Internship Sample Report

VISHVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590018
An Internship Report On
“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Submitted by
Mr. SHAHAJAHAN
(4KM18EC013)
Internship carried out
At
AIROBOSOFT Product and Services, Bangalore
Internal Guide External Guide

Mr. SANDEEP PRABHU, M. Tech Mr. SYED ASIM AHMED
Assistant Professor Co-Founder
KIT, Mangalore AIROBOSOFT, Bangalore
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

KARAVALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Neerumarga Mangalore-575029
2021-22
KARAVALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Neerumarga, Mangalore-575029
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION
Certificate
Certified that the Internship report entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT” carried out by Mr. SHAHAJAHAN
(4KM18EC013) are bona-fide student of Karavali Institute of Technology,
Neerumarga, Mangalore, has submitted the report in partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication
Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
academic year 2020-21
External Guide Internal Guide
Mr. SYED ASIM AHMED Mr. ARUNRAJ JATHANNA, M. Tech

Co-founder Assistant professor
AIROBOSOFT, Bangalore KIT, Mangalore
Principal HOD
Dr. Raghu Chand R, M. Tech Ph.D Mr. Arunraj Jathanna, M. Tech

KIT, Mangalore Assistant Professor
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1.
2.
ABSTRACT
This Report Is About My Internship Program In AIROBOSOFT Product
And Services LLP In An Indian Based Engineering And Electronics Company,
Bangalore. In This Comprehensive Report I Have Discussed Every Major Aspect
Of The Company Which I Observed During My Internship Program Of One
Month.
In This Report You Will Find Details About The Company From Its
Incorporation To Its Current Position, Along With Many More Details, During My
Internship Consists Of An Exchange Of Services For Experience Between The
Intern And The Organization. Internships Are Used To Determine If The Intern
Still Has An Interest In That Field After The Real-Life Experience And Has Been
Performed Basis What They Instructed.
As Main Purpose Of Internship Is To Learn By Working In Practical

Environment And To Apply The Knowledge Attained During The Studies In The
Real World Scenario In Order To Tackle The Problems Using The Knowledge
And Skills Learning During The Academic Process.
In The End Experience Sections Consists Of Task Assignment, Skills

Acquired And Experiences During Internship Program Has Been Discussed In
Detail. This Report Mainly Consist My Perception About The Employee
Satisfaction, Motivational Level And Working Environment Of The Organization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
From The Very Beginning Of Internship Training, One Thing Was Very
Clear Was Doing This Internship Training Not To Complete The Syllabus But To
Learn, To Get The Practical Knowledge That Is So Important In Engineering, At
The End Of Internship Training I Can, For Sure Say That I Have Succeeded In My
Attempt. In Our Life Learning Is Not Always About Something, But Also About
Learn Building And Building And Interpersonal Skills.
I Think Mr. ARUNRAJ JATHANNA, HOD. Department Of Electronics

And Communication Engineering, For Providing Me An Opportunity To Do The
Internship In AIROBOSOFT Product And Services LLP In An Indian Based
Engineering And Electronics Company, And Giving Us All Support And
Guidance, Which Made Me Complete The Internship.
I Here By Convey My Special Thanks To All Who Have Given Me All Sort
Of Support In Successfully Completing My Internship Training, I Express My
Gratefulness To Sir SYED ASIM AHMED Co-Founder Of The Organization, For
Giving Me An Opportunity To Carry Out This Internship Training And
Successfully Guided To Complete This Internship Training.
I Would Also Thankful To Sir. SYED ASAD (CEO) And All Other Staffs
And Helpers Of Organization For Encouraging Me.
I Heartly Thank Our Internal Guide, Asst. Prof ARUNRAJ JATHANNA,

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering For His Guidance
And Suggestions During This Internship.
I Express My Gratefulness To Dr. RAGHU CHAND R, Principal For

Giving Me An Opportunity To Carry Out This Internship Training And
Successfully Guided To Complete This Internship Training.
I Consider It My Duty To Thank Everyone Who Directly And Indirectly

Encouraged And Helped Us In This Unique Learning Experience And Made Sure
That I Was On The Right Path
SHAHAJAHAN
4KM18EC013
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page no
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of Figures
Reference
Sl NO. Particular
1) CHAPTER-1: Introduction 10-13
1.1Company profile 10
1.2 History 10
1.3 Company stratergy 10
1.4Company services 11
1.5Domains 12
1.6Department 12
2) CHAPTER-2: Introduction of Embedded system 14-21
2.1Features of Embedded system 14
2.2Application of Embedded system 16
2.2.1EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR 16

DETECTING RASH DRIVING
ON HIGHWAYS
2.2.2 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED 16
SYSTEM FOR STREET LIGHT
CONTROL
2.2.3 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR 17
TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEM
2.2.4 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED 17
SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE TRACKING
2.2.5 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 17
FOR HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
2.2.6 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR AUTO 17
INTENSITY CONTROL
2.3 Introduction of IOT (Internet of Things) 18-23
2.3.1 APPLICATIONS OF IOT 19
2.3.2 CONSUMER APPLICATIONS 19
2.3.3 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS IN 20
MEDICAL AND HEALTHCAR
3) CHAPTER-3: TASK PERFORMED 21-42
3.1 DROWZINESS DETECTION 21-35

