(1.0) Ielts Pre Intermediate

IELTS
PRE INTERMEDIATE
4.0 - 4.5
INDEX
UNIT 1 Language Study: Comparatives
Speaking:
- Introduction
- Do you prefer X to Y?
- What do you like to do (in your spare time)?
- What do you dislike about X?
Vocabulary Discovery: Leisure time
UNIT 2 Language Study: Comparatives Practice

Listening:
- Introduction
- Keywords and Paraphrasing
- Number and Alphabets
Vocabulary Discovery: Sports
UNIT 3 Language Study: Relative Clause

Speaking: Part 1
- What do you usually/normally do?
- How often do you do X?
Vocabulary Discovery: City Life
UNIT 4 Language Study: Passive Voice

Listening: Note Taking Skill
Vocabulary Discovery: Public Holiday
UNIT 5 Language Study: Grammar Practice

Speaking: Part 1
- How would you improve X?
- How has X changed?
Vocabulary Discovery: Haircut
UNIT 6 Reading: Yes/No/Not Given and True/False/Not Given

Listening:
- Introduction
- Note/Form Completion
UNIT 7 Reading: Yes/No/Not Given and True/False/Not Given
(continuous)
Speaking: Part 1
- Do people do/get enough X?
- Is it difficult to do X?
Vocabulary Discovery: Countryside
UNIT 8 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1: Line Graph and Bar Chart (review)
IELTS Task: Listening:
- Note and form completion
- Map/Plan/Diagram Labeling
IELTS Task: Writing Task 1: Line Graph/Bar Chart/Pie

UNIT 9 Chart/Table
Speaking: Part 1
- When was the first/last time you did X?
- Did you learn to do X?
Vocabulary Discovery: Robot, Technology and Science
UNIT 10 Vocabulary Discovery: Education

- Section 2 - Sentence completion
- Skill:
+ Plurals in IELTS Listening
+ Identifying keywords and paraphrasing
UNIT 11
Reading: Multiple Choice Questions
Speaking: Part 1
- What do you like most about X?
- Is X popular (in your country)?
- Why do some people like X?
Vocabulary Discovery: Stage of life
UNIT 12 IELTS Task: Reading: Multiple Choice Questions (Practice)

- Note/Form Filling
- Map/Plan/Diagram Labeling
- Underline and Identify keywords/paraphrasing
UNIT 13 Writing Task 1: Map

Speaking: Part 1
- What is the best time (of year) to do X?
- What do you want/ hope to do (in the future)?
Vocabulary Discovery: History
UNIT 14 Writing Task 1: Maps (Practice)

Listening:
- Listen for time
- Sentence completion (Practice)
UNIT 15 Vocabulary Discovery: Technology

Speaking: Part 1
- Is X suitable for (types of people)?
- How important is X?
Vocabulary Discovery: Career
IELTS Pre Intermediate
UNIT 1
Language Study: Comparatives
COMPARATIVES
Comparatives demonstrate superiority, equality or inferiority of one element over another. They can affect
adjectives, adverbs, quantities or actions expressed by verbs. If the second element is mentioned it is
introduced by THAN (majority or minority) or AS (equality).
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MAJORITY
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Adjective + -(E)R / -IER suffix (than) MORE + adjective (than)
● one-syllable adjectives:
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Big → bigger small → smaller Boring → boring tired → tired

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● ●
● adjectives ending with -y take -ier (y→i): ● two-syllable adjectives with final -ow, -er, -tle,
pretty → prettier lovely → lovelier - ple may take both - er or more:

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● one-syllable adjectives with final -y: ● Shallow → shallower/ more shallow

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● dry dryer - shy shyer (no change) ● Clever → cleverer/ more clever
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● Adverbs only take the form more + adverb (than), regardless of the ending or length:
● Ex: I did the exercise more quickly than usual.
● With fast, hard, early, late, long, close however, the comparative is formed with the suffix -(E)R:
● Ex: I did the exercise faster than usual.
● With nouns and verbs the comparative is simply more + noun (than) or verb + more (than):
● Ex: My dog eats more meat than fish. / I work more than I sleep.
Equality Minority
● With adjectives and adverbs we use the ● We use less (than) for all classes of words;
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structure is as + adj/adv + as: when comparing plural nouns we use fewer

I’m studying as hard as I can.
(than).
● In the negative form the first element can Our train is less crowded than usual.
He spoke less convincingly than the previous
also be introduced by SO:
time.
Tom isn’t as talkative as his sister. I drink less coffee thanI used to.
● With nouns and verbs you use the structure There were fewer cars than now.
as (so) much + as; when comparing plural ● Minority comparatives are not used
nouns you must use as/so many + as: frequently. We usually make this type of
I don’t sleep as (so) much as I should.
We have as many CDs as DVDs. comparison using not as/so + as:
I’m not as slim as you. (=I’m less slim than
you)
SUPERLATIVES
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● Superlatives compare one element to all the other ones in a category. They take either the suffix -est
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(iest) or the word most and they are typically preceded by the Study of these examples:
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Adjectives Tom is the youngest in his family, Carol is the shyest, I'm the most outgoing.
Rebecca studied the hardest in high school.

