 16-bit processor, and a 32bit
processor. The lesser the bit the smaller the application is for embedded systems.

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When large applications are used the higher bit processor is needed in the embedded
system. The processor needs to be very fast, the price should be minimum,
performance should be good so that functions can be performed very fast in an

embedded system Memory: As there are different microcontrollers used in the

embedded system the memory is present in the microcontroller itself. There are
basically two types of memory RAM (Random access memory) and ROM (Read-only
memory). As the RAM is volatile type memory the data can be stored temporarily in the
memory and when system is switched off the data is lost from the memory.
Read only memory is classified as code memory. The ROM is used for storing the
program and when the system is switched on the embedded system fetch code from ROM
memory.

Timer counters: In some of the applications there is always a requirement of

delay that needed to provide in the application. For example, in LED display
applications there is a requirement of some delay so that LED can be continuing blink.
And for that timer and counter can be used in the embedded system. The programming
can be done in such a way so that delay can be generating the embedded system. The
delay time span can be decided by using the crystal oscillator and system frequency so
that delay can be generated as per user requirement.

Communication ports: The communication port is the type of interface that is used
to communicate with other types of embedded systems. In the embedded system there
is multiple types of communication ports like UART, USB, Ethernet, RS-485, and
many more. When an embedded system is used in small scale application then the
communication ports can be used from the microcontroller. There are also serial
protocols that can be used for sending data from one system board to another board.

Output and Input: When the embedded system is used the input is needed to interact
with the system. The input to the embedded system can be provided by the sensor or
by the user itself. The processor used in the embedded system can be based on input
and output. The proper configuration needs to be done for using the input and output
port. In the embedded system there are fixed input and output ports so that devices can
be connected to that specified ports only. For example, P0, P1, P2, and many more.

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CHAPTER 4

INTRODUCTION OF MICROCONTROLLER 4.1

LISTOFCOMPONENTS Arduino
Uno Board
Arduino is an open source, PC paraphernalia and programming organization,
endeavor, and client group that plans and produce microcontroller packs for constructing
programmed devices and intelligent object that can detect and control questions in the real
world. The inception of the Arduino extends began at the Interaction Design Institute in
Ivrea, Italy. The equipment reference plans are appropriated under a Creative Commons
Attribution Share. We will learn about the different components on the Arduino board.
We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board. In addition,
it is the best board to get started with electronics. Some boards look a bit different from
the one given below, but most Arduinos have most of these components in common. It
can commonly be found as a processor in Arduino boards.

Fig 4.1: Arduino Uno Board

4.2 16X2 LCD DISPLAY

A 16x2 LCD display refers to a liquid crystal display with a size of 16 characters in each
of its two rows. This type of display is commonly used in various electronic projects,
embedded systems, and devices to provide a simple text interface.

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Fig 4.2: 16x2 LCD display

Specifications of a typical 16x2 LCD display

Size
"16x2" denotes the size of the display. It has 16 character positions in each of the two
rows, resulting in a total of 32 characters 16 characters in the first row and 16 characters
in the second row.

Character Set
These displays typically support the ASCII character set, which includes letters (both uppercase
and lowercase), numbers, symbols, and special characters. The characters are usually
displayed in a 5x8 dot matrix, meaning each character is composed of 5 columns and 8 rows
of pixels.

Resolution
The resolution of a 16x2 LCD display is 16 characters horizontally and 2 rows vertically.

Controller
The display is controlled by an integrated circuit (IC) that manages the display's operation.
Common controllers for 16x2 LCDs include the Hitachi HD44780 and its compatible
controllers. These controllers handle the display's functionality, such as accepting
commands and data, managing the cursor position, and handling the display of characters.

Interface
16x2 LCDs typically use a parallel interface for communication with microcontrollers or
other devices. The interface involves several data lines for sending .

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Backlight
Many 16x2 LCD displays come with an optional backlight, allowing the characters
to be visible in low-light conditions. The backlight is usually an LED (Light
Emitting Diode) that can be controlled separately from the character display.

Operating Voltage
The typical operating voltage for these displays is in the range of 4.5V to 5.5V.

Contrast Control

Some 16x2 LCDs allow you to adjust the contrast of the characters on the screen.
This adjustment is often done using a potentiometer.

Dimensions
The physical dimensions of a 16x2 LCD display can vary, but they are generally
compact and suitable for integration into various electronic projects.

Application
16x2 LCD displays are commonly used in embedded systems, DIY electronics
projects, microcontroller-based systems, and devices where a simple text
interface is sufficient for user interaction.

4.3 IR FIRE DETECT SENSORE

Fig 4.3 IR Fire detect sensore

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Detection principle
IR fire detecting sensors work on the principle that fires emit infrared radiation as they
burn. This radiation falls within the infrared spectrum, which is invisible to the human
eye but can be detected by specialized sensors.