SYSTEM(D-EYE)
3.1.1Eyes Location 26
3.1.2 Eye Tracking 29
3.1.3 Feasibility Study 30
3.1.4Operational feasibility 30
3.1.5 Interface Requirements 33
3.1.6 Hardware and Software Requirements 33
3.2 HOME AUTOMATION USING RASPBERRY 36-42
PI
4) CHAPTER-4: HTML - HYPER TEXT MARKUP 43-50
LANGUAGE
4.1 HTML TAGS, STYLES, ATTRIBUTES 43

4.1.1 HTML TAGS 43
4.1.2 HTML ATTRIBUTES 45
4.2 CSS TUTORIAL 47

4.2.1 HTML BACKGROUND COLOR 47
4.3 TYPES IN CSS 48
4.3.1 INLINE CSS 48
4.3.2 INTERNAL CSS 48
4.3.3 EXTERNAL CSS 49
List Of Figures
Figure Title Page No.
2.1 Embedded System 15
2.2 Components of Embedded System 16
2.3 Internet of Things 18
3.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 21
3.1.2 WEBCAM 21
3.1.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 22
3.1.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR WAVE FORM 23
3.1.5 GAS SENSOR 24
3.1.6 VIBRATING SENSOR 24
3.1.7 DC MOTOR 25
3.1.8 RASPBERYY PI 26
3.1.9 GRAPH V 27
3.1.10 GRAFH H 28
3.1.11 THE SCHEMATIC OF EYES TEMPLATE 28
3.1.12 THE IMAGE OF SCREENING SIMILAR EYE-POINT 29
COLLECTION
3.1.14 SYSTEM PRINCIPLE DIAGRAM 33
3.1.145 NORMAL CONDITION 34
3.1.15 ALERT CONDITION 35
3.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 36
3.2.2 RASPBERRY PI 36
3.2.3 L293D Motor Driver 37
3.2.4 IR SENSOR 38
3.2.5 LDR 39
3.2.6 LCD 40
3.2.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 41
4.1 Screenshot for a sample HTML program 44
4.2 Screenshot of sample HTML program output on 45
browser
4.3 Screenshot for a sample HTML program to align 45
data
4.4 Screenshot for a sample HTML program to 46
create a form
4.5 Screenshot for a sample HTML program to 47
check buttons
4.6 Screenshot for a sample HTML program for 47
style attributes
style attributes
4.8 Screenshot for an sample HTML program for 48
inline CSS
4.9 Screenshot for sample HTML program for 49
internal CSS
external CSS
STUDY ON IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM
CHAPTER-1
COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
AIROBOSOFT Product And Services LLP is an Indian based
engineering and Electronics Company headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka,
India. It is both product and service oriented software company having its products
in wireless communication Technology and provides quality service to its valuable
clients in its domain.
1.2 HISTORY
 The company was legally registered in the year 2013, but it made its humble
beginning in the year 2012 with a team of six members. In the beginning the
team started designing some protocols for wireless communication with a
range up to 4 to 5 km line of sight. The company handled various projects
and successfully completed them satisfying the client requirement. After the
successful completion of the project and achieving customer satisfaction the
number of clients increased who sincerely served with respect and faith.
 That is how the company started generating the revenue. Even though the
team members were experts in embedded electronics, Java, Dot net and
android, the company simultaneously established itself to develop websites
and few latest apps based on the client requirement. The company was later
registered on 24th December 2013 and established a well-equipped office
space with good R&D unit and supporting infrastructure. It started recruiting
people with great skills and expertise for different domains of company and
started working with new hopes and enthusiasm. Presently the company
have around 25 employees including all the departments like Embedded,
Java, Dot net, android, Testing, PCB design, IOT and so on. The company is
working with many Industrial projects in different domains and working for
its own products
1.3 COMPANY STRATERGY
DEPT OF EC, KIT, MANGALORE Page 10

● Purpose: To be a leader in the software Industry by providing enhanced

services, relationship and profitability.
● Vision: To provide quality services that exceeds the expectations of our
esteemed customers.
∙ Mission: To build long term relationships with our customers and clients and
provide exceptional customer services by pursuing business through innovation
and advanced technology.
● Core values:
● To incorporate good business practices in order to achieve customer

satisfaction and treating the customers with respect and faith.
● To grow through creativity, invention and innovation.
● To integrate honesty, integrity and business ethics into all aspects of the
business functioning.
∙ Goals:
● To improve, grow and become more efficient in the field electronics

engineering and software development and develop a strong base of key clients.
● To understand customer requirements and fulfill them.
● Increase the assets and investments of the organization to support the

development of services and expansion of the organization.
● To increase the productivity and improve the customer service satisfaction.
● To do Innovations in Embedded Electronics and provide quality services to

deliver a range of products.
1.4 COMPANY SERVICES

AIROBOSOFT Product And Services LLP have its own services such as,
● Embedded Applications development
● Web design and development
● IT Service.
● Server Maintenance
● Project Management

● Company Products
AIROBOSOFT Product And Services LLP have it company products like-
● Smart Surveillance system
● Safety and Security Systems
● Industrial Automation
● Hone Automation
● Biometrics
● Smart Traffic Systems
● Vehicle Tracking Systems
● Tower Management System
● Education Management Systems
● Hotel Management System
● Personal safety Equipment’s
● Wireless Communication Devices
● LED Products
● Water Controlling Units
● Water level controller
● smart ration management system
1.5 DOMAINS
AIROBOSOFT Product And Services LLP have working with several domains
like-
● IT
● Government
● Food and Beverages
● Health Care
● Outsourcing
● HR Management
1.6 DEPARTMENTS
● Production: Production is the functional area responsible for turning inputs
into finished outputs through a series of production processes. The Production
Manager is responsible for making sure that the materials required are available at
the time of developing the product. The Production manager must make sure the
work is carried out smoothly and must supervise procedures for making work more
efficient. A product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a
want or need.
● Marketing: These are the main section of the market departments:
● Sales department is responsible for the sales and distribution of the

products to the different regions.
● Research & Department is responsible for market research and testing new
products to make sure that they are suitable to be sold.
● Promotion department decides on the type of promotion method for the

products, arranges advertisements and the advertising media used.
● Distribution department distributes the products across the industries.
● Embedded System and Internet of Things (IOT) department.
● Machine learning and web development department.

CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded system is a combination of hardware & software which is

designed to perform one or more specific set of functions. In an embedded system,
there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM.
An embedded system is a controller with a dedicated function within a
larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware
and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use
today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured are used in
embedded systems.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e.

microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but
ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral
interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In
either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose
to those specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom designed
for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors
is the digital signal processor (DSP).
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers

can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the
reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale.
2.1 Features of Embedded System

● Embedded systems are small size, low power consumption, rugged
operating ranges & low per unit cost.
● Embedded systems are based on microcontroller i.e. CPUs with integrated

memory or peripheral interfaces.
● Wide variety of operating systems and processors are used in embedded

systems.
● They are small in size.

● They are highly reliable.
● The power consumption is very low.
Fig. 2.1: Embedded System

An embedded system is a controller with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system as shown in the Fig.3.1. Embedded system
Hardware components are as follows.
● Power supply
● Processor
● Memory
● Timers/Counters
● Communication ports
● Assembler
● Application specific circuits
● Reset & oscillator circuits
● Input devices interfacing / Driver circuits
● Output devices interfacing / Driver circuits
● Interrupt controller

An embedded system is a system that has software embedded in computer

hardware. It makes a system dedicated to a specific part of an application or
product of a larger system. Depending on the application, embedded system may
be programmable or non-programmable. Examples of embedded systems include
various products such as washing machine, microwave ovens, cameras, printers
and automobiles. They use microprocessors and microcontrollers as well as
specially designed processors such as digital signal processors (DSP).
Fig. 2.2: Components of Embedded System
2.2 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded systems find wide applications in day to day situations and in real time
applications few of them have been listed below.
2.2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DETECTING RASH DRIVING ON
HIGHWAYS
The main intention of this project is to design a highway speed-checker device that
identifies rash driving on highways and alarms the traffic authorities if the speed
checker finds any vehicle violating the set speed limits on highways.
2.2.2 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR STREET LIGHT

CONTROL
The main intention of this project is to detect the movement of vehicles on
highways and to switch on street lights ahead of it, and then to switch off the street
lights as the vehicle go past the street lights to conserve energy. In this project,
a PIC microcontroller is programmed by using embedded C or assembly language.

2.2.3 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

The main goal of this project is to design a density based traffic signal system. At
every junction, the signal timing changes automatically according to the traffic
density at every junction. Traffic jam is a major problem in many cities across the
world and gives regular nightmares to the commuters and travelers.
2.2.4 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE

TRACKING
The main purpose of this project is to find the exact location of a vehicle by using
a GPS modem and in order to reduce vehicle thefts. The GSM modem sends an
SMS to a predefined mobile which stores the data in it. An LCD display is used to
display the location information in terms of latitude and longitude values. The
microcontroller (AT89C52) is preprogrammed with the Kiel software and
therefore, continuously checks the GPS modem.
2.2.5 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR HOME

AUTOMATION SYSTEM
The main purpose of this project is to design a home automation system with the
Android application based remote control. Remote operation is performed by
Android OS based smart-phone or Tablet etc., upon a Graphical User Interface
based touch screen operation. In order to achieve this, Android application act as a
transmitter that sends on/off commands to the receiver wherein loads are
connected.
2.2.6 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR AUTO INTENSITY CONTROL

This project is designed to auto intensity control of LED based street lights by
using solar power from the photovoltaic panels. The awareness for solar energy is
increasing, and many institutions and peoples are opting solar energy. In this
project, Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting the sun
energy into electrical energy. A solar charge controller circuit is used to control the
charging.

2.3
INTRODUCTION TO IOT (Internet of Things)
The internet of Things (IOT) is the network of physical objects or “things”
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which
enables these object to collect and exchange data. IOT has many applications in
agriculture, smart cities, smart home, healthcare, business sectors, Traffic
monitoring, transport and logistics etc. This is growing mega trend that will
influence everything from businesses to our daily personal lives.
Fig. 2.3: Internet of Things
The internet of things, or IOT, is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction as shown in the
above Fig.2.3. The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning,
commodity sensors, and embedded systems. Traditional fields of embedded
systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all
contribute to enabling the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT
technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the
"smart home", covering devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures,
thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and other home appliances) that

support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices
associated with that ecosystem, such as smart phones and smart speakers.
2.3.1 APPLICATIONS OF IOT

