01 - VII - ATOMIC STRUCTURE - (W - 1 To 3) - (1-71)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY - CLASS - VII
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Molecules of Molecular
Compounds, Formula of
Valency Compounds
Electronic ATOMIC
STRUCTURE Discovery of
Configuration
e, p, n
Bohr’s Discovery of
Theory Nucleus
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CHEMISTRY - CLASS - VII ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Points to Recollect:
Matter:
Matter is anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.
Physical state of Matter:
Based on the physical nature of matter, there are Three states of matter.
Solid:
Molecules are tightly packed. they are often hard and rigid.
Liquid:
Molecules are loosely packed as compared to that of a solid. They take the
shape of the container
Gas:
Molecules of gases are farther apart when compared to liquid molecules.
Niels Bohr J.J. Thomson Ruther Ford
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Theme : Every matter is made up of tiny particles known as atoms and mol-
ecules. Molecules are also constituted by the atoms. Hence atoms are the build-
ing blocks of matter. The physical and chemical properties of matter are governed
by atoms. Therefore, the knowledge of the concepts of atoms of elements and
molecules of elements and compounds and radicals of compounds is necessary to
understand different processes and principles of Chemistry.
INTRODUCTION :
ELEMENT: An element is a pure substance which cannot be subdivided into two
or more new substances by any means.
Chemists have found 118 elements which exist in nature. The smallest unit of
any element is called an atom. The atoms of different elements combine with one
another to form new substances have no electric charges on them. All matters
are made by the combination of atoms of different elements combined together in
some fixed ratio. In a way, atoms are the basic building blocks of the matter.
The idea of smallest particles of matter (Anu and parmanu) was proposed by
“Maharshi Kanad” in vedic period in our country.
Matter is not continuous, and made up of tiny particles, named paramanus. Those
particles can not be seen through maked eyes. (In Sanskrit, ‘param’ means ‘final’
or ‘ultimate’, ‘and’ anu means ‘particle’.) Kanad further said that two or more
paramanus combine to form bigger particles.
“Democritus” a greek philosopher also proposed that matter is made up of extremely
small particles called “atoms”. The name atom comes from greek language meaning
indivisible.
AN ATOM
The word atom comes from the word “atomio/atoms” meaning “indivisible” coined
by a Greek Philosopher Democritus (460-361 B.C.). He forwarded the idea that
the universe was made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. In 1808. John
Dalton an English scientist suggested that, an atom is the basic unit of matter.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that exhibits all the properties of
that element. It may or may not exist independently but takes part in every
chemical reaction.
Example : Take in small piece of zinc and crush it into smaller pieces. All these
pieces show properties of zinc. On grinding crushed pieces further, they break up
into very fine particles which still show the properties of zinc. But, there comes a
stage when the particles cannot be further subdivided into particles exhibiting
properties of zinc. These indivisible particles.
“In other words atom is the smallest possible unit of an element”.
Atoms of the same element are all identical. They differ from the atoms of other
elements.
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That is why different elements differ in their properties.
Zn Zn Zn
ZINC ZINC
A PIECE
Zn Zn Zn
OF ZINC
ZINC ZINC
Zn Zn Zn
Smaller pieces of zinc Atoms of zinc
: H represents one atom of hydrogen.

He represents one atom of helium
All the above show the properties of element zinc.
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY :
The main characteristics of atoms as suggested by John Dalton are :
1. Composition of matter : Elements are made up of very small particles of
matter called atoms (derived from the Greek word atomio).
2. Indivisibility of atoms : Atoms are indivisible. They cannot be further broken
down. Atoms can be neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical
reaction, cannot be converted to that of another element.
3. Atoms of similar elements : The atoms of an element are alike in all the
respects.
4. The atoms of different elements are different in all the respects.
5. Combination of atoms : Atoms combine in small whole numbers to form
compound (molecules).
6. Role of atom in a chemical reaction : An atom is defined as the smallest
part of an element that takes part in a chemical reaction.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF AN ATOM :
Originally it was thought that atoms of an element cannot be divided further, but
studies in the early 20th century showed that, an atom is itself made up of even
smaller particles called fundamental pa rticles or subatomic particles. Atom consist
of nearly 180 to 200 sub atomic particles but major sub atomic particles are,
 Electrons,  Protons and  Neutrons
Electrons : Electrons are the negatively charged particles in an atom with one
unit negative charge and negligible mass.
Protons : Protons are the positively charged particles present in an atom with
one unit positive charge and one unit mass.
Neutrons : Neutrons are with zero electrical charge, so they are neutral but
have one unit mass.
Following table shows the symbols, charge and mass of the three fundamental
particles of an atom.
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Particle Symbol Charge in coulombs Mass in grams
Electron e– 1.602 × 10–19C 9.1 × 10–28g
Proton 1 p1 or p  1.602 × 10–19C 1.673  1024 g
Neutron 0 n1 or n0 0 1.675  1024 g
The subscripts on e, p and n an -1, +1 and 0 represent the charge while the
superscript 0, 1, 1 represent the mass. The mass of an electron is very less hence
considered to be negligible.
A MOLECULE:
“A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure substance (element or compound)
which has independent existence. It exhibits all the properties of the pure substance” or a
molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together by attractive
forces.
Molecules are of two types :
1. Molecules of an element 2. Molecules of a compound
Molecules of an element:
Two or more atoms of the same element combine to form a molecule of that
element. The atoms of certain elements, like oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, etc.,
cannot exist independently. So they join to form molecules that have independent
existence. To form molecules, atoms always join in whole number ratio.
Examples :
1. Two atoms of hydrogen join to form one molecule of the element hydrogen.
H + H H H
One atom One atom One molecule
of Hydrogen of Hydrogen of Hydrogen (H2)
2. Eight atoms of sulphur join to form a molecule of sulphur.
s
s s s s
s s s
Atomicity:
The number of atoms of an element that join together to form a molecule of that
element is known as the atomicity of that molecule. Depending upon the atomicity,
the molecules of an elements can be divided into :
a) Monoatomic molecules b) Diatomic molecules
c) Triatomic molecules d) Polyatomic molecules
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Mono atomic molecules: They contain only one atom. Atoms of metals and
metalloids do not combine with their own type of atoms. So, their atoms are
regarded as their molecules too. Similarly, atoms of inert gases exist freely under
all conditions. All these elements are said to have monoatomic molecules.
Examples : Na, Zn, Mg, etc., noble gases : He, Ne, Ar, Xe, etc.
Diatomic molecules : They contain two atoms of the same type.
Examples : H2, O2, N2, Cl2, etc.,
Triatomic molecules : They contain three atoms.
Examples : Ozone (O3), N2O, NO2, SO2
Polyatomic molecules : They contain more than three atoms.
Examples : Phosphorus (P4), Sulphur (S8), etc.
Atomicity refers to the total number of atoms of same or different elements
present in a molecule.
Names, symbols, atomicity and state of the molecules of common elements
Atomicity
Name of Symbol of
[Number of atoms State
Element Molecule
in one molecule]
Hydrogen H2 2 Gas
Nitrogen N2 2 Gas
Oxygen O2 2 Gas
Fluorine F2 2 Gas
Chlorine Cl2 2 Gas
Bromine Br2 2 Liquid
Iodine I2 2 Solid
Ozone O3 3 Gas
Phosphorous P4 4 Solid
sulphur S8 8 Solid
Molecular formula of an element:

The molecular formula is the symbolic representation of its molecule.
it indicates the name of the element and actual number of atoms present in it.
Example : A molecule of chlorine is represented by ‘Cl2
which indicates that two atoms of chlorine join to form one molecule of chlorine.
It also shows that the atomicity of chlorine is 2.
From the above it is clear that :
(i) ‘H’ represents one atom of hydrogen and ‘H2’ represents a molecule of hydrogen.
(ii) ‘2H’ represents two atoms of hydrogen and 2H2 represents two molecules of
hydrogen. If a numeral is written on the left hand side of a symbol, it represent
the number of atoms or molecules.
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Molecules of Compounds:
When atoms of two or more elements join together in a fixed ratio by mass, a
molecule of a compound is formed.
Examples :
1. Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen combine to form a molecule
of water.
O
H O H H H
2. One atom of carbon combines with two atoms of oxygen to form a carbon
dioxide molecule.
O C O O C O
The smallest unit of a compound is its molecule. It exhibits all the properties of
that compound. Every compound has its own specific molecules, which are same
in all respects but differ in their properties from the atoms of which they are
made.
Accordingly, a water molecule is a liquid, but hydrogen and oxygen atoms are
gaseous.
Similarly, carbon dioxide is a gaseous compound but carbon is a solid element.
A molecule of a compound can be broken into its constituent elements using
chemical methods.
Examples :
1. Mercuric oxide is a solid compound. When it is heated, it decomposes to give
mercury and oxygen, which are elements.
O
A molecule of An atom of An atom of
mercuric oxide mercury Oxygen
2. When electric current is passed through acidulated water, it ionises to give
hydrogen and oxygen gases in the ratio of 2:1 [by volume]. From whatever source
water is taken and ionised, the ratio of gases hydrogen and oxygen is found to be
the same.
O Electric
H O H
H H Current
One molecule Two atoms of hydrogen and
of water one atom of Oxygen
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Molecules of different compounds show different properties.
Examples : Water molecules and sugar molecules are different from each other.
Valency
Valency is the combining capacity of an element or of a radical :
The valency of an element or a radical can be defined as, the number of hydrogen
atoms that will combine with or displace one atom of that element or radical.
Examples : The valency of hydrogen is taken as 1.
(a) In hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl), one atom of chlorine combines with
one atom of hydrogen; hence valency of chlorine is 1.
(b) In water (H2O). One atom of oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen:
hence valency of oxygen is 2.
(c) In ammonia (NH3) gas, one atom of nitrogen combines with three atoms of
hydrogen; hence valency of nitrogen is 3.
(d) In a methane (CH4) molecule, one carbon atom combines with four atoms of
hydrogen; hence valency of carbon is 4.
Name, symbol and valency of first twenty elements
S.no Name of the Element Symbol Valency
01 Hydrogen H 1
02 Helium He 0
03 Lithium Li 1
04 Beryllium Be 2
05 Boron B 3
06 Carbon C 4
07 Nitrogen N 3
08 Oxygen O 2
09 Fluorine F 1
10 Neon Ne 0
11 Sodium Na 1
12 Magnesium Mg 2
13 Aluminium Al 3
14 Silicon Si 4
15 Phosphorous P 3
16 Sulphur S 2
17 Chlorine Cl 1
18 Argon Ar 0
19 Potassium K 1
20 Calcium Ca 2
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Variable valency
Certain elements exhibit more than one valency, that means they show variable
valency.
If an element exhibits two different positive valencies, then suffix ous is used for
lower valency and suffix ic is used for higher valency or their valency is represented
in Roman numerals beside their names.
Non-metals like nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur also show variable valency.
Nitrogen and phosphorus show valencies of 3 and 5 while sulphur exhibits valency
of 2, 4 and 6.
Name of Ions Formula Name of Ions Formula

Cuprous or Copper (I) Cu  Plumbous or Lead (II) Pb 2 
Cupric or Copper (II) Cu 2 Plumbic or Lead (IV) Pb 4 
Hg  Sn2
Mercurous or Mercury (I) Stannous or Tin (II)
Mercuric or Mercury (II) Hg 2  Stannic or Tin (IV) Sn4

Ferrous or Iron (II) Fe2 Aurous or Gold (I) Au 
Feric or Iron (III) Fe3 Auric or Gold (III) Au 3
RADICALS
“A radical is an atom of an element or a group of atoms of different that behaves
as a single unit with a positive or negative charge on it”.
Redicals are of two types :
(i) Basic radical : They have positive charge and are also called cations. All
metallic ions and ammonium ion (non-metallic) are basic radicals.
(ii) Acidic radical : They have negative charge and are also called anions. Most
of the non-metallic ions and groups of non-metallic atoms with negative
charge are acidic radicals.
Ions : Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms formed by losing or gaining

electrons are called ions.
A molecule of a compound is usually made up of two parts. Example : Sodium

chloride molecule is made up of sodium ion and chloride ion. Sodium ion is positively
charged while chloride ion is negatively charged, represented by the symbols Na +
and Cl- ions respectively. The charge on these radicals show their combining
capacity i.e. valency. These radicals keep their identity in many reactions.
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Representation of some positive radicals and their valency
Name of radical Representation Valency

Hydrogen H +
1
Sodium Na +
1
Potassium K +
1
Silver Ag +
1

Ammonium NH 4 1
Magnesium Mg 2+
2
Calcium Ca 2+
2
Zinc Zn 2+
2
Iron (II) Fe2+ 2
Copper (II) Cu2+ 2
Iron (III) Fe 3+
3
Aluminium Al3+
3
Gold Au 3+
3
Tin (IV) Sn 4+
4
Platinum (IV) Pt4+
4
Representation of some negative radicals and their valency:
Name of radical Representation Valancy