Sensor technology
There are different types of IR sensors used for fire detection, including thermopile sensors,
pyroelectric sensors, and IR photodiodes. These sensors are sensitive to infrared
radiation and can detect even small changes in temperature associated with fires.

Response time
IR fire detecting sensors are designed to respond quickly to changes in infrared radiation
levels. When a fire breaks out, the sensor detects the increase in infrared radiation and
triggers an alarm signal.

Integration with fire alarm system

IR fire detecting sensors are often integrated into larger fire alarm systems. When the
sensor detects a potential fire, it sends a signal to the central control panel, which then
activates alarms, alerts building occupants, and notifies emergency responders .

Placement
Proper placement of IR fire detecting sensors is crucial for effective fire detection. Sensors
should be strategically placed in areas where fires are most likely to occur, such as kitchens,
electrical rooms, and areas with high concentrations of flammable materials .

Advantages
IR fire detecting sensors offer several advantages, including fast response times, high
sensitivity to infrared radiation, and compatibility with existing fire alarm systems. They
can also operate in various environmental conditions and are relatively immune to false
alarms caused by factors such as dust .

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CHAPTER 5

PROJECT WORK

5.1 Objective
The primary objective of the fire detection robot is to enhance fire safety measures through
proactive and efficient detection of fire incidents in various environments. The key
objectives include

5.2 Industry Based Application

Manufacturing and industrial
In manufacturing plants and industrial facilities, fire detection robots can patrol the
premises regularly, monitoring for potential fire hazards such as overheating
equipment, electrical faults, or chemical leaks.

Warehouses and logistics centers

Warehouses and logistics centers often store large quantities of goods and materials,
making them susceptible to fire hazards.
Fire detection robots can autonomously patrol aisles and storage areas, using sensors to detect
changes in temperature, smoke, or other indicators of fire outbreaks.
Rapid detection by these robots can help prevent extensive damage to goods and
infrastructure, as well as minimize disruptions to supply chains

Commercial building and high- rise structures

In commercial buildings and high-rise structures, fire detection robots can
complement traditional fire detection systems by providing additional surveillance and
coverage. These robots can navigate through corridors, stairwells, and other areas
where human accessibility may be limited, ensuring comprehensive monitoring of fire
risks

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5.3 Components

• Arduino Uno

• LCD display

• Connecting wires

• IR fire detecting sensor

• Temperature sensor

• Buzzer

• Power supply

5.4 Procedure

• Connect the ground pins, data pins to corresponding pins on Arduino.

• A power supply is given across the Arduino , LCD and other sensors.

• A code is written which instruct the Arduino to read sensor data when detected and sends
data to LCD display.

• Use an appropriate interface to transfer data to the microcontroller.

• Input is provided to the sensors and response is observed.

RESULT

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
This internship on Embedded System has been a beneficiary training and a new learning
experience. Also, this internship has been a transformative journey that has not only
deepened my theoretical knowledge but has also provided me with invaluable hands-on
experience in the field. Over the course of the internship, I had the opportunity to work on
diverse projects, each presenting its own set of challenges and learning opportunities.
Beyond technical skills, this internship has significantly contributed to my professional

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development. It provided me with exposure to the collaborative nature of the industry, taught
me to communicate technical concepts effectively, and improved my ability to work
efficiently within a team. Moreover, witnessing the impact of embedded systems on
various industries firsthand has inspired me to continue pursuing a career in this field.
In conclusion, my embedded systems internship has been a pivotal experience that has
equipped me with a robust skill set, a deeper understanding of industry practices, and a
heightened passion for embedded systems development. I am grateful for the mentorship,
the challenges faced, and the lessons learned, as they have collectively shaped me into a
more confident and capable professional. I look forward to applying these skills and insights
in future endeavors, further contributing to the ever-evolving field of embedded systems.
.
CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES

[1]. R.Bhuvaneswari1, M. Alekhya, N. Dinesh, Sunita Panda, Kamalanathan Chandran,

“Monitoring And Measurement of Air Pollution Using Internet of Things”, Journal of Xi'an
University of Architecture & Technology, Volume XII, Issue V, 2020, p.43.

Md. Mohiuddin Ahmed, Suraiya Banu2, Bijan Paul, “Real-time Air Quality Monitoring
System for Bangladesh’s perspective based on Internet of things”, 2017 3rd International
Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), 7-9 December
2017, Khulna, Bangladesh.

[2].https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/arm-32-bit-microcontrollers.html

[3].https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-8051-microcontroller/

[4]. https://www.elprocus.com/basics-and-structure-of-embedded-c-program-with-examples-
forbeginners/
[5].https://www.elprocus.com/automatic-door-opening-system-project-circuit/

[6].https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-programming-language/

[7].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino

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