Internet of Things (IOT) has introduced wide spectrum of applications. Few of the
applications have been discussed in following sections.
2.3.2 CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
A growing portion of IOT devices are created for consumer use, including
connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology (as part of Internet of
Wearable Things (IOWT), connected health, and appliances with remote
monitoring capabilities.
a. Smart home
IOT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can
include lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and security systems. Long-
term benefits could include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and
electronics are turned off.
A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that
control smart devices and appliances. For instance, using Apple's Home Kit,
manufacturers can have their home products and accessories controlled by an
application in IOS devices such as the iphone and the Apple Watch. This could be
a dedicated app or IOS native applications such as Siri. This can be demonstrated
in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home
devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a
Wi-Fi bridge.
There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms
to connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon
Echo, Google Home, Apple's Home Pod, and Samsung's Smart Things Hub. In
addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source
ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz.
b. Elder care
One key application of a smart home is to provide assistance for those with
disabilities and elderly individuals. These home systems use assistive technology
to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with
sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly
to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired users. They can also be equipped
with additional safety features.
These features can include sensors that monitor for medical emergencies
such as falls or seizures. Smart home technology applied in this way can provide
users with more freedom and a higher quality of life. The term "Enterprise IoT"
refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019, it is estimated
that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.
2.3.3 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE
The Internet of Medical Things (also called the internet of health

things) is an application of the IoT for medical and health related purposes,
data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. This 'Smart
Healthcare', as it is also called, led to the creation of a digitized healthcare
system, connecting available medical resources and healthcare services.
IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency
notification systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood
pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring
specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fit bit electronic wristbands, or
advanced hearing aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing "smart beds" that
can detect when they are occupied and when a patient is attempting to get up. It
can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support is applied to the
patient without the manual interaction of nurses.
A 2015 Goldman Sachs report indicated that healthcare IoT devices "can save the
United States more than $300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by
increasing revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the use of mobile devices to
support medical follow-up led to the creation of 'm-health', used "to analyze,
capture, transmit and store health statistics from multiple resources, including
sensors and other biomedical acquisition systems".
● Building and Home automation

● Manufacturing
● Media and Environmental monitoring
● Infrastructure management

CHAPTER-3
TASK PERFORMED
DROWZINESS DETECTION SYSTEM(D-EYE)
FIG.3.1.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FIG.3.1.2: WEBCAM

A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time to
or through a computer network, such as the Internet. Webcams are typically small
cameras that sit on a desk, attach to a user's monitor, or are built into the hardware.
Webcams can be used during a video chat session involving two or more people,
with conversations that include live audio and video.
Webcam software enables users to record a video or stream the video on the
Internet. As video streaming over the Internet requires much bandwidth, such
streams usually use compressed formats. The maximum resolution of a webcam is
also lower than most handheld video cameras, as higher resolutions would be
reduced during transmission. The lower resolution enables webcams to be
relatively inexpensive compared to most video cameras, but the effect is adequate
for video chat sessions.
FIG.3.1.3: ULTRASONIC SENSOR

FIG.3.1.4: ULTRASONIC SENSOR WAVE FORM
An transmitter (which emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver
(which encounters the sound after it has travelled to and from the target).ultrasonic
sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical
signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the
sound that humans can hear). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components.
In order to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object, the sensor
measures the time it takes between the emission of the sound by the transmitter to
its contact with the receiver. The formula for this calculation is D = ½ T x C
(where D is the distance, T is the time, and C is the speed of sound ~ 343
meters/second). For example, if a scientist set up an ultrasonic sensor aimed at a
box and it took 0.025 seconds for the sound to bounce back, the distance between
the ultrasonic sensor and the box would be:
D = 0.5 x 0.025 x 343
or about 4.2875 meters

FIG.3.1.5: GAS SENSOR
Gas sensors based on ceramic materials include a large variety of different

sensor principles. Ceramic gas sensors cover a large range of applications, but for
certain environments, some materials or sensor principles are favorable or some
even not suitable. Thus, all the presented types of gas sensors are currently found
in applications, e.g., the detection of flammable gases by pellistors or
chemoresistive sensors (surface active-SMOX) or controlling the exhaust catalysts
in internal combustion engine cars using potentiometric or amperometric sensors
based on solid-state ion conductors. With the increasing importance of smart and
connected systems, gas sensors will gain importance as they can provide chemical
information from the surrounding environment, i.e., directly from or via the gas
phase. The emerging of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things pose new
requirements on the sensors’ sensitivity, selectivity and stability as well as their
suitability for certain applications, e.g. miniaturized systems for small sizes and
low power consumption, or highly robust sensor which operate in harsh
environments. All these requirements are demanding tasks for the development of
sensor technology on various levels, including new materials, new approaches to
design and manufacture sensor devices, develop sensor systems and analyze the
data obtained by sensors. Comping with these tasks requires a profound
understanding of the fundamental processes of ceramic gas sensors to find
knowledge-based and target-oriented solutions. Thus, the development of ceramic
gas sensors should always comprise the development of new materials, devices or
systems, as well as investigating and understanding their fundamental principles.
FIG.3.1.6: VIBRATING SENSOR

The vibration sensor is also called a piezoelectric sensor. These sensors are
flexible devices which are used for measuring various processes. This sensor uses
the piezoelectric effects while measuring the changes within acceleration, pressure,
temperature, force otherwise strain by changing to an electrical charge. This sensor
is also used for deciding fragrances within the air by immediately measuring
capacitance as well as quality.
The working principle of vibration sensor is a sensor which operates based on

different optical otherwise mechanical principles for detecting observed system
vibrations. The sensitivity of these sensors normally ranges from 10 mV/g to 100
mV/g, and there are lower and higher sensitivities are also accessible. The
sensitivity of the sensor can be selected based on the application. So it is essential
to know the levels of vibration amplitude range to which the sensor will be
exposed throughout measurements.
FIG.3.1.7: DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct

current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on
the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change
the direction of current in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's
speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or
by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used
in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but
is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator

and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has
made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
FIG.3.1.8: RASPBERYY PI
The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a
computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable
little device that enables people of all ages to explore computing, and to learn how
to program in languages like Scratch and Python. It’s capable of doing everything
you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the internet and playing
high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing
games.
What’s more, the Raspberry Pi has the ability to interact with the outside
world, and has been used in a wide array of digital maker projects, from music
machines and parent detectors to weather stations and tweeting birdhouses with
infra-red cameras. We want to see the Raspberry Pi being used by kids all over the
world to learn to program and understand how computers work.
3.1.1 Eyes Location:
In order to make the image smoothing, doing some treatments before eyes location,
including image denoising and enhancement, which is a prerequisite to ensure
precise eyes location achieve the better result [5].
The first step: Locating the eye region roughly
The edge feature analysis method means, making use of the vertical gray-scale
projection curve of the image determined the left and right borders of the face
according to the convex peak width, then making use of the horizontal gray-scale
projection curve of the gotten region determined roughly the up and down border
of the eyes location region. The region that corresponds to a face is a convex peak

with a certain width by observing the vertical gray-scale projection curve of a

number of different single-face images.
The left and right borders of the convex peak generally represented the left and
right borders of the face [7]. When the left and right borders of the face are
established, take the region of the face. between the left and right borders as the
study object, and then make the horizontal gray-scale projection curve of the
image, something will be found by observing. The first minimum point of the
horizontal gray-scale projection curve corresponds to the crown of the head, the
maximum point corresponds to one of the forehead, the secondary maximum point
corresponds to the central of the nose, and take the region between the central of
the nose and the crown of the head as the rough located region.
FIG.3.1.9: GRAPH V

FIG.3.1.10: GRAFH H
The second step: sifting the similar eye points collection

The primary problem is selecting the appropriate template prior to the template
matching [8]. In the follow-up algorithm, it is necessary to use the relative position
between two eyes to locate the two eyes from a number of similar points, so long
as to ensure that there are two real eye-points among a number of similar eye-
points. 9
In order to reduce the two eyes’ sensitivity to the eye template and improve the
robustness, the system adopts the synthetic eye template of the two eyes (See
Figure 3.1.10).
FIG.3.1.11: THE SCHEMATIC OF EYES TEMPLATE
In order to select the similar eye-points, it is desirable first to establish the

similarity metric. The general way is doing the relevant operation to the local
image and the image template, the cross-correlation coefficient obtained in this
way is regarded as the similarity metric (See Formula 1).
Two parameters are used to describe the synthetic template: template height M
width template N .
Therein, N is the synthetic eye template, the size is M × N ;T is the average of the
eye template image; r S T is the average of the local image that matches with the
template in the expected face recognition image; (x, y) is the coordinates of search
points in the face image.
According to the above formula, operating Pxy, always have Pxy , and the greater
the Pxy , the higher the matching. However, due to the synthetic eye template
exists a certain error and image acquisition will be affected by external conditions,
when the interference, these may lead to the greatest similarity is not the real eye
point, so locating the eye point can not only be determined by the size of the
similarity
In order not to miss the real eye point, the way is selecting roughly a similar eye
point collection including the two real eye points (See Figure 2.4) Xi , Yi)
i= 1,2,…n} , and then obtains the two real eye points through prior knowledge
calibration. n is a optional coefficient.
FIG.3.1.12: THE IMAGE OF SCREENING SIMILAR EYE-POINT COLLECTION
3.1.2 Eye Tracking

This system adopts the improved target tracking algorithm when it traces the eyes.
The essence of target tracking is that it carries on the pinpoint while recognizing
target in the image sequence.
The target tracking algorithm realized in this system divides into two parts: the
primary algorithm and the modified algorithm. The primary algorithm is based on
the template matching technology, namely, after pinpointing the eye point to the
first frame image, it selects this eye point in the image as the tracking object and
extracts appearance information of this eye point as the new eye template, in the
following sequence image, it will match the candidate image region and this new
eye template, then take the most similar image region as the position that this eye
point in the current image
The modified algorithm adopts the method of selecting candidate image region. It
reduces the match times greatly, and then reduces the computation complexity of
the system. The system uses the image gathering card for gathering image, and the
rate is 25 frame per second, while the pilot driving, the head’s amount of exercise
is very small, therefore the position difference between the two neighboring frame
images is very small, namely, it can obtain the roughly position of the eye point in
the next image after pinpointing real eye point.
After adopts the target tracking algorithm, the system does not need to carry on an
eye pinpointing for every frame image in the image sequence, but only repositions

the eye point to the image which loses the tracking object, thus it improves
operating efficiency of the system greatly and satisfies real-time request of the
system too.
3.1.3 Feasibility Study:
Feasibility Study aims to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and
weaknesses of the existing business or proposed adventure, opportunities and
threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through,
and ultimately the prospects of success .It is an important step in any software
development process, The main functionality of feasibility study is the analysis of
cost required for developing and executing the system, time required for each
phase of the system etc.
3.1.4 Operational feasibility:
This type of feasibility deals with the working and functionality that the software
provides to its user. Proposed systems are beneficial only if they can be turned into
information System that will meet the organizations operating requirements.
Our project provides much different functionality like Adding, Updating, Deleting,
the photos, and complete authorization of the administrator, etc..
The operational Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system

solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during
scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements
analysis phase of system development.
feasibility assessment focuses on the degree to which the proposed development

projects fits in with the existing business environment and objectives with regard
to development schedule, delivery date, corporate culture, and existing business
processes.
To ensure success, desired operational outcomes must be imparted during design

and development. These include such design-dependent parameters such as
reliability, maintainability, supportability, usability, producibility, disposability,
sustainability, affordability and others. These parameters are required to be
considered at the early stages of design if desired operational behaviors are to be
realized. A system design and development requires appropriate and timely
application of engineering and management efforts to meet the previously
mentioned parameters. A system may serve its intended purpose most effectively
when its technical and operating characteristics are engineered into the design.
Therefore operational feasibility is a critical aspect of systems engineering that
needs to be an integral part of the early design phase.