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● When we compare a superlative to the rest we use the prepositions in a class or place) or of (a
group):
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He's the cleverest boy in the class.

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OR: He's the cleverest of the students.

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● Superlatives with the least are not used very frequently:
It's the least interesting film of all.
COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES: SPECIAL FORMS
good/ well → better → the best Who is the best singer of the year?
bad/ badly → worse → the wort That’s the worst book I’ve ever read.
Far → farther/ further → the farthest/ the furthest I don’t want to go any further than this.
Is Sydney the farthest city you’ve been to?
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MODIFIERS OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
● We use intensifiers or mitigators to emphasize or reduce the difference expressed by
comparatives and superlatives.
● a lot, a great deal, much, far are used to intensify the comparative.
I'm much taller than my sister. We had a great deal more money after we sold our car.
I have far less free time now that I work.
● far is preferable when followed by 'less', 'fewer' or a plural noun. Much is not used with
plural nouns:
I have much more luggage than when I left. (not: I have many more suitcases...)
There are far fewer people at the stadium today.
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● even is also used to underline the different degree expressed by the comparative.
The second Hunger Games film is even better than the first.
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●
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by far is used to emphasize the difference expressed by a superlative:
That was by far the best holiday I'd ever had.

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● slightly, a little, a bit are used to reduce the difference expressed by the comparative:
We'll start a bit later than usual, ok? I have a little more patience than I used to.
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He's feeling slightly better than yesterday.
not nearly as is used to intensify a difference expressed by the comparative of equality:

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I'm not nearly as clever as you. (= You are much more clever than me)
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● just is used to emphasize similarity before as or like and means 'exactly like':
I think men talk just as much as women. (exactly like)

I'd like to buy a bigger bag, just like the one I saw in the magazine.
● nearly or almost are used to show that the qualities are similar but not the same:
I'm almost as tall as my dad now. (or: I'm nearly as tall as my dad now)
MORE AND MORE... / LESS AND LESS...
● When the comparative is repeated twice it means that the difference expressed by the
comparative is increasing:
I'm more and more interested in oriental art. (= I'm increasingly interested in it)
It was late June and days were getting longer and longer.
Today's overprotective parents are making their kids less and less capable of facing
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problems.
As winter approached there were fewer and fewer flowers in the garden.
THE + COMPARATIVE... THE + COMPARATIVE
● This structure is used when two changes are closely connected by a cause-effect
relationship.
● The change may be parallel or inversely related:
The more you learn, the wiser you get. (parallel improvement)
The less I work, the less satisfied I feel. (parallel decrease)
The less I sleep, the more irritable I feel. (inverse relationship)
● The verbs in this structure are often omitted if they can be understood by the context:
The more slowly you drive, the fewer the chances of an accident.
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I'm going to invite as many friends as possible. The more, the better.
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1.1 Complete the sentences with the correct comparative of the adjectives or adverbs from the box.
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Use ‘than’ when necessary.
Busy bad early far fluently heavy

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hard interesting popular softly well wide

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● Lead is ______ silver.

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● Rivers are _______ creeks.
● He used to be lazy, but he works ____ now.
● I usually get up at 7, but tomorrow I’ll get up ____.
● Which one is _____: Australia or Japan?
● We speak English _____ Spanish.
● Unfortunately, I’m ______ at Science ____ her.
● Sheila’s ____ she used to be as a student.
● I liked ‘it’ but I found ‘Doroles Claiborne’ ______.
● Jeans have been _____ any other type of clothes for over 50 years.
● Can you speak ___? The children are sleeping.
● I’m sure my grandmother can cook ______ any chef that cooks weird dishes on TV.
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1.2 Use words to make comparisons
expensive high popular successful
1. Monster Hits Records sold 230,000 CDs in 1990, whereas Crooners sold 225,000.
2. A hundred couples chose the name James in 2000, while just 20 couples opted for the name Peter.
3. It costs an average of $95 to spend a night in a hotel in Paris, as opposed to over $150 in Zurich.
4. The temperature in Rawai Island was much lower than in Phuket, at 15 degrees and 25 degrees
respectively.
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1.3 Write a short description for this information from the chart.
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The graph shows data about the average Saturday sales of two bakeries in London in 2010. Summarize the
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information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
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1. Cake sales at Lovely Loaves
______________________________________
2. Rolls sold in Bernie’s Buns
______________________________________
3. Cookies bought in Bernie’s Buns
______________________________________
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IELTS Task: Speaking - Introduction