Chloride Cl  1
Bromide Br  1
Iodide I 1
Hydroxide OH  1
Acetate CH 3COO  1
Nitrate NO3 1
Nitrite NO 
2
1
Bisulphate HSO 
4
1
Bisulphite HSO 
3
1
Bicarbonate HCO 
3
1
Oxide O 2
2
Carbonate CO32  2
Sulphate SO42  2
Sulphite SO 2
3
2
Dichromate Cr2O 2
7
2
Nitride N 3 3
Phosphate PO43 3
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Molecular Formula of Compounds:

Each compound is represented by a chemical formula with the help of symbols
and valency of different atoms present in it. Since the formula represents the
molecule of a compound, therefore it is more commonly known as its molecular
formula.
A molecular formula of a compound is the symbolic representation of its molecule.
It shows the number of atoms of each element present in it. These atoms combine
in whole numbers to form the molecule.
For example : A molecule of sulphur dioxide gas is represented as SO2. It indicates
that one molecule of SO2 is formed by one atom of element sulphur and two atoms
of element oxygen.
Writing the Chemical formula of a Compound :
To write the chemical formula of a compound, the following information should be
available.
(i) Symbols of the elements or the radicals that constitute the compound.
(ii) Valencies (combining capacity) of the elements or the radicals.
Step-by-step method for writing the formulae of chemical compounds:
1. Example - Calcium chloride.
I. Write the symbols
On the left hand side On the right hand side

Calcium Chloride
Ca Cl
II. Write the valency of the symbols

(Ignore the (+) and (-) signs)
At the top right corner At the top right corner
Ca2 Cl1
III. Interchange the valency number
Ca2 Cl1
1 2
IV. Write the interchanged numbers at the base

Ca1 Cl2
V. Write the formula of the compound

(ignore base number if it is 1)
CaCl2
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The number 1 with Ca is not written in the formula because the symbol itself
represents one atom.
One more example of writing a molecular formula is in the manner where valency
number of positive and negative ions are divided by a common number.
2. Example - Magnesium oxide
Step I : Write the symbols and valencies
Symbols Valencies
Magnesium Oxide Magnesium Oxide
Mg O 2 2
Step II: Reduce the valency to the lowest ratio, if possible. [It should be reduced
here]
Mg2 O2
Step III: Interchange the valencies of the radicals.
Mg1 O1
1 1
Step IV: Write the interchanged numbers at the base.

Mg1 O1
Step V: (Ignore the base number, as it is one)
Therefore, the formula is MgO.
3. Example - Calcium nitride
Step I: Write the symbols and valencies.
Symbols Valencies
Calcium Nitride Calcium Nitride
Ca N 2 3
Step II : Ca 2 N3
Step III: Interchange the valencies of radicals.
Ca2 N3
3 2
Step IV: Write the interchanged numbers at the base.
Ca 3 N2
Step V: Therefore, the formula is Ca3N2.
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4. Example - Zinc hydroxide

Step I : Write the symbols and valenices.
Symbols Valencies
Zinc Hydroxide Zinc Hydroxide
Zn OH 2 1
Step II : Zn2 OH 1
Step III: Interchange the valency number. When the radical itself bears any number
in its formula or in its symbol, or if it is OH radical and more than 1 number
comes after exchanging the valency number, put the parenthesis (round bracket)
sign enclosing the radical symbol.
Zn2 OH1
1 2
Step IV: Zn1  OH 2

Step V: (Ignore the base number of Zn as it is one).
Therefore, the formula is Zn(OH)2
5. Example - Ammonium carbonate
Step 1: Write the symbols and valencies.
Symbols Valencies
Ammonium Carbonate Ammonium Carbonate
NH 4 CO3 1 2
Step II: NH14 CO23
Step III: Interchange the valency number
Step IV: Radicals already bear some numbers in their formulae. So parenthesis
(round brackets) are required
Step V: (Ignore the base number of carbonate, as it is one). Therefore, the formula
is  NH4 2 CO3 .
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Molecular formula, the common names and the state of some common
compounds (or) molecules
S.no Name of compounds Formula State
01. Sodium chloride [common salt] NaCl Solid
02 Sugar C12 H 22O11 Solid
03 Glucose C6 H 12O6 Solid
04 Sodium bicarbonate[baking soda] NaHCO3 Solid

Washing soda[sodium carbonate. deca Na2CO3 .10 H 2O
05 Solid
hydrate]
06 Marble & chalk [ calcium carbonate] CaCO3 Solid
07 Sand [silica],Quartz SiO2 Solid
08 Calcium hydroxide [slaked lime] Ca  OH 2 Solid
09 Sodium hydroxide [caustic soda] NaOH Solid
10 Copper sulphate [blue vitriol] CuSO4 .5H2O Solid
11 Water H 2O Liquid
12 Acetic acid (Vinegar) CH 3COOH Liquid
13 Hydrochloric acid HCl Liquid
14 Sulphuric acid H 2 SO4 Liquid
15 Nitric acid HNO3 Liquid
16 Carbon dioxide CO2 Gas
17 Carbon monoxide CO Gas
18 Sulphur dioxide SO2 Gas
19 Sulphur trioxide SO3 Gas
20 Ammonia NH 3 Gas
21 Hydrogen sulphide H2S Gas
22 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Gas
Significance of molecular formula

The molecular formula of a compound other than saving time, space and energy
also gives us the following information :
(i) It represents one molecule of a compound.
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(ii) The number of each kind of atoms present, i.e., the ratio in which the
atoms are present in one molecule.
(iii) The mass of one molecule of the compound can be calculated. Molecular
mass is the algebraic sum of the masses of all the atoms present in a
given molecule.
Example :
 A molecule of sulphuric acid is represented by the formula H 2 SO4 .
 The elements present in it are hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen.
 One molecule of sulphuric acid has two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of sulphur
and four atoms of oxygen. The ratio in which atoms of hydrogen, sulphur and
oxygen are present is 2 : 1 : 4.
 If the masses of all the atoms present in the molecule are added, the molecular
mass of sulphuric acid is obtained.
Single Correct Answer Type:

01. Which of the following is mono atomic ?
1) Hydrogen 2) Ozone 3) Nitrogen 4) Helium
02. Which of the following is polyatomic?
1) Helium (He) 2) Nitrogen ( N2 ) 3) Chlorine ( Cl2 ) 4) Phosphorous  P4 
03. Hydroxyl ion is represented by

1) OH 2) OH  3) OH  4) OH–2
04. H2SO 4 represents:
1) A solid 2) A compound 3) A mixture 4) All of these
05. Which of the following is a compound
1) HgS 2) CuSO 4 3) HCl 4) All the above
06. Which of the following is involved in chemical reactions
1) Proton 2) Electron 3) Neutron 4) All the above
07. Which of the following is divalent ion?
1) Mg 2) Ca 3) Ba 4) All the above
Multi Correct Answer Type:
08. Which of the following are divalent ions
1) Cupric 2) Carbonate 3) Sulphite 4) Acetate
09. Which of the following are trivalent ions?
1) Carbonate 2) Cynate 3) Nitride 4) Phosphide
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10. Which of the following can form positive ions?
1) Sodium 2) Helium 3) Argon 4) Potassium
11. Which of the following is/are correct statement(s)?
1) Neutrons are electrically neutral.
2) The mass of a neutron is slightly more than that of a proton.
3) The relative charge of a neutron is zero.
4) The mass of a neutron in gm is 1.675 × 1024gm
Comprehension Type:
To write the chemical formula of a compound, the following information should
be available.
(i) Symbols of the elements or the radicals that constitute the compound.
(ii) Valencies (combining capacity) of the elements or the radicals.
12. If a solid non-metal “X” forms an oxide of type X2O5 then the valency of X is:
1) 3 2) 5 3) 6 4) 4
13. The formula of Aluminium Sulphate is Al2  SO4  x . Then the value of x is
1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1
Matrix Match Type:
14. Match the Following
Column-I Column-II
(Radical) (Charge)
A) Aluminium p) -1
B) Stannous q) +3
C) Bisulphate r) +2
D) Silicate s) -4
t) -2
15. Column-I Column-II
(Atomicity) (Formula)
A) 3 p) HCl
B) 5 q) O 3
C) 7 r) CaCO 3
D) 2 s) H 2SO 4
Numerical Value Type:
16. Atomicity of phosphorus __________
17. Number of subatomic particles are _________
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CUQ (Conceptual understanding questions):

1. Which of the following pairs have different number of electrons?
1) Na  , Al 3 2) P 3 , Ar 3) Mg 2 ,Cl  4) O 2 , F 
2. A trinegative ion is formed by
1) Oxygen 2) Fluorine 3) Aluminium 4) Nitrogen
3. Which of the following can form only cations
1) Hydrogen 2) Sodium 3) Potassium 4) Both (2) and (3)
4. Which of the following is triatomic molecule
1) N 2O 2) NO 2 3) SO2 4) All the above
5. The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its:
1) Valency 2) Combining power
3) Atomicity 4) None
6. The chemical formula of sulphur dioxide is ______
1) CO2 2) SO3 3) SO2 4) HCl
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED LEVEL-1

1. Particles which can be added to the nucleus of an atom without changing the
chemical properties are called
1) Electrons 2) Protons 3) Neutrons 4)   particles
2. Statement-I: All atoms of an element need not be exactly same
Statement-II: Atoms of the same element from different parts of the world will
be different as their source is different
1) Both statement I and II are correct.
2) Both statement I and II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
3. Which of the following elements is chemically inactive?
1) Oxygen 2) Hydrogen 3) Nitrogen 4) Neon
4. Matter consists of indivisible particles are called
1) Molecules 2) Compounds 3) Elements 4) Atoms
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5. When particles of a substance contain only one type of atoms, the substance is
called?
1) Elements 2) Compounds 3) Molecule 4) None
6. Which of the following can form negative ions
1) Fluorine 2) Boron 3) Iodine 4) Potassium
7. Identify the following statements are true
1) Total mass of the protons of a boron atom is 9185 times the total mass of
electrons
2) Mass of one proton is 1837 times the mass of electron
3) Formula of magnesium oxide MgO
4) Formula of Zinc Oxide ZnO
8. Which of the following are diatomic?
1) Sodium 2) Magnesium 3) Oxygen 4) Chlorine
Comprehension type:
Passage - I
The symbols in a formula can be prefixed or suffixed by a numeral. When the
numeral is written on the left hand side before the formula, it represents number
of molecules of the compound
9. Number of atoms in ozone
1) 5 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
10. The total number of atoms present in Aluminium sulphate Al 2(SO4)3 are
1) 10 2) 17 3) 20 4) 14
11. The chemical formula of lime stone is ...
1) CaCO 3 2) MgCO 3 3) K 2CO 3 4) CaSO 4
Passage - II:
Chemical formula is used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions.
For ionic compounds and other non-molecular substances an empirical formula
may be used in which subscripts indicates the ratio of elements
12. The formula of ammonium carbonate is
1) NH 4 HCO 3 2) (NH 4 )2CO 3 3) NH 4CO 3 4) (NH 4 )3 CO 3
13. The formula of slaked lime is
1) CaCO 3 2) CaO 3) Ca (OH )2 4) Ca (HCO 3 )2
14. The formula of acetic acid is
1) CH 3OH 2) CH 3COOH 3) CH 3CH 2OH 4) CH 3COCH 3
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Matrix Match Type:

Column-I Column-II
A) Atoms with 1,2 or 3 valence electrons p) non-metal
B) Atoms with 8 valence electrons q) metal
C) Atoms with 5,6 or 7 valence electrons r) Noble gases
Column-I Column-II
(Ions) (charge)
A) Cuprous p) -1
B) Cupric q) +1
C) Plumbic r) +2
D) Acetate s) +4
17. Valency of nitrogen atom is ___________
18. Charge of phosphate ion _________

19. What happens to the atomic number during a chemical reaction?
1) It increases 2) It changes
3) Remains the same 4) Changes alternatively
20. Which of the following determines the chemical properties?
1) Number of protons 2) Number of electrons
3) Number of neutrons 4) None of these

21. Which of the following are compounds
1) H 2SO 4 2) AlCl 3 3) Hg 4) HgS
22. Which of the following is true statements

1) copper exhibits variable valencies 2) Sodium forms a mono valent ion
3) Formula of sulphate ion is SO42 4) Oxygen is diatomic
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Comprehension Type:
The symbol in a formula can be prefixed or suffixed by a numeral. When the
numeral is written on the left hand side before the formula , it represents number
of molecules of the compounds
23. The total no.of atoms present in Ammonium carbonate are_________
1) 10 2) 17 3) 20 4) 14
24. The chemical formula of dichromate is ______
1) Cr2O72 2) CrO 4 3) Cr2O 3 4) All the above
25. The latin name of sodium is
1) Kalium 2) Tungsten 3) Hydragyrum 4) Natrium
Matrix Match Type:
Column-I Column-II
Element Atomicity
A) Chlorine P) 8
B) Sodium Q) 3
C) Ozone R) 1
D) Phosphorous S) 2
E) Sulphur T) 4
27. Number of atoms present in elemental or native state of phosphorous is ____________

28. The non- metal forming both positive and negative ions
1) Chlorine 2) Helium 3) Bromine 4) Hydrogen
29. Which of the following forms positive ion
1) Chlorine 2) Helium 3) Oxygen 4) Magnesium
1. How did Dalton say that an atom is indivisible?