Technical feasibility:
This type of feasibility study profound the technical parts or aspects of a proposed
system.
This study was conducted to determine whether the software and hardware
components are capable of supporting our application which our system did so by
using Centralize database for the easy storage and fast retrieval of data and its
architecture adds to its advantage making it simple, fast and secure.
Our Project was build keeping in mind of all this feasibilities to make it a true,
complete, trustworthy and user-friendly application.
Economic feasibility :
This type of feasibility is also known as Financial Feasibility and is most

frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness and cost of the
candidate system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is
to determine the benefit and saving that are expected from the candidate system
and compare them of time by automating the process generation.
Our projects Development cost is less as it makes use of smart and powerful
software’s (PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JAVA SCRIPT, BOOTSTRAP). It is a
long-lasting type of application that can be used and maintained for many years.
Since it’s a server side application built using the mentioned tools it is also well
secured and safe to use…
SRS(Software Requirement Specification):
A software requirements specification (SRS) is a document that captures complete

description about how the system is expected to perform. It is usually signed off at
the end of requirements engineering phase.
Qualities of SRS:
 Correct
 Unambiguous
 Complete
 Consistent
 Ranked for importance and/or stability
 Verifiable
 Modifiable
 Traceable
What are the benefits of a Great SRS?
Establish the basis for agreement between the customers and the suppliers on
what the software product is to do:

The complete description of the functions to be performed by the software

specified in the SRS will assist the potential users to determine if the software
specified meets their needs or how the software must be modified to meet their
needs. [NOTE: We use it as the basis of our contract with our clients all the time].
Reduce the development effort:
The preparation of the SRS forces the various concerned groups in the customer's
organization to consider rigorously all of the requirements before design begins
and reduces later redesign, recoding, and retesting. Careful review of the
requirements in the SRS can reveal omissions, misunderstandings, and
inconsistencies early in the development cycle when these problems are easier to
correct.
Provide a basis for estimating costs and schedules:
The description of the product to be developed as given in the SRS is a realistic

basis for estimating project costs and can be used to obtain approval for bids or
price estimates. [NOTE: Again, we use the SRS as the basis for our fixed price
estimates]
Provide a baseline for validation and verification:
Organizations can develop their validation and Verification plans much more
productively from a good SRS. As a part of the development contract, the SRS
provides a baseline against which compliance can be measured. [NOTE: We use
the SRS to create the Test Plan].
Facilitate transfer:
The SRS makes it easier to transfer the software product to new users or new
machines. Customers thus find it easier to transfer the software to other parts of
their organization, and suppliers find it easier to transfer it to new customers.
Serve as a basis for enhancement:
Because the SRS discusses the product but not the project that developed it, the
SRS serves as a basis for later enhancement of the finished product. The SRS may
need to be altered, but it does provide a foundation for continued production
evaluation
In order to enhance the accuracy rate of detection to the fatigue state of the pilot,
this system extracts four state variables from the eye condition: It contains the
frequency of blink, the average degree of opening eyes, the eye stagnation time and
the longest time of closing eyes [2]. According to the parameter value of the pilot’s
sober condition by statistics, it can make the corresponding judgment by the
fatigue state of the pilot.

Considered the changing driving environment, the detection system must work
normally in the night or the situation of inadequate lighting, therefore, this system
adopts the camera with light source(automatic opening when the light is
inadequate) to gather sequence image, in order to reduce the disturbance from the
external environment. When the system reads in the frame image, it carries on the
denoising and the image intensification process to the image first, and then obtains
two real eye points. Afterward, it adopts the target tracking method to track the
already targeted eye point [1]. At last, it can calculate the area of the eyes and
make the judgment and the early warning to the fatigue state of the pilot. The
functional block diagram of the system is shown in the following Figure 3.1.
FIG.3.1.13: SYSTEM PRINCIPLE DIAGRAM
3.1.5 Interface Requirements:
User Interface:
Every user may not be skilled at handling the interfaces. Hence the product that we
developed used a simple and easy to use GUI Input from user is via keyboard.
Hardware Interface:
The minimum requirements that are required to interact with a simple GUI are well
enough to support this product.
Software Interface:
This product is developed in Windows XP environment using MATLAB. The

toolboxes used to develop this product are Image Processing Toolbox and
Computer Vision System Toolbox. This project is completely implemented using
these two tool boxes.
3.1.6 Hardware and Software Requirements
Hardware Requirements:
Processor : Intel® Core™ i3 2.53 GHz / Above
RAM : RAM 2 GB / Above

HDD : 120 GB / Above
Software Requirements:
Operating System : Windows XP and above
Developing Environment : MATLAB R2011a
RESULT:
FIG.3.1.14: NORMAL CONDITION