The IELTS Speaking Test is the same for both the Academic and General Training modules. It is different from
the other parts of the IELTS test because it is a one-to-one interaction between a candidate and an examiner.
The three parts in the test give the candidate the opportunity to use a range of different speaking skills. The
Speaking test is recorded.
The following table is the format of the IELTS Speaking test
Task Task Description Time
Part 1 The examiner introduces himself/herself and confirms 4-5 minutes
Introduction and the candidate’s identity by asking questions about the
Interview candidate. Next, the examiner asks the candidate about
familiar frames.
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Part 2 The examiner asks the candidate to speak for 1-2 3-4 minutes
Individual Long Turn minutes on a particular topic. Information is given on a
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card and the candidate has 1 minute to prepare before
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he/she starts. The examiner asks one of two questions
after the candidate’s presentation

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Part 3 The examiner invites the candidate to participate in a 4-5 minutes

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Two-way discussion discussion of a more abstract topic related to the topic
on the card in Part 2

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The IELTS Speaking test has been designed to test your ability to engage in a conversation, and to test
how well you can communicate your thoughts and opinions.
The IELTS Speaking test is the shortest of the components of the IELTS test - only 11 to 14 minutes. In this
short time, you have to convince the examiner who will be speaking with you or your level of English.
As you have seen in the table above, the Speaking test is divided into 3 parts:
● Part 1: The first part involved general introduction. Here, the examiner checks that he/she has
the right person by checking the candidate’s name, origin and identification. This part is also
designed to help the candidate relax and takes only a few seconds. Then, the examiner asks
the candidate about familiar topics in life such as his/her country, hometown, family,
studies/job, free-time activities, future plans, etc. This part takes about 4-5 minutes.
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● Part 2: Part 2 is the long turn or individual talk. It provides an opportunity for the candidate to
deliver a long, uninterrupted response. The examiner will give the candidate a cue card with a
subject such as education, family, work, interests, and lifestyle and some cues or a few
guiding questions on the card. These questions are short, and the structure of the question is
simple. The candidate must talk for 1-2 minutes on this subject. He/She is expected to
demonstrate an ability to construct a long sample of English. The examiner will assess the
candidate’s fluency, coherence, range of structures, pronunciation and vocabulary. The
candidate has an optional 1 minute in order to prepare for his/her talk, and is provided with
some paper and a pencil in order to make some brief notes. After the candidate’s talk, the
examiner will ask 1 or 2 brief questions in order to finish off this part which takes about 3-4
minutes.
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● Part 3: Part 3 is the most complex part of the IELTS speaking test. Here, the examiner will
prompt and lead the candidate with a series of questions on the topic spoken about in Part 2.
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For example, in Part 2 you may have to describe a favorite teacher, and in Part 3, you may
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have to discuss education in your country. These questions will be more demanding and
require some critical analysis on the part of the candidate. The examiner is still in control, but
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must allow the candidate to produce longer utterances or discuss the questions. The
candidate will be scored on how effectively he/she can develop the abstract ideas on the IELTS
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test. These questions and discussions may take 4-5 minutes.

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Note that in Part 1 of the Speaking test, questions cannot be changed or reworded. In Part 3,
there is more flexibility. If the candidate does not understand a word in the question, or the
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question itself, it is possible to ask for repetition or clarification.
Overall, try to stick to the topic on this specific part of the IELTS test. This is the section where the
examiner will really want to get an understanding of your knowledge. Be sure to use proper grammar
and accents when appropriate.
Marking criteria
● Pronunciation – you can pronounce words and express your ideas with appropriate stress,
intonation, and rhythm
● Lexical Resource – you use words appropriate for a given topic, and can communicate clearly
even when you forget a specific word or phrase
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● Grammatical Range and Accuracy – you can form sentences with multiple parts (clauses)
using correct pronouns and verb tenses
● Fluency and Coherence – you can speak comfortably (without long pauses or confusing links
between ideas) and be understood easily
Question: Do you prefer X to Y?
Sample questions
● Do you prefer writing letters or sending emails?
● Do you prefer talking on the phone or chatting online?
● Do you prefer to travel by bike or on foot?
How to answer
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1. State which one you prefer
2. Compare the two things the examiner mentions
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3. Give reasons and examples to explain whySt
Formula
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Prefer + verb-ing to/rather than verb-ing
● I prefer cycling to taking the bus

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● I prefer eating to cooking
I prefer baking cakes at home rather than buying them in shops.