2. Why was Dalton’s Atomic Model famous?
3. What were the important postulates of Dalton apart from the indivisible atom?
4. Why was Dalton wrong about atoms of same element being similar and viceversa?
5. Atoms combine in small whole numbers why is this postulate of Dalton wrong?
6. Briefly state what led to the discovery of electrons?
7. Outline the main points in the modern atomic theory?
8. Arrange the neutron electron proton and an alpha particle in increasing order of
masses
20 CO - SPARK
TEACHER ILLUSTRATION SHEET
1) 4 2) 4 3) 3 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 4 8) 1,2,3
9) 3,4 10) 1,4 11) 1,2,3 12) 2 13) 3 14) A-q, B-r, C-p, D-t
15) A-q, B-r, C-s, D-p 16) 4 17) 3
STUDENT PRACTICE SHEET
CUQ
1) 3 2) 4 3) 4 4) 4 5) 3 6) 3
LEVEL - 1 to 4
1) 3 2) 3 3) 4 4) 4 5) 1 6) 1,2,3 7) 2,3,4 8) 3,4
9) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2 13) 3 14) 2 15) A-q, B-r, C-p
16) A-q, B-r, C-s, D-p 17) 3 18) 3 19) 3 20) 2 21) 1,2,4
22) 1,2,3,4 23) 4 24) 1 25) 4 26) A-s, B-r, C-q, D-t, E-p
27) 4 28) 4 29) 4
1. Inert gases are monoatomic 2. P4 contains 4 atoms
3. Hydroxyl ion is OH  4. H 2SO 4 is a compound

5. HgS ,CuSO 4 , HCl are belongs to compounds
6. Electrons are involving in chemical reactions
7. Mg 2 ,Ca 2andBa 2 forms divalent ions 8. Cu 2 ,CO32 ,SO32 are divalent ions
9. N 3 and P 3 are trivalent ions 10. Na  , K  forms positive ions
11. Neutrons are 0 n1 (Charge = 0, mass = 1)
12. In X 2O5 ; 2X 5 5O 2 13. Al2  SO4 3
14. Al 3 ,Sn 2 , HSO 4 ,SiO42

15. O3  triatomic (3), CaCO 3  Pentatomic (5) ;
H 2SO 4  Heptatomic (7) HCl-diatomic (2)
16. P4 17. Electron, proton and neutron
CO - SPARK 21
CUQ
 3 3
1. Na  10, Al  10, P  18, Ar  18, Mg 2  12,O 2  10, F   10
2. O 2 , F  , Al 3 , N 3 3. Na  , K 
4. N 2O  triatomic, NO 2  triatomic and SO 2  triatomic
5. Conceptual 6. SO2
LEVEL - 1 to 4
1. Neutrons without changing the chemical properties
2. Conceptual 3. Inert gases are chemically inactive
4. Indivisible particles are atom 5. Conceptual
6. F  , B 3 , I  forms negative ions
7. 2) Mass of one proton is 1837 times of the mass of electron 3) MgO 4) ZnO
8. Oxygen is diatomic O2  ; Chlorine is diatomic Cl 2 
9. Iin Ozone O3  contains 3 atoms 10. Al 2 SO 4 3 it has 17 atoms
11. Lime stone is CaCO 3 12.  NH 4 2 CO 3
13. Lime water/slaked lime is Ca OH 2 14. CH 3COOH

15. Metals - valence is 1,2 or 3; ions - 8 Valence electrons
Non-metals - 5,6,8,7 valence electrons
Cuprous Cu  , Cupric Cu  , Plumbic  4  , Acetal (-1)

1 2
16.
17. N 3 (8-5=3) 18. PO43

19. Conceptual 20. Conceptual
21. H 2SO 4 , AlCl 3 , HgS are compounds
22. Copper forms - Cu 1,Cu 2 ; Sodium forms Na  ;Sulphate ion - SO42
Oxygen - O 2
23.  NH 4 2 CO3  14 24. Cr2O72

25. Natrium
26. Cl = Diatomic, Sodium = mono, Ozone = triatomic, Phosphorus = 4, Sulphur =8
27. P4 28. H  and H  ions
29. Mg 2 ,Cl  , He,O 2
22 CO - SPARK
DEFINITION OF AN ELEMENT:
An element is a substance which is made up of only one type of atoms. Element is
a pure substance that can neither be formed from, nor decomposed into simple
substances by ordinary physical or chemical methods.
For example : Carbon is an element because it can not be formed from the
substances by ordinary methods like heating, breaking or passing electricity.
Radioactivity is the processes of radioactive decay and high energy
nuclear reaction can transform one elementary substance into another.
Classification of Elements :
i) Metals ii) Non - metals iii) Metalloid iv) Noble gases
i) Metals :
An element is a metal, if it has the following characteristics :
i) It has a lustre, i.e., it has a metallic glow.
ii) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
iii) It is ductile, i.e., it can be drawn into wires.
iv) It is malleable, i.e., it can be beaten into sheets.
v) It is solid at room temperature.
vi) It has a high melting point and high boiling point.
vii) It produces a sonorous on beating it.
Exception : Mercury and Gallium are liquid metals at 300C. Zinc is not malleable
and ductile at room temperature. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, lead do not have
high Melting points.
ii) Non - Metals :
An element is a non-metal, if it has the following characteristics :
i) It has no lustre, i.e., it cannot be polished.
ii) It is a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
iii) It is non ductile, i.e., it cannot be drawn into wires.
iv) It is non malleable i.e., it cannot be beaten into sheets.
v) It is a gas or a brittle solid (or) liquid at room temperature.
vi) It has low melting point and low boiling point.
vii) It does not produce a sonorous on being hit.
Exception :
1. Graphite: (an allotrope of carbon) has a lustre and is a good conductor of heat
and electricity.
2. Iodine: Has a lustre but not good conductor.
3. Bromine: is a liquid non-metal.
CO - SPARK 23
iii) Metalloids :
Elements which exhibits some properties of metals and some properties of non-
mentals are called metalloids.
Example : Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te) and
Polonium (Po), Boron (B), Silicon (Si)
iv) Noble Gases :
These elements are found in air in the form of gas in very small amounts, therefore,
sometimes are called rare gases (or) aerogens. Ex: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn
DEFINITION OF AN ATOM:
“An atom is the smallest particle of an element that exhibits all the properties of that element.
It may or may not exist independently but takes part in every chemical reaction.
Example : Take a small piece of zinc and grind it into smaller pieces. All these
pieces show properties of zinc. On grinding them further they break up into very
fine particles which still show the properties of zinc. But, there comes a stage
when the particles cannot be further subdivided into particles exhibiting properties
of zinc. These indivisible particles are the atoms of zinc.
“In other words an atom is the smallest possible unit of an element”.
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONS:
William Crooke, a British scientist, noted that gases are ordinarily poor conductors
of electricity. However, when a high voltage (10,000 volts) charge from an induction
coil is applied to tubes filled with gases at very low pressure (0.01 mm Hg), the
gases become good conductors of electricity and begin to flow from cathode to
anode in the form of rays. Since these rays originate from the negative plate, i.e,
the cathode and travel from the cathode towards the anode, they are called cathode
rays.
Later J.J. Thomson studied the characteristics and the constituents of cathode
rays. The apparatus used by him is called a discharge tube or a cathode ray tube
shown in Fig.
Pressure 0.01 mm of mercury
Cathode rays
To vacuum pump
Induction coil
A discharge tube is a hard glass tube fitted with two metal plates known as
electrodes, one of which is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and is
called anode (positive electrode) while the other electrode which is connected to
the negative terminal of the battery is called cathode (negative electrode). It has a
side tube through which gas can be pumped out by using a vacuum pump to create
vacuum.
24 CO - SPARK
When electrical discharge of 10,000 volts is passed through gases at very low
pressures (0.01mm), cathode rays are produced.
The Characteristics of Cathode Rays:
Sir J.J. Thomson and others found that cathode rays have the following
characteristics.
1. Straight line propagation: (Nature of cathode rays) : Cathode rays originate at
the cathode and travel in straight lines.
When an object is placed between the cathode and the anode, a shadow of the
object falls on the wall opposite to the cathode. A shadow can be formed only when
the rays travel in straight lines. The speed of cathode rays less than velocity of
light
Metal object Shadow of object
Cathode Anode
+
High - voltage source

Cathode rays travel in straight lines
2. Contain material particles : A light paddle wheel, placed in the path of the
cathode rays, rotates. This shows that some particles strike the plates of the
wheel.
Light paddle wheel
+ -
Cathode Anode

3. Effect of electric field : When cathode rays are allowed to pass through an
electric field, they deviate towards the positive plate. This clearly shows that they
contain some negatively charged particles.
-
- +
Cathode Anode
+

4. Effect of magnetic field : When cathode rays are made to pass through a magnetic
field they are deflected in the direction corresponding to the presence of the
negative charge on the particles.
CO - SPARK 25
Deflection of cathode rays by a magnetic field
5. Heating effect : When cathode rays allowed to strike a thin metal foil, it gets
heated.
6. Penetrating power : Cathode rays penetrate through thin sheets of aluminium
and other metals.
THE CHARGE TO MASS RATIO OF AN ELECTRON :
The e/m ratio of cathode ray particles is constant.
The e/m ratio of an electron was found to be 1.76 × 108 coulombs / gram. The e/m
ratio is also called specific charge. It is determined by J.J. Thomson. In 1908, R.A.
Mullikan determined the charge of an electron to be 1.6 × 10–19 C.
e  1.6  10 19 C
e
 1.76  108 C / g  or  1.76  1011 c / kg
m
Properties of Electrons:
1. Electrons from all sources are alike, having identical mass.
2. They are the basic constituent part of all atoms.
3. The mass of an electron is 1/1837 times the mass of a hydrogen atom (or
9.108  1031 kg ).
4. An electron carries unit negative charge of magnitude 1.602  1019 coulombs.
5. The electron is extremely small; its radius is less than 1 10 15 m .
An electron may be defined as a subatomic particle having a unit negative
charge and a mass equal to 1/1837 the mass of hydrogen atom. It is
denoted by the symbol 1 e 0 . The superscript 0 represents its mass and
subscript -1 represents its electrical charge.
Atoms are found to be electrically neutral, so they must contain, in addition,

particles that are positively charged, such that the total negative charge of the
electrons is equal to the total positive charge. This realization led to the discovery
of positively charge sub atomic particles protons.
When a high voltage current is passed through a gas taken in the
discharge tube, electrical energy breaks up the atoms of the gas into negatively
charged particles (electrons) and positively charged particles (protons).
26 CO - SPARK
DISCOVERY OF PROTONS:
Goldstein noticed another set of rays travelling in a direction opposite to that of
the cathode rays, i.e., from anode towards cathode, when a perforated cathode
was used in the above discharge tube (shown in Fig.). He called these rays as
canal rays since these rays passed through holes or ‘canals’ in the cathode.
These rays were named as positive rays or anode rays.
Cathode
Anode rays Positive
rays
Perforated
cathode
Properties of Anode Rays:

1. Anode rays travel in a straight line.
2. They consist of minute material particles and hence produce mechanical effects.
3. They are made up of positively charged particles.
4. Positive rays are deflected by electric and magnetic fields but in a direction opposite
to that of the cathode rays. This means that these rays consist of positively charged
particles called the protons.
5. These rays produce fluorescence on a zinc sulphide screen.
6. Their e/m i.e. charge to mass ratio, differs from gas to gas. Its value is much less
than that of an electron and is maximum when hydrogen is taken in the discharge
tube.
Properties of Protons:
1. A proton possesses a unit positive charge +1 (plus one) of the value 1.602 × 10 –19
coulombs.
2. Its mass is the same as that of a hydrogen atom (1 a.m.u., i.e., 1837 times the
mass of an electron, which is 1.672 × 10–24g).
3. The proton resides in the central part of an atom, i.e. in the nucleus.
Proton may be defined as a subatomic particle having mass I amu, i.e. equal to
hydrogen atom and has unit positive charge.
It is denoted as 1 P1 , the superscript 1 represents its mass 1 amu and the subscript
+1 represents one unit positive charge.
Proton is formed by the loss of an electron from a hydrogen atom.
H - e  H+
(Hydrogen atom) (Proton)
CO - SPARK 27
DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS:
By now we know that an atom conatins an electron with negligible mass.
Therefore, an atom of helium, which contains 2 protons should have a
mass = 2× 1 a.m.u. = 2 a.m.u.
But the atomic mass of a helium atom was found to be approximately 4.0 a.m.u. It
was therefore, proposed that, in the nucleus of an atom, there must be another
particle. This particle should not possess any electrical charge and must be equal
in mass to the proton.
In 1932 Chadwick discovered these particles by bombarding lighter nuclei like
beryllium with alpha   particles i.e. helium nuclei.
4 Be9  2 He4    6 C12  0 n1
(neutron)
These particles are found to be neutral, so named neutrons.
A neutron is a sub-atomic particle or fundamental particle of an atom with no
charge and mass almost equal to the mass of the proton i.e., hydrogen atom.
Neutron is denoted by 0 n1 . the superscript 1 represents its mass and subscript 0
represents its electrical charge.
Properties of Neutrons:
1. this particle was not found to be deflected by any magnetic or electric field, proving
that it is electrically neutral.
2. Its mass is equal to 1.676  1024 g (1 amu).

