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    11 Philosopy-Midterm-Reviewer

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    zack.ezekiel2012

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    11 Philosopy-Midterm-Reviewer

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    11 Philosopy-Midterm-Reviewer

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    zack.ezekiel2012

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    The value of philosophical reflection:

    Types of reflection:
    1. Primary Reflection- refers to the process directed at deriving clear concept about reality.
    -Objective point of view, partial understanding on a situation.

    2. Secondary Reflection- holistic, critical or analytical reflection about primary.

    “An unexamined life is not worth living” –Socrates

     Socrates – “need to reflect about what we believe or claim to know because we are
    responsible for our thoughts”

    -An examination of beliefs/thoughts provides us with opportunity to know ourselves better

     Dalai Lama – warns us of the dangers of iignorance

    -taught that all suffering stems from ignorance.

     narrow & selfish – cause suffering to others

     It is only when we free ourselves from ignorance – life becomes meaningful

     Philippine Society – close to the notion of philosopher (Pilosopo Tasyo) (yung mga pilipino
    daw pilosopo)

    Characteristics of Pilosopong Tasyo


     understood as having a negative meaning
     Someone who reasons poorly

     Faulty reasoning – entertaining (why I am here? Because I am not there)


     erroneous reasoning is called fallacy & is studied with logic

     Equivocation – using a word in two different ways


    Example: Father
    ( a male parent)
    (a priest)

     Fallacy of relevance – is attacking a person instead of his argument


     (argumentum ad hominem) attack against a person
     In Rizal’s (Noli Mi Tangere) - Pilosopong Tasyo is a social critic

     Tasyo – walks around public places conversing about politics & society
    -Talks/express views that are difficult to understand

    -Viewed as a fool

    -Because of their wisdom, they proclaim thoughts that are unsettling & radical

    Determining the Truth


    How do we use philosophy to figure out what is true?

    - The truth is You can’t, since philosophy is our own style of thinking, it is our perspective. As truth
    constantly changes, what is real for you may be a falsehood for someone else. What you believe is
    the truth, and what you believe is what you think, and what you think is your philosophy.

    TRUTH lies at the heart of any inquiry.

    -concept of truth remains a controversial and much-discussed topic among philosophers.

    -What is true, or even a definition of truth, is tricky concept in Philosophy.

    -Philosophers agree that there is no absolute measure of truth.

    Concept of truth:

    - Rooted in an ancient Greek philosophy's concept of knowledge as “justified, true belief".

    - This concept states something is true because you believe it is be true, and there is justification for
    such belief.

    CORRESPONDENCE THEORY states that something is true if it corresponds to reality or the actual
    state of affairs. "fact".

    Example:

    "A mammal is an animal which is warm blooded, has hair, and feed its young with milk" is
    considered to be true.

    "A dog barks" is also true

    COHERENCE THEORY something is true if it makes sense

    Ex. Pork is Unclean for Muslims, Bible/Quran should not be step on because it is a sign of disrespect.

    RELATIVISM is a philosophical concept which contends that there are no absolute truths. Ex:
    Abortion is acceptable practice for Catholics.
    CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY knowledge is shaped by social forces and influenced by culture, history,
    Laws or tradition. Ex: In western countries when you turn 18, you will be separated from your
    parents.

    CONSENSUS THEORY based on argument, something is true if almost everyone agrees that is true.
    Ex: Pluto classification into a dwarf planet

    PRAGMATIC THEORY something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful in real life. Life
    experience/ sense of experience

    OTHER THINGS SHOULD WE CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE TRUTH


    Determining the truth of any statement

    Ideas and claims are often presented in the form of ARGUMENTS

    These kinds of arguments are called FALLACIES

    Fallacies:

    1. Ad hominem
    2. Appeal to force
    3. Appeal to emotion
    4. Appeal to the popular
    5. Appeal to the tradition
    6. Begging the question
    7. Cause-and-effect
    8. Fallacy of composition
    9. Fallacy of division

    One should also know the difference between fact and opinion.

    Facts are generally established truths, easily verified, and do not easily change from one situation to
    another.

    Opinions on the other hand, are aware of bias or personal views of the person presenting it.

    Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the
    views of people.

    Biases:

    1. Correspondence bias or attribution effect


    2. Confirmation bias
    3. Framing
    4. Hindsight
    5. Conflict of interest
    6. Cultural bias

    CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTION EFFECT

    Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors on
    influence.

    Ex: These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderer.

    CONFIRMATION BIAS

    readily accept information which fits with one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas that against
    it.

    Ex: How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!

    FRAMING

    Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

    Ex: Preliminary evidences have still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but
    investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error.

    HINDSIGHT

    The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical; events.

    Ex: Magellan's assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardy venture, made by an overconfident,
    careless man who underestimated the valor of the native Filipinos.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed.

    Ex: As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of
    his alleged corrupt practices.

    CULTURAL BIAS

    Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards.

    Ex: I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in retirement homes. We
    Filipinos take care of your family members.
    Environmental Value Systems
    An environmental value system is a particular worldview or set of paradigms that shapes the way an
    individual, or group of people, perceive and evaluate environmental issues.

    Historical moments in the environmental movement (inputs)

    1956: Minimata disaster -- bioaccumulation of mercury in seafood

    1962: Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring documenting the effects of pesticides

    1985: Bhopal disaster killing up to 25,000

    1970s: Greenpeace campaigns

    - save the whale


    - anti-nuclear testing

    1986: Chernobyl disaster causing resettlement of over 300,000

    EVS of various societies

    1. First nation Americans vs. European pioneers

    Environment communal

    Subsistence economy based on barter

    Low-impact technology

    Animistic religion - animals, plants, rocks, etc. all have soul

    Exploitation of seemingly unlimited resources

    Environmental degradation through over-population

    Disconnected with environment

    Heavy industry and advanced technology


    2. Communist vs. Capitalist societies

    Equal distribution of resources with no profit led to squandering of resources destroying the
    environment

    Government protected farmers unintentionally benefiting parts of the environment

    Seen as more environmentally friendly as resources are used efficiently to maximize profit

    Unions protected industry damaging the environment

    Civil liberties and democracy used in protecting the environment

    3. Buddhist vs. Judeo-Christian societies

    Separation of body and soul, matter and spirit

    Genesis - domination or stewardship or the Earth?

    Ecofeminism nurture rather than conquer

    World is all co-dependent

    Birth, ageing, suffering, death all conjoined

    Humans not autonomous or more important than the Earth

    Other issues to think about

     Greenwash
     Emotionalism
     Chernobyl videos
     The Cove video

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