FIG.3.1.15: ALERT CONDITION
3.2
HOME AUTOMATION USING RASPBERRY PI

FIG.3.2.1:BLOCK DIAGRAM
Functional description:
FIG.3.2.2: RASPBERRY PI
Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed

in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with
Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned towards the promotion of
teaching basic computer science in schools and in developing countries. The
original model became more popular than anticipated, selling outside its target
market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many areas, such as for
weather monitoring, because of its low cost, modularity, and open design. It is
typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to its adoption of HDMI
and USB devices.
After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set
up a new entity, named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO,
with the responsibility of developing technology. The Foundation was rededicated

as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of basic computer science in
schools and developing countries.
The Raspberry Pi is one of the best-selling British computers. As of May 2021,

more than forty million boards have been sold. Most Pis are made in a Sony
factory in Pencoed, Wales, while others are made in China and Japan
FIG.3.2.3: L293D Motor Driver
SunFounder L293D is a monolithic integrated, high voltage, high current, 4-

channel driver. Basically, this means using this chip you can use DC motors and
power supplies of up to 16 Volts, that's some pretty big motors and the chip can
supply a maximum current of 600mA per channel, the L293D chip is also what's
known as a type of H-Bridge. The H-Bridge is typically an electrical circuit that
enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction to an output, e.g.,
motor
The L293D is quadruple high-current half-H drivers. It is designed to

provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36
V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc
and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in
positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a
complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-
Darlington source.
Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and
drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated
drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs.
When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off
and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers
forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor
applications.

FIG.3.2.4: IR SENSOR
An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects

infrared radiation in its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was
accidentally discovered by an astronomer named William Herchel in 1800. While
measuring the temperature of each color of light (separated by a prism), he noticed
that the temperature just beyond the red light was highest. IR is invisible to the
human eye, as its wavelength is longer than that of visible light (though it is still on
the same electromagnetic spectrum). Anything that emits heat (everything that has
a temperature above around five degrees Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation.
There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive. Active infrared
sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a
light emitting diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the
sensor, the infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by
the receiver. Active IR sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly
used in obstacle detection systems (such as in robots)

FIG.3.2.5: LDR
A photoresistor (also known as a light-dependent resistor, LDR, or

photo-conductive cell) is a passive component that decreases resistance with
respect to receiving luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The
resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increase in incident l intensity; in other
words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits
acting as a resistance semiconductor.
In the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several

megaohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as
a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain
frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough
energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their
hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range
and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons
within certain wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic

semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor,
for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices, the only available electrons are in the
valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron
across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants,
added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the
electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer

wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample
of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there
will be extra electrons available for conduction.
FIG.3.2.6: LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other

electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of
liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,
instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden. For instance: preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a
digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the
same basic technology, except that arbitrary image are made from a matrix of
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on

the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight
will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a
character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the
same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give
them their characteristic appearance.

FIG.3.2.7: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Two bulbs and 3 motors are used in this system instead of connecting home
appliances. Light1,light2, Fan1&Fan2(motor)and Door lock(motor) are among the
appliances that can be used in thissystem. Home automation system is used for
controlling and monitoring the home appliances. It can be performed several ways.
In this system, concept of IoT is used in order to control the devices remotely from
anywhere. Raspberry Pi is used as the board controller to connect the appliances
viainput and output port. Web interface (on Mobile phones, laptop, etc.) and
Raspberry Pi are connected through internet. All the devices are connected with
Raspberry Pi. The voltage of home appliances is230V but the Raspberry Pi voltage
is 5V. So in this system, relay circuit is used to cover the high voltage to low
voltage, low voltage to high voltage which is also act as a switch. In this system,
we are using two bulbs, few dc motors as home appliances. Here two way relay are
used in order to connect bulbs.
For the program to execute and work automatically according to the embedded
program we should keep the Rpi online i.e it should be connected to the wifi. In
order to access the web interface from anywhere we need to provide IP address in
the URL to open the webpage. It will establish the connection between the smart
phone and the Raspberry Pi board thus to the devices connected to the RPi. On the
webpage, we are having ON, OFF and regulation buttons for the connected

devices. By using these buttons we can able to control the home appliances which
we connected with RaspberryPi.
Apart from manual regulation of the connected device, they have embedded code
in the pi for automatic regulation depending upon the weather
condition(Temperature and humidity) which is provided by the DHT11 sensor.
The door locking mechanism works on manual authentication of the entity entering
the house, i.e. If any object or person comes near the IR sensor(placed on door) it
will automatically click picture of the entity which will then be displayed on the
webpage. After authentication the door lock will be unlocked using the “open”
button provided for the door. If required, the door can be once again locked
remotely via the interface.

CHAPTER-4
HTML - HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for

documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by
technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such
as JavaScript.
Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage
and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the
structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the
appearance of the document.
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML
constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded
into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links,
quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle
brackets.
Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce content into the page. Other
tags such as <p> surround and provide information about document text and may
include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but
use them to interpret the content of the page.
4.1 HTML TAGS, STYLES, ATTRIBUTES

In this section we will discuss on components of HTML language such as,
I.HTML Tags
II.HTML Styles
III.HTML attributes
4.1.1 HTML TAGS
HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle brackets:
<tag name>content goes here...</tag name>
● HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>

● The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
● The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a forward slash inserted
before the tag name.
Basic structure of HTML program is explained by following example,
● The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5
● The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
● The <head> element contains meta information about the document
● The <title> element specifies a title for the document
● The <body> element contains the visible page content
● The <h1> element defines a large heading
● The <p> element defines a paragraph

● The start tag is also called the opening tag, and the end tag the closing tag.
● The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, and Safari) is to read
HTML documents and display them. The browser does not display the HTML
tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document.
Step1: write the code in notepad and save it in .html
Fig. 4.1: Screenshot for a sample HTML program
Step 2: Run the code in any browser like chrome, safari, and fire fox exc.