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Prefer + to verb rather than verb

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● I prefer to cycle rather than take the bus.
● I prefer to eat rather than cook.
● I prefer to bake cakes at home rather than buy them in shops.
1.4 Correct sentences
1. I prefer to go to the cinema to watch DVDs at home.
2. My sister prefers writing letters to writing emails.
3. I prefer to talk with friends on the phone rather than using emails.
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4. I much prefer to live in a town rather than a big city.
5. My mother prefers shopping at the market more than in supermarkets.
6. My friends generally prefer to send text messages rather than talking on the phone.
Formula: Comparatives
To form the comparative of an adjective, you should
● Add -er if the adjective is one syllable long.
● Add -ier if the adjective has two syllables and ends to -y.
Add more before the adjective if it has two or more syllables.
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●
Short adjectives Adjective ending -y Long adjectives
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Adjective Comparative Adjective St Comparative Adjective Comparative
form form form

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cheap cheaper easy easier expensive more expensiv

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large larger heavy heavier comfortable more comfort

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fast faster pretty prettier fashionable more fashiona

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slow slower ugly uglier useful more useful
When you compare X and Y, you should use one of the following comparative structure:
X + be + comparative + than + Y
➔ Watching TV is more interesting than listening to the radio.
➔ Cars are prettier than buses.
X + be + not as + adjective + as + Y
➔ Listening to the radio is not as interesting as watching TV.
➔ Buses are not as pretty as cars.
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Discourse markers
Sample answers
➔ Cycling is so much more convenient than taking the bus if you’re not traveling too far. Actually, it’s often faster
to go by bike because ….
➔ I nearly always find that chatting online can be more sociable as you can speak to more than one person at the
same time. Also, chatting online is often much more fun because ….
Actually/ In fact: are very often used by native speakers to introduce something that may be surprising or that
slightly changes what was being said before.
➔ It is actually a lot cheaper to go to that supermarket.
➔ In fact, public buses are a lot more environmentally friendly than many people think.
Needless to say: another way of saying obviously or everybody knows that … without sounding rude or
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arrogant.
➔ I like eating lots of cakes, but needless to say, that will make me fat.
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➔ He’s done very badly in his exams, so needless to say, he won’t get into university this year.
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also/ in addition: are used to add extra or further information
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➔ I’m a very sociable person. I prefer team sports such as basketball and football and in addition, I like going to
English clubs with my friends.

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➔ I prefer cycling rather than driving a car because it helps me keep fit; in addition, it’s better for the
environment and it’s also cheaper!

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Besides: at the beginning of a phrase means as well as, whereas at the beginning of a clause it means anyway
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➔ Besides watching TV and talking to my friends, I can relax while traveling on the subway.
Question: What do you like to do (in your spare time)?
Sample question
● Do you have any hobbies?
● What do you do in your free time?
● How do you usually spend your weekends?
How to answer
You should aim for around 10-30 seconds per answer
● Don’t always give extended answers and don’t always give shorter ones
● Tell what you do + the benefits of doing this hobby

Sample answer
I enjoy going for a walk, or for a hike in nature. As a market research analyst I spend most of my days in front
of a computer, which obviously isn’t the healthiest thing. That’s why I try to minimize the screen time when
outside of work, to give my eyes and my back the rest that they deserve. Basically you can say that I enjoy
being outside and moving when I am not working.
Useful phrases
● I get up to a lot of things/ I don’t get up too much…
● I get up to a lot of different things
● I like to do/I like doing…/I enjoy it…
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● I’m fond of V-ing
● I’m into V-ing
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● I’m passionate about V-ing…
● I like to dabble in…

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● I sometimes dabble in…
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● I play [instrument], but I am just an aficionado/an amateur
● I play [instrument], for fun

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● I am new to…
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● I take up a hobby = to start a hobby
I started V-ing a couple of years ago

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● I decided to have a go at V-ing (=to try something new)
● I decided to try my hand at V-ing
● I’ve been V-ing for as long as I can remember
● I’ve been V-ing for donkey’s years (=for a long time)
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Adverbs to talk about your hobby
● Often, regularly, frequently
● Whenever I can/I get a chance
● As often as I can
● As much as I would like
Listing some activities
Leisure activities/Hobbies/Pastimes
Indoor activities Outdoor activities Collecting things Creative activities
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Example: chilling out Example: gardening Example: Stamps, Example: Playing a
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with friends … coins musical instrument
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The benefits of hobbies
● To relax
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● To stay healthy
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● To socialize
It (just) helps me … (unwind/kick back/chill out)

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● I find that it helps me… (get into shape/keep fit/stay in shape)
● It allows me to (just)... (hang out/meet up/chill out with friends)
● It’s (quite) a nice way to…
● It has a calming effect/ It’s really therapeutic/It’s a great stress buster
Note
My favorite hobby is play the guitar → My favorite hobby is playing the guitar
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Question: What do you dislike about X?
Sample question
● What do you dislike about having meals at restaurants?
● What do you dislike about parties?
● What don’t you like about your job?
How to answer
● Identify which aspects of the topic you don’t like - name just one or two things
● Describe the degree of dislike you have for them
● Give examples why you don’t like them
Sample answer
Q: What do you dislike about parties?
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A: Well, I generally enjoy the parties I go to, but there are few things I don’t like. I don’t like all the drinking
that usually happens, and I’m not keen on meeting lots of new people at parties. If there are too many
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strangers at a party, I find myself having the same conversation again and again…
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Useful phrases/structures:
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Useful expressions of dislike
● I don’t like…/don’t enjoy
● I’m not keen on V-ing
● I’m not really a fan of something
● I’m not interested in Noun/ I have Noun
● I can’t stand N/V-ing
Degrees of dislike words and phrases
● I absolutely hate…
● I don’t really like…
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● I don’t really enjoy it…
● I can’t stand…
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● I really don’t like… St
● I strongly dislike…
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Practice questions
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1. What don’t you like about your job?
2. What’s the worst thing about shopping?