Neutrons (subatomic particles) it was found that all atoms have the following
similar basic structure.
Electrons are negatively charged particles that are found outside the nucleus.
Protons are positively charged particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons are electrically neutral particles that are also found in the nucleus.
Neutrons are slightly heavier than protons.
Atomic Models :
J.J. Thomson Atomic Models :
After the discovery of electrons and protons J.J. Thomson Proposed ‘plum pudding’
model of the atom.
According to this model :
1. An atom is considered to be a sphere of uniform positive charge and electrons are
embedded into it.
2. The total positive charge is equal to the total negative charge so that an atom as a
whole is electrically neutral.
28 CO - SPARK
3. The mass of an atom is considered to be uniformly distributed.
Positively charged
sphere Electron
DISCOVERY OF NUCLEUS
Lord Rutherford, a scientist from New Zealand, directed a stream of alpha-particles
towards a very thin (one millionth of a centimetre) gold foil. He selected a gold foil
because he wanted as thin a layer as much as possible and gold is the most
malleable metal.
He observed that :  - particles scattering experiment
(1) Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil.
(2) Some alpha particles were slightly deflected from their straight path.
(3) Very few (nearly one in ten thousand) alpha particles were either deflected by
very large angles or completely bounced back.
Positively charged nucleus
+
+ +
++
-particle
Detected   particles
CO - SPARK 29
Later, Rutherford generalised these results of alpha particles scattering experiment
and suggested a model of the atom that is known as
Rutherford’s Atomic Model.

Heavy metals such as platinum will show the same observation with
alpha   particles as shown by gold foil, but if lighter nuclei like lithium is used
then fast moving   particles may even push the light nucleus aside and may not
be deflected back.
Rutherford’s atomic model:

According to this model :
1. The atom contains a large empty space (extra nuclear space). This is why most of the
  particles pass through the metal foil without deviating from their path.
2. There is a positively charged mass at the centre of the atom, known as the nucleus, in
which the entire mass of the atom is concentrated.
Therefore, the nucleus is the densest part of the atom. The electrically positive
nature of the nucleus is supported by the fact that the positively charged  
particles approaching the nucleus get deflected. This proved that the nucleus
contained protons.
3. The size of the nucleus is very small compared to the size of an atom. This is proved by
the fact that most of the   particles pass straight through the gold foil.
4. The electrons revolve around the nucleus at large distances from each other and from the
nucleus (in circular orbits found in the empty space of the atom).
5. An atom as a whole is electrically neutral, because the total positive charge of the
nucleus is balanced by the total negative charge of the electrons.
i.e., the number of protons and electrons in an atom are equal.
6. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in close circular paths (ORBITS). The force
of attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged
nucleus is counter balanced by the centrifugal force acquired by the revolving
electrons.
Rutherford’s model of atomic structure is similar to the structure of the solar

system. Just as in the solar system, the Sun is at the centre (having the maximum
mass) and the planets revolve around it, similarly in an atom the nucleus contains
the main mass and the electrons revolve around it in orbits or shells.
30 CO - SPARK
Electrons
Nucleus
+
+ +
Proton + +
Shells
Rutherford’s model of the atom was somewhat like that of the solar system
Drawback of Rutherford’s atomic model:

The comparison of electrons with planets in the solar system is the main drawback
of Rutherford’s atomic model. According to the classical laws of mechanics and
electrodynamics, if an electrically charged particle is in motion, it inevitably radiates
energy. Thus, an electron, when moving round the nucleus continually, should
radiated energy, i.e. loses energy. As a result, it should be gradually pulled towards
the nucleus and end up colliding with it. This should result in the total collapse of
the atom.
Negatively charged
electron
Positively charged
nucleus
Fig. 4.7 Showing an atom losing energy
CO - SPARK 31
It was so, the atom should be highly unstable and hence matter would not exist in
the form that we know. However, we know that an atom is structurally stable.
Thus Rutherrford’s model failed to explain the stability of an atom.
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL:
In 1913, Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, explained the causes of the stability of
the atom in a different manner.
Main postulates of Bohr’s atomic model:
1. The electrons revolving around the nucleus are confined to certain fixed orbits
called shells or energy levels, each of which is associated with a fixed amount of
energy.
2. While it is revolving around the nucleus in an orbit, an electron neither loses nor
gains energy.
3. An electron revolving in a particular orbit, on gaining a certain amount of energy,
jumps to the next orbit and vice versa. Since each orbit is associated with a fixed
amount of energy, Bohr called it an energy level.
For convenience, these energy levels are labelled K, L, M, N or I, II, III, IV, etc. the
orbit closest to the nucleus is the K shell. It has the least amount of energy and
the electrons present in it are called K electrons, and so on with the successive
shells and their electrons.
h
4. The angular momentum of electrons in an orbit is integral multiples of that is
2
nh
mvr 
2
32 CO - SPARK

01. Specific charge of an electron
1) 1.602  1019 C 2) 4.8  10 10 esu 3) 1.76  108 C / g 4) 9.1  1028 gm
02. Unit charge =
1) 1.6 1019C 2) 1.6 1010C 3) 1.6 1010C 4) 1.61019C
03. The ratio of specific charge of a proton and an alpha particle is
1) 2:1 2) 1:2 3) 1:4 4) 1:1
04. The mass of neutron is of the order of
1) 10–25kg 2) 10–24kg 3) 10–27kg 4) 10–31kg
05. Which one of the following is not a fundamental particle
1) Electron 2) Proton 3) Neutron 4) Alpha particle
06. The particle having the biggest specific charge is
07. An English scientist JJThomson in 1897 performed discharge tube experiments
using different gases such as H 2 , He , Ne and determined charge to mass ratio
(e/m). He found e/m ratio as
1) Ne  He  H 2 2) H 2  He  Ne 3) Ne  H 2  He 4) Same for all
08. A beam of proton, electron, neutron and 2

1 H  is allowed to pass through electric
field 1,2,3,4 are respectively
3
2
4
1
- +
1) Proton, 12H  , neutron, electron 2) 12H  , Proton, neutron, electron
3) Neutron, proton, 12H  electron 4) Proton, neutron, electron, 12H 

09. The e/m of which particle is maximum when hydrogen gas is used in discharge
tube
1) Cathode rays 2) Anode rays 3) Both (1) and (2) 4) Neutrons
10. For Ruther ford’s atomic model, it was said that when electrons revolve around
nucleus radiate energy continuously and finally fell in to nucleus, it is because
electron was considered
1) Like wave 2) Like particle
3) Neither wave nor particle 4) All the above
CO - SPARK 33
11. Which of the following pair have mono valent ions
1) Ca,Mg 2) Zn,Cu 3) Na,K 4) Cu,Al
12. Which of the following concept was not considered in Ruther ford’s atomic model
1) Electrical neutrality of atom 2) Quantization of energy
3) Electron revolves around the nucleus with high speed
4) Existence of nuclear force of attraction on the electrons
13. Canal rays experiment lead to the discovery of
1) Proton 2) Electrons 3) Neutron 4) Nucleus
14. Which of the following are in gases state
1) Iodine 2) Helium 3) Neon 4) Nitrogen
15. Which of the following are in liquid state at room temperature (25ºC)
1) Bromine 2) Gallium (slightly above at Room temperature
3) Mercury 4) Hydrogen
Comprehension Type:
Very small region with in the atom containing protons and neutrons is called
nucleus
16. The particles in nucleus are called
1) Nucleons 2) Nuclei 3) Nucleus 4) Subatomic particle
17. Nucleus mainly contains
1) Protons 2) Electrons
3) Neutrons 4) Protons and neutrons
Matrix Match Type:
Column-I Column-II
A) Electron p) 1P 1
B) Proton q) 0n1
C) Neutron r) e0
1
D) relative charge of protons s) 1

t)-1
19. How many of the following have no charge
a) Cathode rays b) Neutrons c) Canal rays
20. How many of the following statements are true?
a) In a discharge tube anode rays travels from anode to cathode.
16
b) O , 188O , 11H , 12H , 13H are isotopes.
8
c) Protons and electrons are present in the orbit.

d) Cl  , F  , Br  , I  are anions
34 CO - SPARK

1. The number of electrons and protons in a neutral atom are
1) Different 2) Almost same 3) Always equal 4) Zero
2. The main draw back of Ruther ford’s atomic model is
1) Fails to explain stability of atom 2) Fails to explain neutral atom
3) Fails to explain the central atoms 4) All the above
3. The smallest characteristic part of an element is
1) Electron 2) Proton 3) Atom 4) Molecule
4. Which of the following is metalloid?
1) Ge 2) As 3) Sb 4) All the above
5. Noble gas among the following is
1) Xe 2) B 3) Po 4) Te
6. In Ruther ford’s experiment a small fraction of   particles are scattered at
small angles because
1)   particles are attracted by negatiavely charged particles
2)   particles are pushed away by heavy nuclear region
3)   particles are repelled by positively charged region

4)   particles are attracted by positively charged region
7. Cathode rays discharge tube experiment leads to the discovery of
1) Neutron 2) Proton 3) Electron 4) Nucleus
8. The non-metal exist in liquid form is
1) Hydrogen 2) Iodine 3) Bromine 4) fluorine
9. Which of the following non-metal is ductile
1) Graphite 2) Carbon fibre 3) Diamond 4) Coal
10. The lustrouos non-metal is
1) Purple crystals 2) Phsophorus 3) Sulphur 4) All the above

01. Cathode rays are
1) Stream of protons 2) Stream of alpha particles
3) Stream of electrons 4) High energy photons
CO - SPARK 35
02. Cathode rays have

1) Mass only without any charge 2) Negative charge with negligible mass
3) Neither mass nor charge 4) Unit mass and unit charge
03. The heaviest particle among the following is
1) Meson 2) Neutron 3) Proton 4) Electron
04. The particle having the highest specific charge is
05. Neutrons are obtained by
1) Bombarding radium with alpha particles
2) Bombarding of Be with alpha particles
3) Radioactive disintegration of Uranium
4) None of these
06. e/m ratio of canal rays when hydrogen gas is used is ........ amongst all gases
1) Smallest 2) Largest 3) Equal to infinity 4) Cannot say
07. The correct increasing order of specific charges of Alpha-particle(  ), electron(e-)
,proton(p) and neutron(n)
1) e   p    n 2) e   p    n 3) e     p  n 4) e     p  n

08. Particles in cathode rays
1) A unit negative charge 2) Travels in straight line
3) No charge 4) Positive charge
09. Which of the following are malleable
1) Ag 2) Copper 3) Gold 4) Si
10. Which of the non-metal is good conductor of electricity
1) Diamond 2) Graphite 3) Gas carbon 4) Silicon
Comprehension Type:
Elements which exhibits some properties of metals and some properties of non-
metals are called metalloids. Oxides of metalloids are called amphoteric oxides.
Aluminium oxide is amphoteric.
11. Which of the following is non-metal
1) Al 2) B 3) Si 4) Bi
12. Which of the following is amphoteric oxide
1) MgO 2) Al2O3 3) CaO 4) Cu2O
36 CO - SPARK
Matrix Match Type:

Column-I Column-II
(e/m ratio) (particle)
A) 0 p) Electron
B) 1 q) Proton
C) 1/2 r) Neutron
D) 1.78  108 C /g s) Alpha particle

14. How many of the following statements are correct
a) Neutrons are present in hydrogen atom
b) The number neutrons and protons is same in all atoms
c) The mass of the atom is due to the electrons and protons
d) The electrons are out side the nucleus of the atom