Fig. 4.2: Screenshot of sample HTML program output on browser

4.1.2 HTML ATTRIBUTES
● All HTML elements can have attributes

● Attributes provide additional information about an element
● Attributes are always specified in the start tag
● Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
Following sections we shall consider execution of simple HTML code and its
output to illustrate attribute concepts.
A.PROGRAM TO ALLIGN A DATA
Fig. 4.3: Screenshot for a sample HTML program to align data

B. PROGRAM TO CREATE A FORM
Fig. 4.4: Screenshot for a sample HTML program to create a form

PROGRAM TO SELECT OPTIONS USING RADIO AND CHECK BUTTONS
Fig. 4.5: Screenshot for a sample HTML program to check buttons

4.2 CSS TUTORIAL
CSS is a language that describes the style of an HTML document. CSS describes
how HTML element should be displayed.
4.2.1 HTML BACKGROUND COLOR

The background-color property defines the background color for an HTML
element. This example sets the background color for a page to powder blue:
Example:
<body style="background-color: powderblue;">
<h1 style="color:white;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color: white;">This is a paragraph. </p> </body>
Step 1: write a simple code using HTML style attributes

Fig. 4.6: Screenshot for a sample HTML program for style attributes
Step 2: output for this code using HTML style attributes we get as follow.
Fig. 4.7: Screenshot for a sample HTML program for style attributes
4.3 TYPES IN CSS

4.3.1 INLINE CSS
o It contains the CSS property in the body section attached with element is
known as inline CSS.
o This kind of style is specified within a HTML tag using style attribute.
o This can be used when a single HTML document must be styled uniquely.
Fig. 4.8: Screenshot for an sample HTML program for inline CSS
4.3.2 INTERNAL CSS
o Internal style sheet is used to unique style for a single document.
o It is defined in <head> section of the HTML page inside the <style> tag.

Fig. 4.9: Screenshot for sample HTML program for internal CSS
4.3.3 EXTERNAL CSS
External CSS is a file that contains only CSS code and is saved with a “.CSS” file
extension. This CSS file is then referenced in our HTML using the <link> instead
of <style>. In External CSS we create a .css file and use it in our HTML page as
per our requirements. Generally external Cascading Style Sheets are used
whenever we have many HTML attributes and we can use them as required; there
is no need to rewrite the CSS style again and again in a complete body of HTML
that inherits the property of the CSS file. There are two ways to create a CSS file.
The first is to write the CSS code in Notepad and save it as a .css file, the second
one is to directly add the style sheet in our Solution Explorer and direct Visual
Studio to use it on our HTML page.
Fig. 4.10: Screenshot for a sample HTML program for external CSS

REFERENCE
https://airobosoft.com
www.raspberrypi.org
https://store.cpanel.net


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VISHVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590018

“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

AIROBOSOFT Product and Services, Bangalore

Internal Guide External Guide

Assistant Professor Co-Founder

KIT, Mangalore AIROBOSOFT, Bangalore

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

External Guide Internal Guide

Mr. SYED ASIM AHMED Mr. ARUNRAJ JATHANNA, M. Tech

AIROBOSOFT, Bangalore KIT, Mangalore

Dr. Raghu Chand R, M. Tech Ph.D Mr. Arunraj Jathanna, M. Tech

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

As Main Purpose Of Internship Is To Learn By Working In Practical

In The End Experience Sections Consists Of Task Assignment, Skills

I Think Mr. ARUNRAJ JATHANNA, HOD. Department Of Electronics

I Heartly Thank Our Internal Guide, Asst. Prof ARUNRAJ JATHANNA,

I Express My Gratefulness To Dr. RAGHU CHAND R, Principal For

I Consider It My Duty To Thank Everyone Who Directly And Indirectly

2.2.1EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR 16

3.1 DROWZINESS DETECTION 21-35

3.1.2 Eye Tracking 29

3.1.3 Feasibility Study 30

3.1.5 Interface Requirements 33

3.1.6 Hardware and Software Requirements 33

3.2 HOME AUTOMATION USING RASPBERRY 36-42

4) CHAPTER-4: HTML - HYPER TEXT MARKUP 43-50

4.1 HTML TAGS, STYLES, ATTRIBUTES 43

4.2 CSS TUTORIAL 47

1.3 COMPANY STRATERGY

DEPT OF EC, KIT, MANGALORE Page 10

● Purpose: To be a leader in the software Industry by providing enhanced

● To incorporate good business practices in order to achieve customer

● To grow through creativity, invention and innovation.

● To improve, grow and become more efficient in the field electronics

● To understand customer requirements and fulfill them.

● Increase the assets and investments of the organization to support the

● To increase the productivity and improve the customer service satisfaction.

● To do Innovations in Embedded Electronics and provide quality services to

1.4 COMPANY SERVICES

● Web design and development

DEPT OF EC, KIT, MANGALORE Page 11

● Sales department is responsible for the sales and distribution of the

● Promotion department decides on the type of promotion method for the

● Distribution department distributes the products across the industries.

● Embedded System and Internet of Things (IOT) department.

● Machine learning and web development department.

DEPT OF EC, KIT, MANGALORE Page 13

Embedded system is a combination of hardware & software which is

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers

2.1 Features of Embedded System

● Embedded systems are based on microcontroller i.e. CPUs with integrated

● Wide variety of operating systems and processors are used in embedded

● They are small in size.

● They are highly reliable.

● The power consumption is very low.

Fig. 2.1: Embedded System