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3. Is there anything you don’t like about your school/studies?

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4. What type of weather do you dislike?
5. Is there anything you don’t like about your hometown?
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Vocabulary Discovery: Leisure Time

➢ New words
● Free time = leisure time = spare time: thời gian rảnh rỗi
● Recreational adj. Tính giải trí
● Appeal v. Hấp dẫn
● Weight lifting n. Cử tạ
● Skydiving n. Nhảy dù
● Immerse (v) (oneself in) đắm chìm vào
● Workload n. Khối lượng công việc
● Unwind v. Thư giãn
● Nerve-racking adj. Căng thẳng
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● Hectic adj. Rất bận rộn
● Gardening v. Làm vườn
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● Peaceful adj. Bình yên
●
●
Relaxed adj. Thư giãn
Pastime n. Trò tiêu khiển, sự giải trí
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Amusement n. Sự giải trí
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●
● Idle adj/v. Nhàn rỗi
● Outgoing adj. (Người) hướng ngoại
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● Moviegoer n. Người hay đi xem phim

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● Leisure pursuits n. Thú vui theo đuổi

● Personal preference: Sở thích cá nhân
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➢ Phrasal verb
● Take up = to start
● Take part in = join in = participate
● Get into = enjoy
● Have a go at = try
● Bring forward = change the date/time of an event so it happens earlier
● Put off = delay, postpone
● Pull out = stop being involved in an activity
➢ Idiom/Collocation
● Take on new challenges: đón nhận những thử thách mới
● Surf the internet: lướt web
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● Spend time with family: dành thời gian cho gia đình
● Out of comfort zone: ra khỏi vùng an toàn
● To be a fan of something: thích gì đó
● Have a crack at = to try/to give something a try: thử cái gì
● Go out/Hang out with friends: ra ngoài với bạn bè
● A piece of cake (idiom): dễ như ăn kẹo
● Once in a blue moon (idiom): hiếm khi
● Up to the ears (idiom): bận ngập đầu
● To blow off some steam (idiom): giải tỏa căng thẳng
➢ Practice:
1.4 Match sentence beginnings 1-4 with sentence endings a-d, using a suitable connecting word. There
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are several possible answers.
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1. I’m a big fan of K-pop AND a. My friends don’t really like it either.
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2. I sometimes enjoy mountain BUT b. I prefer staying at home
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climbing
3. I don’t like spending money SO c. It’s really exciting

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4. I’m not really interested in BECAUSE d. I prefer watersports
watching football on TV
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1.5 Complete your own table using the same connecting words.
AND
BUT
SO
BECAUSE
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1.6 Complete the sentences. Try to give THREE reasons for your answer.
1. I’m really into swimming. I like it because _____________________, _____________________ and
_____________________ .
2. I enjoy watching football on TV. I enjoy it because _____________________, _____________________ and
_____________________ .
3. I’m fond of reading books on my sofa. I love it because _____________________, _____________________
and _____________________ .
4. I’m a big fan of Korean movies. This is because _____________________, _____________________ and
_____________________ .
5. I hate _______________________ because _____________________, _____________________ and
_____________________ .
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1.7 Now work in pairs, practice asking and answering the following questions. Try to use the above
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techniques and useful vocabulary. To get ready, you can find most suitable words to fill in the gaps
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below:
Speaking Part 1
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1. What do you do in your free time?

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Suggested answer: Well, you know, I’m a fan of _________ so I’ve been doing it _______ (time). I find that
__________ really helps me to ___________ and __________ .

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2. Do you think hobbies are important?

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Suggested answer: With today's modern lifestyles, I feel like work and study are the nerve-racking part
of our lives/People are always up to ears with work and deadlines. Therefore, I feel like/I think my
hobbies are ______________ . We all need to blow off some steam so that ______________ .
3. Which hobby do you like to try in the future?
Suggested answer: So I have [your fear/what you have hesitated to do for years]. So as crazy as it may
seem, I really want to try ___________. Because I just simply want/just wanna try something that is out of
my comfort zone.
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Speaking Part 2
Describe a leisure activity you do with your family
You should say:
● What it is
● When you do it
● Where you do it
And explain how you feel about it
Brainstorm your ideas and make your own note:
What it is Fishing (what are some tools your family need to prepare? Where do you get that?)
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Cooking together (what are ingredients/ is it easy for you to buy all the ingredients?/
who will be responsible for each step? Talk about the taste of the dish)
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Watching news/a movie together (what kind of film genres does your family enjoy
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watching? How did your family set up for the movie night? Do you prepare snacks?
Are your family discussing the film while watching it?)