15. Rutherford’s alpha rays scattering experiment is related to the size of the
1) Nuecleus 2) Electrons 3) Proton 4) Neutron
16. Element with electronic configuration (2,8,5) is
1) Metal 2) Non-metal 3) Metalloid 4) Inert gas
17. The number of electrons are present in M shell
1) 16 2) 18 3) 19 4) 20
18. In the discovery of electrons in willam crookes discharge cube experiment the
volatage is from the induction coil
1) 10V 2) 100V 3) 1000V 4) 10000V
19. The correct statement(s) is / are about non-metals
1) It does not produce sound on being hit
2) It has low melting point and boiling point
3) It is bad conductor of heat and electricity
4) All the above
20. An element X has the same mass number and atomic number. This element is
1) Inert gas 2) Hydrogen 3) Alpha particle 4) Helium
CO - SPARK 37
21. The increasing order of e/m ratios of electron, proton, neutron and alpha particle
is
1) Neutron<alpha particle<proton<electron
2) Electron<proton<alpha particle<neutron
3) Neutron<alpha particle<proton=electron
4) Alpha particle>neutron>electron>proton
22. The correct statement(s) is / are about metals
1) It is solid at room temperature
2) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity
3) It is malleable, i.e., it can be beaten into sheets
4) All the above
23. Which of the following statement(s) about electron is/are correct
1) It is a negatively charged particle
2) Mass of the electron is equal to proton
3) It is basic constituent of all atoms
4) It is deflected by electric field and magnetic field
24. Atomic nucleus contains
1) Protons 2) Neutrons 3) Electrons 4) Photons
25. Cathode rays
1) Travel in a straight line 2) Cast shadow of opaque substances
3) Produce x-rays when strike metals 4) Can do some mechanical work
Comprehension Type:
The e/m ratio is also called specific charge. It is determined by J.J Thomson
specific charge = charge/mass
26. The specific charge for cathode rays
1) Constant
2) Variable
3) Dependent upon the material of the cathode
4) Dependent upon the nature of gas in the discharge tube
27. Specific charge is
1) Charge to mass ratio 2) Mass to charge ratio
3) Velocity to mass ratio 4) Mass to velocity ratio
28. The e/m value of proton is
1) Less than e/m value of electron 2) Equal to e/m value of electron
3) Greater then e/m value of electron 4) Independent on Nature of the gas
38 CO - SPARK
Matrix Match Type:

Column-I Column-II
A) e/m ratio of electrons determined p) Constant
B) Charge of electron q) William crookes
C) Cathode rays tube r) J.J. Thomson
D) e/m ratio of cathode rays s) R.A.Mulliken
30. The size of an atom is of the order of 10 x cm then the value of ‘x’ is
31. The ratio of charge to mass of neutron is---
32. The Number of noble gases is __________

33. Statement- I: The cathode ray particles in the discharge tube experiments are
fundamental particles present in all atoms.
Statement- II: The charge and mass of the cathode ray particles was a constant
even if the electrode or gas in the tube is changed.
34. Statement -I: The canal rays move in opposite direction to cathode rays
Statement -II: The canal ray particles have negative charge
35. Statement -I: Canal rays move from cathode to anode
Statement-II: Canal rays are made up of positive charge particles
36. Statement -I: According to modern atomic theory the protons revolve around
the nucleus.
Statement II: The mass of a proton is 1836 times the mass of an electron and
is oppositely charged.
CO - SPARK 39
37. The particle with lowest specific charge
1) Electron 2) Proton 3) Positron 4) Neutron
38. An atom and ion differ by
1) Electron only 2) Proton only 3) Neutron only 4) Both (1) and (2)
39. The nucleus of an atom consists of
1) Electrons and protons 2) Protons and neutrons
3) Neutrons and electrons 4) Only neutrons
40. The name electron was given by
1) G.J. Stoney 2) J.J. Thomson 3) Rutherford 4) Neils Bohr
41. Which plays an important role in electricity and magnetism
1) Protons 2) Photons 3) Neutrons 4) Electrons
42. The charge of electron was determined by
1) R.A.Mulliken 2) James chadwick 3) Goldsteing 4) J.J. Thomson
43. Anode rays were discovered by
1) Ruther ford 2) James chadwick 3) Goldstein 4) J.J. Thomson
44. In Rutherford’s   rays scattering experiments, most of the rays are passing
through foil without deflection indicates
1) Most part of atom is empty 2) Most part of atom is full
3) Most part of atom is denser 4) Most part of atom is partially fill
45. The thickness of gold foil used in Ruther ford   ray scattering experiment is
1) 10 mm 2) 100 nm 3) 1 nm 4) 1000 nm

1. The distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell of an atom
2. The electrons in the last shell of an atom
3. The term used when the last shell has 8 electrons
4. Is energy absorbed or released to remove an electron from the valence shell of a
neutral gaseous atom?
5. The discovery of what proved that atoms of the same element may be different
from each other?
6. Briefly state what led to the discovery of electrons
7. Outline the main points in the modern atomic theory
8. Arrange the neutron electron proton and an alpha particle in increasing order
of masses
40 CO - SPARK
1) 3 2) 1 3) 1 4) 3 5) 4 6)1 7) 4 8)1
9) 2 10) 2 11) 3 12) 2 13) 1 14) 2,3,4 15) 1,2,3 16) 1
17) 4 18) A-r, B-p, C-q, D-s 19) 1 20) 3
CUQ
1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4 5) 1 6) 3 7) 3 8) 3
9) 2 10) 4
LEVEL - 1 to 5
1) 3 2) 2 3) 2 4) 1 5) 2 6) 2 7) 1 8)1,2
9) 1,2,3 10) 2,3 11) 2 12) 2 13) A-r, B-q, C-s, D-p 14) 2
15)1 16) 2 17) 2 18) 4 19) 4 20) 2 21) 1 22) 4
23) 1,3,4 24) 1,2 25) 1,2,3 26) 1 27) 1 28) 1
29) A-r, B-s, C-q, D-p 30) 8 31) 0 32) 6 33) 1 34) 3
35) 4 36) 4 37) 4 38) 1 39) 2 40) 1 41) 4 42) 1
43) 3 44) 1 45) 2
1. Specific charge of an electron is 1.76  108 C / g
2. unit charge  1.6  10 19 C
e 1 2
3. of H : He  :  2 :1
m 1 4
4. The mass of neutron is 1.675  1024 gr (or )1.675  1027 Kg

5. Fundemental particles are electron, Proton and neutron
e
of electron has highest 1.76  10 C / g 
8
6.
m
CO - SPARK 41
e
9. When H 2 gas is taken in discharge tube of anode rays maximum
m
10. Conceptual
11. 1) Ca 2 , Mg 2 2) Zn 2 ,Cu 2 /Cu 1 3) Na 2 , K  4) Cu 1,/Cu 2 , Al 3
12. Conceptual
13. Cathode rays are called as protons
14. He, Ne, N 2 are gases I 2  Solid
15. Br- Non-metallic Liquid; Hg - Metallic Liquid ; Ga - Summer liquid
16. Nucleus consists of n  p 

17. Conceptual
18. Electron - 1 e 0 ; Proton - 1 p1 ; Neutron - 0n1 ; Relative charge of proton - +1

19. Charge less Partice is neutron
20. Conceptual
CUQ:
1. Electron = Proton (for neutral atom)
2. It Fails to explain stability of atom
3. Atom is the smallest characteristic part of element
4. Rays are matter waves
5. Conceptual
6. Due to   Particles are replied by positively charged region
7. Conceptual
8. Bromine is non- metallic liquid
9. Ductility of carbon fibre
10. Non- metals of Iodine is lustrous nature
LEVEL - I to V
1. Stream of electron are called cathode rays
2. Cathode rays are having -ve charge 3. Conceptual
e
4. of electron = 1.78  108 c / g 5. 4 Be 9  2 He 4  0n 1  6C 12
m
6,7. Conceptual
8. Cathode rays travel in straight line with -ve charge
9. Silver, copper and Gold are malleable
10. Graphite and gases carbon are good conductors of heat and electricity
42 CO - SPARK
11. Boram is a non-metal

12. BeO is Amphoteric in nature
e e e 1
13. of neutran = 0, of protan = 1, of He   0.5
m m m 2
e
of electron = 1.7  108 C / g
m
14,15.Conceptual
16. 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3P 3 element is Phosphorus - Non -metals

17,18,19.Conceptual
20. Hydrogen (Z = 1) 1s1 1 H1
21,22,23,24,25:Conceptual
26. Specific charge of cathode rays is constant
27,28:Conceptual
e
29. ratio of electrons determined by J.J Thomson charge of electron discovered by
m
e
R.A. Mulliken cathode rays tube designed by william crooken ratio of cathode
m
rays is constant
30. Size of an atom is 108 cm
0
31. Size of neutron  1.676  1024 gr  0
32. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

33, 34, 35, 36,
e
37. of neutron = 0 38. Conceptual
m
39. Nucleus contain = (n + p)
40. The name of electron is given by G.J stonly
41. Electrons are plays an important role in electricity and Magnetism
42. Charge of electron determined by R.A Mulliken
43. Anode rays discovered by Rutherford
44. On   rays scattering experiment, most of the rays are passing through foil
withought deflection due to umost of the atom is empty
45. The thickness of solid foil is 102 nm
CO - SPARK 43
ATOM - ITS STRUCTURE

An atom is built up of a number of sub-atomic particles. The three sub-atomic
particles of great importance in understanding the structure of an atom are electrons,
protons and neutrons. the properties of which are given in Table.
Properties of sub-atomic particles:
Charge Mass Mass
Particle Symbols
(electronic unit) (a.m.u) (grams)
1. Electron e -1 1/1840 9.1 10 28 g
1
2. Proton 1 H
or P

+1 1 1.673  1024 g
1
3. Neutron 0 n
or n 0 1 1.675  1024 g
There are two structural parts of an atom, the nucleus and the empty space in
which there are imaginary paths called orbits.
Nucleus : The protons and neutrons [collectively called nucleons] are found in
the central part of nucleus of an atom.
Orbits : They are the imaginary paths where electrons revolve around the nucleus
of an atom.
ATOMIC NUMBER [Z]:
This characteristic number (number of protons) is called the atomic number of the
element.
Atomic number is denoted by Z.
The atomic number is, therefore, equal to the number of electrons in the neutral
atom of an element.
no. of protons = no. of electrons.(For Neutral atom)
Number of protons gives the total positive charge present in the nucleus of an
atom.
Atomic number is unique for atoms of each element.
The atomic number of an element is the number of :
 Electrons present in its neutral atom.
 Protons present in the nucleus of its atom.
 Positive charge in the nucleus of its atom.
Mass number [A]:

Mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons present in
its nucleus. Mass number is denoted by A.
Mass number. however, is a whole number approximation of the atomic mass is
calculated in atomic mass units.
44 CO - SPARK
Distribution of Electrons in the Orbit - Bohr Bury Scheme:

Distribution of electrons in different shells (orbits) of an atom was suggested by
Bohr and Bury.
The following rules are followed for writing the number of electrons in different
energy levels or shells.
1. The maximum possible number of electrons in a particular shell is given by the
for m u la 2n 2 , where n denotes the serial number of that shell.
First or K shell has  2 1   2

2
electrons
2. Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are
filled. In other words the shells are filled in stepwise manner.
3. The outermost shell of an atom cannot accommodate more than 8 electrons. even if it has
the capacity to accommodate more electrons. For example electronic arrangement
in Calcium having 20 electrons is
K L M N
2 8 8 2
The maximum capacity of M shell is 18 electrons but only 8 electrons are filled in
it. This is due to the fact that the elements become stable only after acquiring 8
electrons in the outermost shell.
4. The outermost shell of a chemically stable atom can accommodate a maximum of
8 electrons, except Hydrogen and Helium atoms, which have only one shell, and can
thus accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons only.
Structure of Magnesium atom:
Magnesium has atomic number 12 and atomic mass 24. Hence its nucleus has 12
protons and  24  12   12 neutrons. It is surrounded by 12 electrons that are allotted
to different shells as follows.
K shell or I shell = 2 electrons
L shell or II shell = 8 electrons
M shell or III shell = 2 electrons
So its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 2
In lighter elements, up to argon (atomic number 18), each inner shell is completely
filled before any electron can occupy an outer shell. However, in elements heavier
than argon, the situation changes. Although the third shell can accommodate up
to 18 electrons, yet the fourth shell begins to be filled after it has only 8 electrons.
For example , potassium (atomic number 19) has 19 electrons. Its electronic
configuration is :
K L M N
2 8 8 1
CO - SPARK 45
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS OF THE FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS
VALENCE ELECTRONS:
46 CO - SPARK
The outermost shell of an atom is called its valence shell, and the electrons
present in its valence shell are known as valence electrons.
Hydrogen has only one electron in its valence shell, hence it has one valence
electron. Similarly, carbon has 4 electrons in the valence shell and so it has 4
valence electrons.
The chemical properties of elements are decided by these valence electrons, since
they are the ones that take part in chemical reactions.
The elements with the same number of electrons in the valence shell show similar
properties; those with different number of valence electrons show different chemical
properties.
Elements, which have valence electrons 1 or 2 or 3 (except hydrogen and helium),

are metals.
These elements can lose electrons to form ions which are positively charged and
are called CATIONS.
e.g. Na - 1e -  Na+
2,8,1 2,8
They are good reducing agents:
Elements with 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 electrons in their valence shells are non-metals.
These elements can gain electrons to form ions which are negatively charged and
are called ANIONS.
e.g. Cl + 1e-  Cl -
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
They are good oxidising agents:

