Phytagoras: Philosophy Philo "Love" Sophia "Wisdom"

PHIL
CN #1
Philosophy comes from two Greek words: philo means “love” and sophia
means “wisdom”, which were used by ancient Greeks to refers to “Love of
Wisdom”.
Philosophers are people who engage in philosophy or “Lovers of Wisdom”.
1. PHYTAGORAS - A mathematician and scientist, credited

with formulating the Pythagorean theorem.
2. HERACLITUS - Proposed that everything that exists is

based on a higher order or plan, which he called Logos.
3. DEMOCRITUS - Study the causes of natural phenomena.
4. SOCRATES - Considered the foremost philosopher of

ancient times.
5. PLATO - A student of Socrates, he wrote down his

mentor’s teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas.
6. ARISTOTLE - He attended the academy and was a

prominent student of Plato.
CN #2
1. Metaphysics (Nature of Reality) Deals with questions regarding reality
and existence.
a) Theology – It studies the existence of God.
b) Ontology – It is a study of ultimate reality.
c) Cosmology – It studies mysteries of the world.
d) Cosmogony – It is related with the theory of the origin and
development of the universe.
e) Philosophy of self – It is concerned with the philosophical
interpretation of the self.
f) Eschatology – It is concerned with the final matters as death or the
afterlife.
2. Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge) Discusses the nature of
knowledge and knowing.
3. Axiology (Values). The study of the nature of value and valuation,
and of the kinds of things that are valuable.
a) Logic- (Reasons). - Deals with correct reasoning.
b) Ethics – (Good and Bad) - Deals with moral questions and dilemmas
c) Aesthetics – (Beauty) - Deals with beauty and what makes things
“beautiful”.
CN # 3
Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.
Truth is an accepted statement. It agrees with facts and reality.
1. Phenomenology – truth is based on the person’s consciousness.

2. Existentialism – truth is based in exercising choices and
personal freedom.
3. Postmodernism – it is accepted that the truth is not absolute.
4. Analytic Tradition – is the conviction that to some significant
degree, philosophical problems and errors are rooted in
language.
5. Logic and Critical Thinking – is the truth based on reasoning
and critical thinking analysis.
TYPES OF REASONING
Inductive Reasoning is based from observation in order to make
generalizations.
Deductive Reasoning draws conclusion from usually one broad

judgment or definition.
CN # 4
ARGUMENT – A reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that
an action or idea is right or wrong.
FALLACY – Is used even more broadly to indicate any false belief or cause of a false
belief.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FALLACIES

HASTY GENERALIZATION – is a fallacious generalization that is usually false due to
insufficient sample size.
MISSING THE POINT – the premise supports a conclusion other than the one it is meant to
support.
POST HOC –is an informal fallacy that states: "Since event Y followed event X, event Y must
have been caused by event X.
WEAK ANALOGY – If the two things that are being compared aren't really alike in the
relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one, and the argument that relies on it commits the
fallacy of weak analogy.
APPEAL TO PITY - is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or
idea by exploiting their opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE - This fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must
be true, because there is no evidence against it.
ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM - is a fallacious argument which is based on affirming that
something is real because the majority thinks so.
AD HOMINEM - is when an argument is rebutted by attacking the person making it
TU QUOQUE - is a type of ad hominem argument in which an accused person turns an
allegation back on his or her accuser, thus creating a logical fallacy.
FALSE DICHOTOMY - A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy, is an informal
fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available.
BEGGING THE QUESTION - when an argument's premises assume the truth of the
conclusion, instead of supporting it.
EQUIVOCATION - is an informal fallacy resulting from the use of a particular
word/expression in multiple senses within an argument
CN #4
BIOLOGICAL ASPECT
1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
2. REPRODUCTION
3. OPPOSABLE THUMB
4. INTELLECT
NON- BIOLOGICAL ASPECT
1. FREE WILL
2. RESPONSIBILITY
3. SELF DETERMINATION
4. SELF AWARENESS
HOW ARE THE BODY AND SPIRIT RELATED??

Philosophers consider the human person as defined by the union of the body and the
spirit.
The human person is an embodied spirit. The body and the spirit are not only united,
but they are integrated with each other
BODY - Any material object is within our perception “WORLD OF MATTER”.

SPIRIT - Greek word psyche. Referring to the human soul, mind or spirit
“WORLD OF FORM”
Environmental Philosophy

This means that as a Human Person , we interact not only with our fellow human beings
but also with other living and non living elements in our environment.
3 MAJOR VIEWS :
1. Anthropocentrism - which humans are the most important

species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and its
resources.
2. BIOCENTRISM - believes that humans are not only the significant

species on the planet and that all other organisms have inherent value and
should be protected.
3. ECOCENTRISM - Place great value on ecosystem and biological
communities . This view believe that human kind is a part of a greater
biological system.
Principles of Sustainability

1. Environmental Integrity- refers to maintaining the state of the
environment.
2. Economic Efficiency- refers to prudence in decision making regarding the
use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.
3. Equity-demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that
these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them.
CN # 7
Freedom is an intrinsic and essential property of the person .
Kinds of Freedom
Physical Freedom – refers to the absent of any physical restraint.
Psychological Freedom – it is called freedom of choice.
Moral Freedom – refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds
human dignity and goodness.
Element of Freedom:
1. Voluntariness – refers to the anility of the human person to act
out of his or her own free will and determination.
>HUMAN ACTS – with full knowledge and of his own will.
>ACTS OF MAN – without being master and will; does not concern of moral
since it is not voluntary
Responsibility – refers to the person being accountable for his
or her actions and their consequences.
Actions All our actions (spoken and physical) have consequences.
Consequences are a result or an effect of our actions

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PHIL

Philosophers are people who engage in philosophy or “Lovers of Wisdom”.

1. PHYTAGORAS - A mathematician and scientist, credited

2. HERACLITUS - Proposed that everything that exists is

3. DEMOCRITUS - Study the causes of natural phenomena.

4. SOCRATES - Considered the foremost philosopher of

5. PLATO - A student of Socrates, he wrote down his

6. ARISTOTLE - He attended the academy and was a

Truth is an accepted statement. It agrees with facts and reality.

1. Phenomenology – truth is based on the person’s consciousness.

Deductive Reasoning draws conclusion from usually one broad

DIFFERENT KINDS OF FALLACIES

NON- BIOLOGICAL ASPECT

HOW ARE THE BODY AND SPIRIT RELATED??

BODY - Any material object is within our perception “WORLD OF MATTER”.

1. Anthropocentrism - which humans are the most important

2. BIOCENTRISM - believes that humans are not only the significant

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