DYNAMICS

 Newton's Laws of Motion

First law:

Statement: A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will continue in motion with a
constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force

Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

Net External Force: The sum of all forces acting on an object. If this sum is zero, the object's
motion remains unchanged.

Mathematical Expression: ∑F=0 implies v=constant

Practice :

1- A space probe is drifting to the right at a constant velocity in deep interstellar space—far from any
influence due to planets and stars—with its rockets off. If two rocket thrusters both turn on
simultaneously exerting identical forces leftward and rightward in the directions shown, what
would happen to the motion of the rocket?
 The space probe would continue with constant velocity.
 The space probe would speed up.
 The space probe would slow down and eventually stop.
 The space probe would immediately stop.

2- An elevator is being pulled upward at a constant velocity by a cable as seen in the diagram below.
While the elevator is moving upward at constant velocity, how does the magnitude of the upward
force exerted on the elevator by the cable— —compare to the magnitude of the downward force
of gravity— —on the elevator
 Fc is greater than Fg
 Fc is equal to Fg
 Fc is smaller than Fg
 Fc could be larger or smaller than Fg depending on the mass of the elevator.

3- 3. A space probe is drifting to the right with constant velocity in deep interstellar space—far from
any influence due to planets and stars. If a rocket thruster turns on and then off for a short burst of
force in the direction shown, what would best represent the path traveled by the rocket after the
thruster turns off?
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 Path a
 Path b
 Path c
 Path d

The correct answer is c. After the rocket thruster turns off, there will be no net force on the space
probe. Once the net force is zero, the velocity—both magnitude and direction—must be constant.
Because of Newton's first law, the space probe moves in a straight line at constant speed. The fact that
there was a vertical force on the space probe does not affect the horizontal velocity of the space probe,
it only changes the vertical velocity. A constant vertical and horizontal velocity yields a diagonal
straight line through space.

4- A ball is moving upwards and to the left. A net force that points upwards and to the left must be
acting on the ball.
True
False
5- When no net force is applied to a moving object, it still comes to rest because of its inertia.
True
False

Inertia is the tendency of an object to maintain its state of motion, not to change it. An object in
motion will continue moving at the same velocity (speed and direction) indefinitely if no net force
is acting on it. Inertia resists changes to the motion, whether that means starting, stopping, or
changing direction. For a moving object to come to rest, there must be a net force acting on it.

6- An object that is not accelerating or decelerating must have no forces acting on it.
True
False

7- The only way to slow down a moving object is to apply a net force to it.
True
False

8- An object that is not accelerating or decelerating must have zero net force acting on it.
True
False
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9- Objects in orbit around the Earth (like a satellite) must have a net force acting on them.
True
False

10- When an object remains stationary, any forces acting on it must be balanced.
True
False

11- A stationary object must have no forces acting on it.

True
False

12- An object's inertia causes it to come to a rest position

True
False

13- Objects in orbit around the Earth (like a satellite) must have a net force acting on them.
True
False

14- Objects tend to stay moving because of a force called inertia.

True
False

Second law :

Statement: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the
net force.

Force: A push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object.
Mass: A measure of an object's inertia, i.e., the amount of matter in the object.

Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object.

Mathematical Expression: F = m a = Kg. m/s2

where:

 F is the net external force, (N) , scalar unit

 mm is the mass of the object (kg)
 a is the acceleration of the object. (m/s-2), scalar unit

It means, if the force is 10 N, the acceleration is going to be 5 m/s2, and if the force is increased
to 20N, the acceleration is going to be 10 m/s2
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The larger the mass you have, the more force you will need to accelerate it.

In the case of same axis forces:

In the case of two axis forces:

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In the case of three axis forces :

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Because: Usual trigonometry values:

When the acceleration is zero and we want the force:

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Third law:

Statement: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Key Concepts:

1. Action and Reaction Forces: These forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. They act on different objects.
2. Interaction Pairs: The forces involved in interactions between two objects.