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Play board game/Play card/monopoly/crosswords/chess/sliding puzzles/lego (briefly
describe how the card or board game look like, what can you learn from the game,
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do your family have fun? Do all the members enjoy the game? Who is more likely to
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be the winner?)
Painting
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Riding bikes together
Having a picnic
Flying kites
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When you do it Every Lunar New Year/Tet holiday
Every Sundays
Public holidays: ….
Every weekends
And briefly explain why:
- …
- …
Where you do it Yard behind our house
A lake nearby
In our living room/kitchen
A homestay in suburb area
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A fancy hotel
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-…
-…
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How you feel [Try to use adjective or adverb to give the answer]
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- I always look forward to spending time ________________ with my family
- It is worth it …
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- It is really helpful for…

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- It helps
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Speaking Part 3
1. Do people like to spend their leisure time out in your country?
Suggested answer: try to answer “it depends” then give two opposite groups to show off your vocabulary!
=> I think/guess it’s a matter of personal preference. A lot of people would definitely opt for ___________.
But at the same time, many would prefer to ___________ to ___________. Also, ___________ would be a
significant contributor to people’s choice of pastimes. If ___________, a lot of people would definitely
___________.
2. How do people spend their leisure time in your country?
Suggested answer: remember to paraphrase as much as possible!
=> Wll, the leisure and recreational activities in my country vary greatly depending on their age, social
classes, or genders. However, there are some pastimes that are more famous than others. For indoor
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amusements, ___________, ___________, ___________ or ___________ are quite common. Meanwhile, ___________,
___________ and ___________ are some popular outdoor leisure pursuits.
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3. How does technology affect the way people spend their leisure time?
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Suggested answer: try to make a comparison between now and then to extend your answer. Be careful
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with tenses!
=> It has had an immense impact on how we entertain, to my mind. Back in the days, people had
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______________________. But now, with the development of technology/thanks to technological
advancement, people have endless choices of pastimes, such as ___________, ___________ or ___________. This
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makes people become more idle and passive when it comes to having fun.
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4. Do you think only old people have time for leisure?
=> I definitely do not think so/I totally agree with this…
[Here is suggested answer for those who disagree with the statement]
I think people from all age demographics can and should have leisure time. [Giving benefits of hobbies]
Resting and relaxing is crucial for ___________ and ___________. Our bodies and minds need time to unwind
so that ___________. Some might say they are always up to the ears that they don’t have time to entertain,
but I think it’s a matter of priority. ____________________________________________ (give reasons).
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5. Do men and women enjoy the same leisure activities?
=> Suggested answer: I don’t think so. I believe that men and women are born with distinct
characteristics and personalities; therefore, their choices of leisure activities also differ from each
other. For example, while men tend to be involved in ___________, women prefer ___________ or ___________.
[try to use language of compare and contrast]
6. Are there types of leisure activities that are as popular today as those that were popular when
your parents were young?
=> Suggested answer: I think the popularity of different leisure activities has changed. For example, when
our parents were young, ______________________ . Today, ______________________ have grown equally popular
because of/thanks to ___________ and ___________.
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UNIT 2
Language Study: Comparatives Practice
2.1. Choose the correct answer
1. Winters in Greece are more warm/ warmer than in Russia.
2. Living in the country isn’t as/ more interesting as living in the city.
3. Yesterday, the sea was colder as/ than it was today.
4. Life in the city is expensive/ more expensive than life in the village.
5. The climate of the planet is getting more warm/ warmer every year.
6. The river Nile is longer than/ from the Volga.
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7. The buildings in my city aren’t so tall/ taller as those in New York.
8. Life in that village is more relaxing/ relaxing than in the city.
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2.2. Fill in the blank with suitable words St
1. Is Moscow _________ (big) than London?
2. I think that having picnics in the forest is as _________ (enjoyable) as going for a walk.
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3. This is a _________ (pretty) beach than the one on the other side of the island.
4. The weather today is a lot _________ (bad) than it was a month ago.
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5. The Dnieper isn’t as __________ (wide) as the Volga, is it?

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6. Life in small towns isn’t as __________ (busy) as in big cities.
7. Their country house is _________ (far) away than ours.