Elements with the valence shell having 8 electrons, and helium with 2 electrons,
cannot gain or loose electrons so they are chemically inactive and are called inert
gases or noble gases.
Valency of an element is the combining capacity of that element with other elements
and is equal to the number of electrons that take part in a chemical reaction.
Valency of the elements having 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons is 1, 2 or 3 respectively

while valency of elements with 4, 5, 6 and 7 valence electrons is 4, 3, 2 and 1 (8
minus valence electrons) respectively.
CO - SPARK 47
Electronic configuration of the inert or rare gases:
Atoms of all noble gases (except Helium) have eight electrons in their outermost
shell. This arrangement is known as OCTET RULE.
Inert Atomic Electronic configuration

Gas No. K L M N O p
He 2 2
Ne 10 2 8
Ar 18 2 8 8
Kr 36 2 8 18 8
Xe 54 2 8 18 18 8
Rn 86 2 8 18 32 18 8
ISOTOPES:
It is noticed that two or more atoms of the same element may contain the same
number of protons but may differ in the number of neutrons. However, the electrons
are arranged in the same way so they give the atoms identical properties. Atoms
of the element showing similar chemical properties but possessing different mass
is said to represent ISOTOPY and the varieties of such atoms are called ISOTOPES.
Isotopes may be defined as atoms of the same element having the same atomic number
but different mass numbers.
Examples of Isotopes:
Element Number of isotopes

1. Hydrogen Three 1
H , 12 H , 13 H
1
2. Carbon 12
C , 13 14
Three 6 6 C, 6 C
3. Chlorine Two 35 37
Cl , 17 Cl
17
4. Oxygen Two 16
8 O, 18
8 O
5. Potassium Two 39
19
41
K , 19 K
Properties of Isotopes:
Isotopes have similar chemical properties:
Isotopes have the same atomic number (Z), i.e. the same number of electrons and
protons and hence the same electronic configuration. Chemical properties are
determined by the electronic configuration of an atom. Thus, isotopes of an element
are chemically alike. For example : The chlorine atom of mass number 37 undergoes
the same reactions as the chlorine atom of mass number 35.
Isotopes differ in few physical properties such as density, boiling point etc.
Physical constants or physical properties depend on the atomic mass (mass number)
and isotopes have different mass numbers (A) due to different number of neutrons.
48 CO - SPARK
For example, the boiling point of protium  H

1
1 is 20.38K and that of deuterium
 H  is 23.5 K. Thus, the higher the mass of the isotopes of an element, the higher is the
2
1
boiling point.
Isotopes like tritium, carbon - 14 illustrate another difference in physical properties
that can occur between isotopes as they are radioactive. The extra neutrons in
their nuclei cause them to be unstable so the nuclei break up spontaneously
emitting certain types of radiation. Thus carbon - 14 and tritium  H3
1 and known
as radio-isotopes.
The spontaneous decay of unstable radioisotopes is known as radioactivity.
Uses of Isotopes:
60
1. Isotope of cobalt 27 Co is used in radiotherapy for treating cancer and other diseases.
14
2. 6 C is used for determining the age of historical and geological material.
235
3. An isotope of Uranium 92 U is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
131
4. An isotope of Iodine 53 I is used in the treatment of goitre.
5. Radioactive isotopes are used in industry to detect the leakage in underground oil
pipelines, gas pipelines and water pipes.
Additional information
Shape of s-orbital
1. s-orbital do not vary with angles i.e. they do not have directional dependence.
Thus all s-orbital are called shperically symmetrical.
2. Their size increases with increasein the value of n.
Shape of p-orbital
1. Each p-orbitals consist of two lobes to form dumb bell shaped structure.
2. The three p-orbitals along x, y, z axis named as p x, p y and pz, orbtials, they are
perpendicular to each other respectively.
CO - SPARK 49
Shape of p-orbital
1. The ‘d’ sub level consist of five orbtials. They are d xy , d yz , d zx , d x2 -y 2 and d z2 orbitals.
2. Each of the d orbitals possesses same energy but differ in their orientation in
space (degenerate orbitals).
Aufbau’s principle:
This principle states that the electrons are added one by one to the various orbitals
in order of their increasing energy starting with the orbital of lowest energy. The
increasing order of energy of various orbitals is
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f <6d
< 7p .........
50 CO - SPARK
(n + l) Rule: In a neutral isolated atom, the lower the value of (n+l) for an orbital,
lower is its energy. However, if the two different types of orbitals have the same
value of (n+l), the orbitals with lower value of ‘n’ has lower energy.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
1) It was stated by W. Pauli.
2) Pauli’s principle states that “no two electrons in an atom can have all the four
quantum numbers identical”.
3) The significance of Pauli’s principle - there is room for only two electrons in an
orbital and they should have opposite spins.
4) The capacity of an orbital is restricted to two because of Pauli’s principle.
5) In an atom, if electrons have same n, l and m values, they must differ in spin
quantum number.
6) This means in an atom if any two electrons have any three quantum numbers the
same, then certainly those two electrons differ in fourth quantum number.
7) The capacity of any sub - level is determined on the basis of Pauli’s principle.
8) s sub level - one orbital so, 2 electrons
p sub level - 3 orbitals so, 6 electrons.
d sub level - 5 orbitals so, 10 electrons.
f sub level - 7 orbitals so, 14 electrons.
g sub level - 9 orbitals so, 18 electrons.
Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
Degenerate orbitals: Electron orbitals that have the same energy levels are called
degenerate orbitals.
1) Pairing of electrons take place in a sub - shell only after all the orbitals are singly
filled.
2) In p sub - level pairing of electrons take place with 4th electron according to
Hund’s rule.
3) Similarly pairing of electrons starts with 6th electron and 8th electron in d and f
sub-levels respectively.
4) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth atoms have 3 unpaired
electrons in their p orbitals because of Hund’s rule.
5) When all the orbitals of the given sublevel are filled with one electron each (half
filled) or two electrons each (completely filled) that electronic configuration gets
extra stability due to symmetry.
6) The order of filling the different orbitals in a sub - energy level is governed by
Hund’s rule.
Example: The electronic configuration of carbon can be written as
1s 2 ,2s2 ,2px1,2py1
CO - SPARK 51
In the latter notation the arrows indicate electrons with spins +1/2 and -1/2.
Similarly, consider the nitrogen atom. It has 7 electrons. The first six electrons
2 2 1 1
have the same arrangement as that of carbon atom 1s ,2s ,2p x ,2p y
The seventh electron occupies the vacant 2p z orbital but not paired in 2p x or 2p y
2 2 1 1 1
orbital. Thus its electronic configuration is 1s ,2s ,2p x ,2p y ,2p z
Now, consider the oxygen atom (Z=8). The eighth electron will be paired with one
of the three electrons present in 2p orbitals. Its electronic configuration is
1s 2 ,2s 2 ,2p2x ,2p1y ,2p1z
The advantage of second notation over the first is that it represents all the four
quantum numbers. The electronic configuration of elements from Hydrogen (1s 1),
Helium (1s2), Lithium (1s2 2s1), Beryllium (1s2 2s2), Boron (1s2, 2s2, 2p1), Carbon(1s2
2s2 2p2), Nitrogen (1s2 2s2 2p3), Oxygen (1s2 2s2 2p4), Fluorine (1s2 2s2 2p5), Neon
(1s2 2s2 2p6) is as follows :
52 CO - SPARK
Electronic configuration of elements:–

On the basis of the electronic configuration principles, the electronic configu
ration of various elements are given in the following table :
Element Atomic number Electronic configuration

H 1 1s1 1s1
He 2 1s 2 1s 2
Li 3 1s2 2s1 He 2s1
Be 4 1s 2 2s 2 He 2s2
B 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p1 He 2s2 2p1
C 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p2 He 2s2 2p2
N 7 1s 2 2s 2 2p3 He 2s2 2p3
O 8 1s 2 2s 2 2p4 He 2s2 2p4
F 9 1s2 2s 2 2p5 He 2s2 2p5
Ne 10 1s2 2s 2 2p6 He 2s2 2p6
nlX method:
The above method of writing the electronic configuration is quite cumbersome.
Hence, usually the electronic configuration of the atom of any element is simply
represented by the notation.
Some Unexpected Electronic Configuration:

Some of the exceptions are important. Because they occur with common elements,
notably chromium and copper.
‘Cu’ has 29 electrons. Its expected electronic configuration is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p64s2 3d9. But in reality the configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (as this
configuration is more stable). Similarly ‘Cr’ has 24 the configuration of 1s 2 2s2
2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 instead of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4.
CO - SPARK 53

01. Which of the following has the same atomic number and the same mass number
`1) Protium 2) Deuterium 3) Tritium 4) Helium
02. The difference between mass number and atomic number is numerically equal to
1) Number of electrons 2) Number of protons
3) Number of neutrons 4) Sum of neutrons and protons
03. Which of the following properties of an element is a whole number?
1) Atomic weight 2) Atomic volume 3) Atomic number 4) Atomic radius
04. Mass number of atom represents the number of ________
1) Protons only 2) Protons & neutrons
3) Protons & electrons 4) Neutrons and electrons
05. The number of neutrons present in phosphorus(P) is____
1) 22 2) 12 3) 16 4) 18
06. The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in chlorine atom is respectively:
1) 18, 77, 17 2) 17, 18, 17 3) 16, 17, 18 4) 17, 17, 18
07. The atoms of an element which have the same atomic number but different mass
numbers are called________
1) Isobars 2) Isotopes 3) Isodiaphers 4) Isotones
08. Number of neutrons in the three isotopes of hydrogen (H, D, T) respectively are:
1) 0, 1, 2 2) 1, 2, 3 3) 1, 1, 1 4) 0, 0, 0
09. Choose the correct representation of carbon isotopes:
1) 14 C , 14 12
6 C, 5 C 2) 12
6 C , 13 14
6 C, 6 C 3) 11
3 C , 14 12
4 C, 7 C 4) 10
3 C , 16 14
2 C, 7 C
10. What is the ratio of mass of an electron to the mass of proton?

1) 1 : 2 2) 1 : 1 3) 1 : 1837 4) 1 : 3
11. The number of neutrons prsent in Helium atom is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
12. The atomic weight of an element is 52 and its atomic number is 24. The number
of electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom of this element will be respectively:
1) 24, 24, 28 2) 24, 28, 24 3) 28, 24, 24 4) 28,28,24
13. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of potassium?
1) 2, 8, 9 2) 8, 2, 9 3) 2, 8, 8, 1 4) 1, 2, 8, 8
54 CO - SPARK
14. Mass of an e– is nearly ______________ that of hydrogen atom
1 1 1 1
1) th 2) th 3) th 4) th
183 1783 1837 1387
15. The charge and mass of electron are ___________ coulombs & _________ kg
respectively
1) 1.609  1019 ,9.11  1028 2) 1.609  1019 ,9.11  1031
3) 1.609  1019 ,9.11  1031 4) 1.609  1019 ,9.11  1028

16. Many elements have non-integral atomic mass because
1) They have isotopes
2) Their isotopes have non-integral masses
3) Their isotopes have different masses
4) They have isosters
Comprehension Type:
75
The isotope 34Se is used in medical investigation for diagnosis of pancreatic
disorder.
17. Isotopes differ by
1) Electrons 2) Protons 3) Neutrons 4) All the above
18. In the above isotopes number of protons are
1) 34 2) 75 3) 41 4) 50
19. In the above isotopes number of electrons are
1) 41 2) 75 3) 50 4) 34
Matrix Match Type:
Column-I Column-II
A) Fractional atomic weight p) Hydrogen
B) A=Z for q) Chlorine
C) Variable valency r) A-Z
D) Number of neutrons= s) Fe 2  , Fe3

21. The atomic number and mass number of an element are 26 and 56 respectively.The
number of neutrons in the nucleus will be
CO - SPARK 55

1. Some of the elements have fractional atomic masses, the reason could be
1) Existence of isobar 2) Existence of isotopes
3) Presence of neutrons 4) The nuclear reactions
2. Which of these pair has almost similar masses
1) Positron-electron 2) Electron-neutron
3) Neutron- 11H 4) All the above
3. An atom X has atomic number 15 and mass number 31 then its valency is
1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3
4. An atom of element has atomic number 9 and mass number 19 then electrons,
protons are
1) 10,9 2) 9,10 3) 9,9 4) 9,19
5. An atom X has atomic number 12 and mass of 24 it can form divalent ion then the
atom of element is
1) Na 2) K 3) Mg 4) Ca
6. The number of electrons present in valence shell of an atom with mass number 19
is----
1) 2 2) 8 3) 7 4) 10