Mathematical Expression: FAB=−FBA

FAB is the force exerted by object A on object B,

FBA is the force exerted by object B on object A.

For static equilibrium: ∑F=0

For dynamic equilibrium: ∑F=0 but v≠0

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Rockets move forward by expelling gas backward at high velocity. This means the rocket exerts a

large backward force on the gas in the rocket combustion chamber, and the gas therefore exerts a

large reaction force forward on the rocket. This reaction force is called thrust. It is a common

misconception that rockets propel themselves by pushing on the ground or on the air behind

them. They actually work better in a vacuum, where they can more readily expel the exhaust

gases.

Helicopters similarly create lift by pushing air down, thereby experiencing an upward reaction

force. Birds and airplanes also fly by exerting force on air in a direction opposite to that of

whatever force they need. For example, the wings of a bird force air downward and backward in

order to get lift and forward motion.

Exercises:

A person drives a cart, Cart 1, to the right while pushing another cart, Cart 2, that has a massive

refrigerator on it. The total mass of Cart 2, cart plus fridge, is three times the total mass of Cart 1,

cart plus person. If the person is driving with enough force that the two carts accelerate to the

right, what can be said for sure about the magnitudes of the forces on the carts?

Choose 1 answer:
The force on Cart 2 exerted by Cart 1 is larger in magnitude than the force on Cart 1 exerted by
Cart 2.
The force on Cart 2 exerted by Cart 1 is smaller in magnitude than the force on Cart 1 exerted by
Cart 2.
The force on Cart 2 exerted by Cart 1 is equal in magnitude to the force on Cart 1 exerted by Cart
2.
The force on Cart 2 exerted by Cart 1 could be larger or smaller depending on the size of the
acceleration
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If you are an astronaut slowly drifting away from the space station, you might be able to drift
back to the station by throwing a -kg tool rapidly in the direction that you are traveling (away
from the station).
True
False

Gravity is pulling on you downwards with a force which we call your weight. The reason why
you aren't accelerating downwards is that there is an equal and opposite force of the floor (let's
assume you are standing up) pushing you upwards that nets out against the force of gravity. This
is the "equal and opposite" force described by Newton's Third Law of Motion.
True
False

You and a friend are pulling on a rope in opposite directions as hard as you can. What is the
"equal and opposite force" to the force of your hand pulling on the rope described by Newton's
Third Law?
The force of your arm pulling back on your hand
The force of friction between the ground and your shoes
The force of your friend pulling on the rope in the opposite direction
The force of the rope pulling on your hand in the opposite direction

Which of Newton's Laws gives the reason for why you can feel things that you touch?
First
Second
Third

Which best explains why we are able to accelerate forward when starting to run?
The striking foot pushes backward against the ground. The friction with the ground provides an
equal and opposite force toward
As one leg moves backward, it provides an equal and opposite force for the other foot to move
forward
The foot no touching the ground propels the entire body as it swings forward

Mass is a measure of an object's inertia (or its tendency to resist change in velocity).
True
False

Which of the following would change your weight but not your mass?
Pooping
Eating a sandwich
Going to the moon

A 7kg object isaccelerating to the right at 2km/s2. What is the magnitude of the rightward net
force actng on it?
F= ma
A= 2km/s2 = 2000m/s2
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F= 7x2000=14000 N

Mass is a measure of the object’s inertia!!

Chat gpt :


 Friction
 Circular motion and centripetal force
 Work and energy
 Conservation of energy
 Momentum and collisions

 Rotational Motion:

 Angular kinematics
 Rotational dynamics
 Torque and moment of inertia
 Angular momentum
 Conservation of angular momentum

 Gravitation:

 Newton's law of gravitation

 Gravitational potential energy
 Orbits of planets and satellites

 Oscillations:

 Simple harmonic motion

 Damped oscillations
 Forced oscillations and resonance