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8. George doesn’t like living here as much as his ________ (old) brother, Ken, does.
2.3 Fill in the blank to complete the paragraph
When Mum was (1) ________ (young), her dream was to go and live in her grandfather’s village home. The
winters there aren’t as (2) ________ (cold) as they are in the city and life is (3) ________ (relaxed); nobody is in a
hurry. She liked the fact that people in the village weren’t (4) ________ (busy), and they enjoyed their time with
friends and neighbors (5) ________ (much) than people in the city. She also thought that going for walks in the
countryside was (6) _________ (exciting) than going to the cinema or shopping. But now that she’s (7) _________
(old), she thinks that some other things are (8) _________ (important). For example, in the city, hospitals are (9)
_________ (good) and life in general is (10) _________ (easy) than it is in the village.
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2.4. Choose the correct answer to complete the paragraph
Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and it is (1) the busier/ the busiest city in the country. It has one of (2)
the most large/ the largest geographic area of all the cities in the western world. About 21 million people
live there and that’s one of (3) biggest/ the biggest populations anywhere in the world. The traffic might be
bad in your town, but don’t worry - it’s not (4) worse/ the worst. Rich people take helicopters to stay off the
busy roads in Mexico City! But there is (5) better/ best news - Mexico City has the (6) older/ oldest university
in America, it is the (7) most rich/ richest city in South America, and it has (8) the higher/ the highest
number of museums of any city in the world.
2.5. Fill in the blank to complete the paragraph
California’s Death Valley is one of the world’s (1) _________ (strange) places, but it is also one of the (2) _________
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(popular) places for tourists to visit. It was discovered and named in the 19th century when people were
trying to find a way across the United States to the Pacific Ocean. It was certainly the (3) ______ (hard) journey
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you can imagine, and Death Valley was the (4) ________ (difficult) part. Not many people got through it, and
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there’s no surprise. Here are some of the (7) ________ (hot) place on Earth. The (8) ________ (low) point in North
America is also here, at Badwater Basin, 85.5 meters below sea level. Death Valley was also the location for
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Zabriskie Point, one of Antonioni’s (9) _______ (famous) films. Today, many tourists come here to see the
desert and feel the heat, but (10) ________ (many) of them come at the (11) ________ (cool) time of year in early
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spring. That’s the (12) _________ (good) time to go there because the temperature is too high at other times.
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2.6. Complete the paragraphs by using given words
Large lowx3 highx4
The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five
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countries in 2002.
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Overall, the _________ proportion of consumer spending in each country went to food, drinks and tobacco. On
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the other hand, the leisure/education category has the _________ percentages in the table.
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably ________ in Turkey,
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at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also _______
in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly _______ in Italy, at 9%, than
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in any of the other countries.
It can be seen that Sweden had the ________ percentages of national consumer expenditure for
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food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly
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________ figures for these categories, but the ______ figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.
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IELTS Task: Listening

The IELTS Listening test is the same for both the Academic and General Training modules. Candidates will
listen to a tape/CD and answer a series of questions. The tape will be played ONCE only. The Listening test is
in 4 sections with 10 questions in each (i.e. a total of 40 questions), in order of increasing difficulty. The
Listening test will last for about 30 minutes with an extra 10 minutes at the end to transfer answers to the
answer sheet.
Speech styles
Survival English occurs in Part 1 and Part 2 of the Listening test whereas academic English is used in Parts 3
and 4
Each of the four sections of the IELTS Listening test focuses on a different type of speech, as shown below:
Section 1: A social or transactional dialogue (2 speakers)
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Section 2: A talk or short speech on a general topic (1 speaker)
Section 3: A conversation in an academic context (2-4 speakers)
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Section 4: An academic lecture (1 speaker) St
Question type
The Listening test measures how well candidates can listen for main ideas, specific information, supporting
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information, facts and opinions.
A variety of questions types are found:

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● Multiple choice
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● Form/Gap filling
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● Short answer
● Sentence completion
● True/False/Not given
● Notes/Diagram/Summary/Flow-chart completion
● Finding the location (on a map)
The variety of question types means that candidates sometimes need to write the answers of their own
instead of simply choosing the right answers. This is important because in such cases, they also need to spell
correctly or the answers will be marked wrong. Even a small error can cause them to lose marks. For
example, if the answer is hat and they write hats, it may be marked wrong.
Candidates also have to make sure they include the correct information. If the answer is green hats and they
write only hats, they may also lose points.
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➢ IELTS Listening tips
● The accents of the speakers on the tape are primarily British
● Get used to the way letters and numbers are pronounced in British (and American) English.
● The expressions used also tend to be taken from British rather than American English
● Learn to distinguish opinion from fact
● Follow instructions very carefully
● The questions follow the oral text
● Familiarize yourself with diagrams, graphs, flow charts, bar charts, and pie charts
Marking criteria
When marking the speaking category, examiners use detailed performance descriptors which describe
spoken performance at each of the 9 IELTS bands. Examiners award a band score for each of the following
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four criterion areas:
1. Fluency and Coherence
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2. Lexical Resource St
3. Grammatical Range and Accuracy
4. Pronunciation
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Fluency refers to speaking continuously without stopping, and Coherence means organizing speech in a
logical way. Lexical Resource refers to using words which are varied and appropriate for the subject.
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Grammatical Range and Accuracy refers to the use of correct grammar and variation of grammatical usage.
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Pronunciation refers to speaking in a manner which is easily understood.
These four criteria are weighed equally. The examiner gives you a whole-number subscore for each of these,
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and then calculates the average of the four.
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Catching key words and analyzing paraphrasing words
★ Key words
When you search the Internet, you type a word into the web browser. That word is a keyword. The browser
will search all the web pages on the Internet for that word or a related word.
Similarly, you can use keywords to help you on the IELTS. You identify a key word in the questions and
answers and then search the passage for that word or a related word.
Key words will help you focus your attention on what is important when you read or when you listen. If you
look and listen for a keyword or a related word, you will be able to find the answer to the question faster.
Key words can be any part of speech, but they are usually nouns, verbs, and modifiers. They answer the
questions: who, what, when, where, why and how.
Tip: Read the questions before you listen. Identify a keyword, and then listen for the key word or related
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word in the passage. Pay attention to the words following the key word or related word.
🎧 Before you listen to the audio, read the incomplete notes below. The key words have been underlined
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for you. Then listen to the audio and follow along with the audio text. As you listen to the audio, note the
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underlined key words or related words.
Complete the notes below