1. A neutral atom has a nucleus with a nuclear charge 13 times and mass 27 times
that of hydrogen nucleus. How many electrons would be present in the stable
positively charged ion?
1) 13 2) 27 3) 14 4) 10
2. An element X has the same mass number and atomic number. This element is
Statement Type:
3. Statement -I: The mass numbers of all isotopes of chlorine is same
Statement -II: The atomic number of all isotopes of chlorine is the same
56 CO - SPARK

4. Which of the following pairs are having same number of neutrons
19 20 39 40 18
1) 9 F , 10 Ne 2) 19 K , 20 Ca 3) 8O, 199 F 4) 12
6C , 146 C
Comprehension Type:
Atomic number indicates the number of electrons or protons of an atom. It is
represented by Z. The sum of protons and neutorns are called nucleons.
5. The difference between mass number and number of protons is equal to no of.
1) Electrons 2) Protons 3) Neutrons 4) Positrons
6. Atomic number of an element is x and mass number is y. Then number of neutrons
is equal to
1) x + y 2) x - y 3) y - x 4) y/x
7. Atomic number of element x is 20 and number of neutrons is 20. Then mass
number is
1) 20 2) 40 3) 0 4) 1
Matrix Match Type:
Column-I Column-II
A) Isotopes p) Hydrogen
B) A=Z q) Cl 37 , Cl 35
C) Isobars r) A  Z
D) Number of neutrons= s) Ca 40 , Ar 40
9. How many of following statements are false
a) Energy is released when electron jumps K to L energy level
b) Silver is the best conductors of electricity
c) All inert gases are monoatomic
d) diamond is good conductor of electricity

10. The sum of protons and neutrons are equal to-----
1) Mass unit 2) Mass number 3) Atomic number 4) All the above
11. If ‘n’ is serial number of a shell then number of electrons is
n2
1) n 2 2) n 3) 2n 2 4)
2
CO - SPARK 57
12. The value of one atomic mass unit is
1) 1.676 1024 gm 2) 1.676  1027 Kg
3) 9.1  1027 Kg 4) Both (1) and (2)

13. The mass number of an atom whose unipositive ion has 10 electrons and 12
neutrons is
1) 22 2) 23 3)14 4) 20
14. Consider the following species V 3 , 32

31
15 15W
2 32
, 16 X 2 , 15
31  35 3
Y , 17 Z which are isotopes
1) V,Y 2) W,X 3) V,W,Y 4) V,X
15. Atomic weight of an element is not necessarily be a whole number because
1) It contains allotropic forms
2) It is average isotopic weight
3) It contains electrons, protons and neutrons
4) None of the above
Statement Type:
16. Statement -I: The mass number of hydrogen is the same as its atomic number
Statement -II: Hydrogen atom has no neutrons

17. The nucleus of the atom (Z>1) consists of
1) Proton and neutron 2) Proton and electron
3) Neutron and electron 4) Proton, neutron and electrons
18. Energy is absorbed when an electron jumps from
1) K-shelll to L-shell 2) L-shell to K-shell
3) Both a and b 4) Can not say
19. The electron has the least energy in the orbit
1) Closest to the nucleus of the atom
2) Farthest from the nucleus of the atom
3) Second orbit of the atom
4) Third orbit of the atom
58 CO - SPARK
20. Energy equal to ........................ is by the electron to transition from 4th orbit to
5th orbit
1) E5  E4 , released 2) E4  E5 absorbed
3) 1 calorie absorbed 4) 1 calorie released

21. An element X has the same mass number and atomic number, This element is
22. Which of the following has more electrons than neutrons?
3) O  8 O   AI27 
2 16 3
1) Na  (11 Na 23 ) 2) Mg 2 (12 Mg 24 ) 4) AI 13
23. The m value not possible for a double dumbell-shaped orbital is

1) 0 2) -2 3) +3 4) -1
24. A neutral atom of an element has two ‘K’ eight ‘L’ nine ‘M’ and two ‘N’ electrons.
The total number of electrons present in the orbitals having l value 1 are
1) 6 2) 8 3) 10 4) 12
25. Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or
trajectories of electrons?
1) Pauli’s exclusion principle 2) Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle
3) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity 4) Aufbau principle.
26. According to ( n  l ) rule after completing ‘np’ level the electron enters into
1) (n-1) d 2) (n+1) s 3) nd 4) (n+1) p
27. If pauli’s exclusion principle is not known, the electronic arrangement of lithium
atom is
1) 1s 2 2 s1 2) 1s1 2 s 2 3) 1s 3 4) 1s 2 2 s1 2 p1
28. Any p-orbital can accommidate upto
1) Four eelctrons 2) Two electrons with parallel spins
3) Six electrons 4) Two electrons with opposite spins
29. Due to which of the following reasons the nitrogen shows three unpaired elec-
trons
1) Hund’s rule 2) Aufbau principle
3) Pauli’s principle 4) Heisenburg’s principle
30. The maximum number of electrons in an atom which can have ( n  l ) = 4
1) 2 2) 6 3) 8 4) 18
31. The rule that explains the reason for chromium to have [Ar] 3d 5 4 s1 configuration
instead of [Ar] 3d4 4s2 ?
1) Pauli’s exclusion principle 2) Aufbau’s principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) Heisenburg principle
CO - SPARK 59
32. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is violated is
2s 2p 2s 2p
1) 2)
2s 2p 2s 2p
3) 4)
33. How many ‘d’ electrons are present in Cr 2  ion?

1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 3
34. How many electrons are present in the M-shell of an atom of the element with
atomic number Z=24 ?
1) 5 2) 6 3) 12 4) 13
35. The atomic numbers of elements X,Y and Z are 19 ,21 and 25 respectively.The
number of electrons present in the M shells of these elements follow the order.
1) Z > X > Y 2) X > Y > Z 3) Z > Y > X 4) Y > Z > X
36. According to aufbau principle the electron has a tendency to occupy that subshell
which has ........energy.
1) Lowest 2) Highest 3) No energy 4) Both 1 & 2
37. The statement “No two electrons in an atom can have all the four quantum num
bers identical” is known as the ..........
1) Pauli’s exclusion principle 2) Aufbau principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) Heisenberg’s principle
38. The electronic configuration of an element Cr is 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 5 4 s1 . This rep-
resents its
1)Excited state 2) Ground state 3) Cationic form 4) Anionic form
39. An atom Cr has one 4s electron and five 3d electrons. How many unpaired elec-
trons would be in Cr 3 ?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
40. Aufbau principle fails to explain the configuration of element with atomic number
1) 18 2) 21 3) 24 4) 27
41. n and l values of an orbital A are 3 and 2 and another orbitals B are 5 and 0. The
energy of
1) B is more than A 2) A is more than B
3) A and B are same 4) A is four times than B
60 CO - SPARK
42. The electronic configuration in the valence shell of silicon is .The rule violated is
3s 3p
1) Auf-bau principle 2) Pauli’s rule 3) Hund’s rule 4) All

43. No two electrons in an orbital can have parallel spin. This state emerges from
1) Hund’s rule 2) Aufbau principle 3) Pauli’s principle 4) ( n  l ) rule
44. Electrons never pair, if there are empty orbitals in a given sub-shell. This is
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli’s exclusion principle
3) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity 4) Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle
45. Which of the following explains the sequence of filling electrons in different
subshells?
1) Hund’s rule 2) Aufbau principle
3) Pauli’s principle 4) All of these
46. Nitrogen atom has 3 unpaired electrons in its gound state. It can be explained by
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli’s principle 3) Hund’s rule 4) All of these
47. The electron configuration of sodium is
1) [ Ne]3s 2 2) [ Ne]3s1 3) [ Ar ]4 s1 4) [ Ar ]4 s 2
48. Which of the following configuration may represent the ground state of nitrogen
atom?
1) 2)
3) 4)
Matrix Match Type:

49. Match the following
Column - I Column - II
A) The electron of same orbital differ in ‘s’ value p) Hund’s rule
B) Order of orbitals is 2s,2p,3s,3p,4s q) stability of completely filled sublevel
2 2 1 1 1
C) E.C of N is 1s 2s 2 px 2 p y 2 pz r) Pauli’s principle
D) E.C of Cu is [Ar] 4 s1 3d 10 s) Aufbau principle
CO - SPARK 61
A) Carbon p) 1s 2 2s 2 2p3
B) Nitrogen q) 1s 2 2s 2 2p2
C) Oxygen r) 1s 2 2s 2 2p5
D) Fluorine s) 1s 2 2s 2 2p4
A) Number of electrons present in an orbit p) 2
B) Number of orbitals in an orbit q) n
C) Number of electrons in an orbital r) n2
D) Number of sub shells in an orbit S) 2n2
 JSO/NTSE QUESTIONS
175
1. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in Lu , respectively, area
71
1) 71, 104 and 71 2) 104, 71 and 71 3) 70, 70 and 104 4) 175, 104 and 71
2. Rutherford’s experiment, which established the nuclear model of the atom, used
a beam of
1)  -particles, which impinged on a metal foil and got absorbed
2)  -rays, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
3) Helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
4) Helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
3. Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment eventually led to the conclusion
that
1) Mass and energy are related
2) Electrons occupy space around the nucleus
3) Neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus
4) The point of impact with matter can be precisely determined
4. The radius of an atomic nucleus is of the order of
1) 1010 cm 2) 1013 cm 3) 1015 cm 4) 108 cm
5. Bohr’s model can explain
1) The spectrum of hydrogen atom only
2) Spectrum of an atom or ion containing one electron only
3) The spectrum of hydrogen molecule
4) The solar spectrum
62 CO - SPARK
6. The increasing order (lowest first) for the values of e/m (charge/mass) for electron
(e), proton (p), neutron (n) and alpha particle(  ) is
1) e , p,n , 2) n , p, e , 3) n , p, , e 4) n , , p, e
7. Rutherford’s scattering experiment is related to the size of the
1) Nucleus 2) atom 3) Electron 4) Neutron
8. Rutherford’s experiments on scattering of  -particles showed for the first time
that the atom has
1) Electrons 2) Protons 3) Nucleus 4) Neutrons
1. What is the contribution of the following in atomic structure

a) Maharshi kanada b) Democritus
2. State Dalton’s atomic theory?
3. What is an  (alpha) particle?
4. What are cathode rays? How are these rays formed?
5. What is the nature of charge on (i) cathode rays (ii) anode rays
6. How are X- rays produced?
7. Why were anode rays also called as ‘canal rays’?
8. How do cathode rays differ from anode rays?
9. State one observation which shows that atom is not indivsible.
10. a) Name an element which does not contain neutron.
b) if an atom contains one electron and one proton, will if carry any charge or
not ?
11. On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom , explain how an atom as a whole is
neutral.
12. Which subatomic particle was discovered by
a) Thomson b) Goldstein c) Chadwick?
13. Name the subatomic particle whose charge is :
a) +1 b) -1 c) 0.
14. a) Which metal did Rutherford select for his  particle scattering experiment
and why?
b) What do you think would be the observation of  -particle scattering
experiment if carried out on
(i) heavy nucleus like platinum (ii) light nuclei like lithium?
15. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which sub atomic particle is
present in the nucleus of an atom ?
16. Which part of an atom was discovered by Rutherford?
17. How was it shown that atom has empty space?
CO - SPARK 63
18. State one major draw back of rutherford’s model.
19. In the figure given along side;
a) Name the shells denoted by A, B and C . which shell has least energy?
b) Name X and state the charge on it.
c) The above sketch is of ..... model of an atom
20. Give the postulates of bohr’s atomic model.
01. Which of the following represents the correct composition of the three isotopes of
carbon?
1) C-12 : 6p + 6n, C-13 : 7p + 6n, c-14 : 8p + 6n
2) C-12 : 6p + 6n, C-13 : 6p + 7n, c-14 : 6p + 8n
3) C-12 : 6p + 6n, C-13 : 5p + 8n, c-14 : 7p + 7n
4) C-12 : 6p + 6n, C-13 : 12p + 1n, c-14 : 5p + 9n
02. A thin sheet of gold foil is bombarded with   particles as in Rutherford’s experi-
ment. Which of the given descriptions most accurately represents the path of
  particles?
Un deflected No. of particles No. of particles
Deflected through deflected through
a small angle a large angle
I All None None
II Most A few None
III Most A few A few
IV A few Most A few
1) I 2) II 3) III 4) IV
03. Three invisible radiations X, Y and Z are passed through an electric field. X goes
straight, Y deviates towards the positive end while Z deviates towards the nega-
tive end. The particles present in X, Y and Z and the e/m ratio for X are
X Y Z e/m ratio for X
1)   Particles   Particles   Rays 0
2) Neutrons Electrons Protons 0
3)   particles   Particles   Rays 1
4) Neutrons Electrons Protons 1
64 CO - SPARK
04. Which of the following schematic structures represents (s) cation(s) ?
13p
10p 9p 12p 14n
10n 9n 12n
I II IV
III
1) I and II only 2) II only 3) III and IV only 4) IV only

05. There are two atomic species X and Y , such that
Atomic species X Y
Protons 8 8
Neutrons 8 10
Which of the following statements is true about X and Y ?

1) X and Y are isobars.
2) X and Y have different chemical properties.
3) X and Y have different physical properties.
4) All are correct.
06.. Read the given passage and fill in the blanks by selecting an appropriate option.
__i)__ are formed by loss or gain of electrons by atoms,__ii)_ have same mass
number but different atomic numbers__iii)_ have same atomic number but differ-
ent mass number while__iv)__ have same number of neutrons, different atomic
numbers and different mass numbers.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
1) Isotones Isobars Isotopes Ions
2) Ions Isobars Isotopes Isotones
3) Isotones Isotopes Isobars Ions
4) Ions Isotopes Isobars Isotones
07. A brief information about two atoms X and Y is given:

X : Atomic number =7, Mass number = 14
Y : Atomic number = 7, Mass number = 15
Which of the following is correct about these two atoms?
1) Electrons configuration of X is 2,8,4 while that of Y is 2,8,5
2) Both X and Y contain 7 Neutrons.
3) X has 2 electron shells while y has 3 electron shells
4) Both X and Y have 5 valence electrons.
CO - SPARK 65
08. An electron jumps from an orbit P to Q and losses energy. the same electron when
jumpsfrom R to Q, gains energy.
The increasing order of distance of these orbits fron the nucleus is
1) P < Q < R 2) R < P < Q 3) R < Q < P 4) P < R < Q
09. Which of the following statements is are correct?
I) The number of valence electrons in carbon is 6.
40
II) The atoms 18 X and 40
20Y represent a pair of isotopes.
III) Number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom determines the
valency of the atom.
IV) C-14, N-15 and O-16 are isotones.
1) I and III only 2) II and III only 3) III and IV only 4) I, II, III and IV
10. Which of the following are isobars?
20p 18p
22n 22n
I II
20p 18p
20n 20n
III IV
18p
20n
1) I AND II 2) II AND III 3) I, II, IV AND V 4) II, III, IV AND V

11. Read the given statements and mark the correct option.
Statement 1 : Isobars have different chemical properties.
Statement 2 : The sum of prortons and neutrons in isobars is always different.
1) Both statements 1 and 2 are true and statement 2 is the correct explanation of
statement 1.
2) Both statements 1 and 2 are true but statement 2 is not the correct explana-
tion of statement 1.
3) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
4) Both statement 1 and 2 are false.
12. Which of the given pairs of atoms contain (s) the same number of neutrons?
114
1) Cd and 119
48 50 Sn 2) 59
27 Co and 59
28 Ni 3) 133
Cs and 132
55 54 Ni 4) 63
Cu and
29
65
Cu
29
66 CO - SPARK
13. Description of a few hypothetical atoms is given in the table.
Atom P Q R S
No. of protons 17 11 17 9
No. of neutrons 18 12 20 10
No. of electrons 17 10 17 10
Identify a cation, an anion and a pair of isotopes fronm the given table.
Pair of
Cation Anion
isotopes
1) P Q P, Q
2) Q S P, R
3) R P R, S
4) Q S Q, S
14. Study the given mass spectrum of magnesium carefully.
100
78.9 9%
%Abund ance
11.01%
10%
0 24 25 26
Atomic mass
29 25
The number of protons in Mg , number of neutrons in Mg , and the relative
atomic mass of Mg are respectively
1) 12, 13 and 25 2) 16, 12 and 24.32
3) 14, 13 and 25 4) 12, 13 and 24.32
15. Electron distribution of two elements P and Q in their outermost shell is shown
below.
N shall M shall
p p
n n
P Q
Atomic numbers of P and Q are respectively

1) 9, 17 2) 15, 17 3) 24, 17 4) 17, 24
CO - SPARK 67
1) 1 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 3 6) 4 7) 2 8) 1
9) 2 10) 3 11) 3 12) 1 13) 3 14) 3 15) 3 16) 1,3
17) 3 18) 1 19) 4 20) A-q, B-p, C-s, D-r 21) 30
CUQ
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 3
LEVEL - 1 to 5
1) 4 2) 2 3) 4 4) 1,2,3 5) 3 6) 3 7) 2
8) A-q, B-p, C-s, D-r 9) 2 10) 2 11) 3 12) 4 13) 2
14) 3 15) 2 16) 1 17) 4 18) 1 19) 1 20) 2 21) 2
22) 3 23) 3 24) 4 25) 2 26) 2 27) 3 28) 4 29) 1
30) 3 31 3 32) 3 33) 1 34) 4 35) 3 36) 1 37) 1
38) 2 39) 3 40) 3 41) 1 42) 3 43) 3 44) 3 45) 2
46) 3 47) 2 48) 2 49) a-r, b-s, c-p, d-q
50) a-q, b-p, c-s, d-r 51) a-s, b-r, c-p, d-q
JSO/ NTSE QUESTIONS
1) 1 2) 4 3) 2 4) 2 5) 2 6) 4 7) 1 8) 3
OLYMPIAD WINDOW
1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3 6) 2 7) 4 8) 3
9) 3 10) 2 11) 3 12) 3 13) 2 14) 4 15) 3
1. Protium 1H1 ne 1  1
np   1 a  z n
nn   0 a 1 0  a 1
68 CO - SPARK
2. n=A-Z 3. Atomic number
4. a  n p   nn 0 5. 15 P 31 [neutrons = 16]
6. 17 Cl 35.5 ; e = 17, p = 17, n = 18 7. Isotopes
8. 1 H1 1 H2 1 H3 9. 6 C 12 6 C 13 6 C 14
nn 0  0 1 2
ne 9.1  1031kg 1
10.  27
  1 :1837
n p 1.672  10 kg 1837
1
electron time lighter than proton, So their mass ratio will be 1:1837
1837
11. Conceptual C 22
11 12 D 22
12. 24 X 52 e  24, p  24, n  28
13. K  z  19   2,8,8,1 14. Conceptual
 31
15. 1.609  1019 C ; Me  9.1  10 kg (or) Me   9.1  1028 g
16. Non-integral atomic mass
due to Isotopes and have different masses. ex:- 17 Cl 35 17 Cl 37
17. Isotopes differed by neutrons 18. 34 Se 75 protons  34

19. electrons  34
20. A  q, B  p, C  s, D  r (A-Z); Cl35

17 Cl37  Avg.atomic masses of Cl=35.50
17
21. 26 Fe 56 n  a  Z , n  56  26  30
CUQ
3. 13 X 27 X  X 3  3e  ; valency = 3 4. 9 X 19 e  9 , p = 9
5. 12 X 24  ‘X’ could be Mg
k L
6. F 19 F (z  9)  ,  . Valence electrons in L - shell = 7
9
2 7
CO - SPARK 69
LEVEL- 1 to 5
3 
1. Al(2, 8, 3) Al  Al (2,8)  3e 2. 1 H 1
3. 17 Cl 35 17 Cl 37
Mass of Isotopes of Cl is not same, but atomic number (z) is same.
9 F 19 10 Ne 20 19 K 39 Ca 40
20 8 O 18 9F 19
4.
(n  10) (n  20) (n  20)
5. Conceptual 6. Conceptual  x Ay n  y  x
7. A  z  n  20  20  40
8. A q Cl 37 Cl 37  ; B p 1H1 
C s  Ar 40 Ca 40  ; D r A  Z 
9. Conceptual  Transition from K  L energy is obsrbed
Diamond is a bad conductors (sp 3hyb ) absebce of free electron.

10. p + n = massnumber
11. 2n 2 where n  n th shell n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .....
12. 1.676  1024 g (or) 1.676  1027 kg
Na  Na   e 
13. 11 Na 23  14. Conceptual
10e 
15. Avg. Isotopic weight

16. Conceptual (no neutrons in protium)
17. Z>1  Means it could be other than hydrogen

 It has e  , p & n 0
18. Energy is absorbed when on e  Jumps from any of lower energy state to higher
state.
19. Conceptual, the orbit which is close to the nucleus will have least energy.
20. E 4  E 5 absorbed 21. Conceptual
O 2
22. 
e 10 (8 O16 )  e   8 , p   8 , n 0  8 23. l  2 , so not possible
n  08
24. As per quantum numbers 25. Conceptual

26. Pauli’s exclusion principle, moeller diagram
27. Pauli’s exclusion principle
70 CO - SPARK
28. An orbital can accomadate max. to 2electrons with opposite spin

29. Aufbou principle
30. n  l   4 for 4s, 3p (2+6) total number of electrons i.e., 8
31. Hund’s rule 32. Aufbau’s principle
33. Cr   Ar  4s1 3d 5 ; Cr 2   Ar  3d 4
34. Atomic number = 24
K L M N
2 6 2 6 5
1s2 2s 3p 3s 3p 3d 4s1
2e- 8e- 13e- 1e-
35. M shell Means n = 3

19X 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 5 4S 2  7electrons 
21X 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 4s 2 3d1  9electrons 
25 X 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 4s 2 3d 5 13 electrons 
36. Aufbau principle 37.Paulis exclusion principle
38. Anamolous configuration
39. Cr   Ar  4s1 3d 5 ; Cr 3   Ar  3d 3
40. Anamolous configuration
41. A 3d B 5s
n l  3 2  5 50 5
n A  nB Energy of B  Energy of A
42. Hund’s rule
43. No two electrons in an can have same set of Quantum number
44. Hund’s rule
45. According to aufbau principle lower energy orbital filling first
46. Parring of electron takes place when each orbital
47. Ne  3s1 48. 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 3
49. Rules to fill electrons in orbitals
50. Configuration
51. Principle Quantum number
****
CO - SPARK 71

01 - VII - ATOMIC STRUCTURE - (W - 1 To 3) - (1-71)

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY - CLASS - VII

Niels Bohr J.J. Thomson Ruther Ford

That is why different elements differ in their properties.

: H represents one atom of hydrogen.

Particle Symbol Charge in coulombs Mass in grams

Electron e– 1.602 × 10–19C 9.1 × 10–28g

Proton 1 p1 or p  1.602 × 10–19C 1.673  1024 g

Neutron 0 n1 or n0 0 1.675  1024 g

Chlorine Cl2 2 Gas

Bromine Br2 2 Liquid

Molecular formula of an element:

Name of Ions Formula Name of Ions Formula

Mercuric or Mercury (II) Hg 2  Stannic or Tin (IV) Sn4

Redicals are of two types :

Ions : Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms formed by losing or gaining

A molecule of a compound is usually made up of two parts. Example : Sodium

Name of radical Representation Valency

Representation of some negative radicals and their valency:

Name of radical Representation Valancy

Molecular Formula of Compounds:

On the left hand side On the right hand side

II. Write the valency of the symbols

III. Interchange the valency number

IV. Write the interchanged numbers at the base

V. Write the formula of the compound

Step IV: Write the interchanged numbers at the base.

4. Example - Zinc hydroxide

Step IV: Zn1  OH 2

Step II: NH14 CO23

Step III: Interchange the valency number

S.no Name of compounds Formula State

01. Sodium chloride [common salt] NaCl Solid

02 Sugar C12 H 22O11 Solid

03 Glucose C6 H 12O6 Solid

04 Sodium bicarbonate[baking soda] NaHCO3 Solid

07 Sand [silica],Quartz SiO2 Solid

08 Calcium hydroxide [slaked lime] Ca  OH 2 Solid

09 Sodium hydroxide [caustic soda] NaOH Solid

10 Copper sulphate [blue vitriol] CuSO4 .5H2O Solid

12 Acetic acid (Vinegar) CH 3COOH Liquid

13 Hydrochloric acid HCl Liquid

14 Sulphuric acid H 2 SO4 Liquid

15 Nitric acid HNO3 Liquid

16 Carbon dioxide CO2 Gas

17 Carbon monoxide CO Gas

18 Sulphur dioxide SO2 Gas

19 Sulphur trioxide SO3 Gas

21 Hydrogen sulphide H2S Gas

22 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Gas

Significance of molecular formula

Single Correct Answer Type:

1) Helium (He) 2) Nitrogen ( N2 ) 3) Chlorine ( Cl2 ) 4) Phosphorous  P4 

03. Hydroxyl ion is represented by

CUQ (Conceptual understanding questions):

JEE MAIN & ADVANCED LEVEL-1

Matrix Match Type:

JEE MAIN & ADVANCED LEVEL-2

Multi Correct Answer Type:

1) H 2SO 4 2) AlCl 3 3) Hg 4) HgS