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Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

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Apartments
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Luxury Towers Parkview Apartments Main Street Apartments
top floor apartment: - ground floor - smallest and most 5.

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- has a 1. apartments have a 3. __________________
__________________ __________________
- one available 4.
all apartments: __________________
- large living room
- separate 2.
__________________
- eat-in kitchen
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Audio text:
Woman: Our agency has quite a few apartments listed in your price range. So a lot will depend on
which part of the city you are interested in.
Man: I'd prefer not to be too far from downtown, or at least close to the subway.
Woman: That gives us several options. You may like Luxury Towers. There are several vacant
apartments there now. There is one on the top floor that has a view that's quite spectacular.
You can see the harbor very clearly from there.
Man: Great. How big is the apartment?
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Woman: All the apartments in the building are quite spacious, and in addition to a large living room,
each also has a separate dining room as well as an eat-in kitchen.
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Man: I'd definitely like to visit Luxury Towers. But I'd like to look in other buildings, too.
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Woman: Parkview Apartments will have some vacancies soon. All the ground floor apartments there
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have a small patio, which is a very nice feature.
Man: Will any of the ground floor apartments be vacant soon?

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Woman: Yes, there will be one available next month. Now, if you'd like to be right downtown, I can
show you some

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apartments on Main Street.
Man: Yes, I'd like to see them.
Woman: They're the smallest apartments I have to show you, but despite that, they're also the most
expensive,
because of the location, you know.
Man: I think it's still worth looking at.
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Explanation
1. Answer: View. The categories of the notes Luxury Towers and top floor are keywords. Listen for
the answer to question 1 in the discussion of the top floor apartment in Luxury Towers. The
words right before the blanks are also key words. For question 1, the key word is ‘has’, so listen
for the answer near that word
2. Answer: dining room. Question 2 comes under the category of all apartments, so listen for the
answer to that question during the discussion of all apartments in Luxury Towers. Then listen for
the key word separately. The speaker mentions a separate dining room.
3. Answer: small patio. The key words Parkview Apartments and ground floor apartments signal in
which part of the conversation to listen for the answer to this question. Listen for the exact
answer near the keyword that comes right near the blank, in this case, ‘have’. The speaker says:
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All the ground floor apartments there have a small patio… .
4. Answer: next month. Listen for the key word ‘available’. The speaker says: …there will be one
available next month
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5. Answer: expensive. In the discussion of Main Street Apartments, listen for the key word ‘most’.
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The speaker says: … they’re also the most expensive…
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★ Language development
2.7 Match 1-4 with their synonyms A-D
1. Order A. Up-to-date
2. Explain B. Talk someone through something
3. Recent C. Get something in
4. Refill D. Top something up
2.8 Complete the sentences in two ways: with both the words 1-4 and the synonyms A-D in Exercise 2.7.
Make any necessary changes.
● If you cannot see the book on the shelves, we would be happy to ____ the book for you
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● The magazines on this rack are the most ____ ones we have; they are all from last week.
● When the photocopier runs out of paper, you can ____ it with this paper here.
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● There are a lot of facilities here so if you need more information, I will ____ further.
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Paraphrase sentences
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2.9 Complete the sentences below using a different form of the word in the bracket. Write no more
than three words

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There is no one best way to revise for an exam. (possible)

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→ It is ________________ define a single best study method
Getting to know yourself and how you study best is essential to your success (valuable)
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→ If you know your study habits, it ________________ your success
Working at a steady pace, rather than cramming is one key to success (steady)
→ You should ________________ instead of cramming in order to be successful
Rather than just reading your notes, you are more likely to remember information if you can connect it
together logically. (likely)
→ The ________________ remembering information will increase if you connect information together, instead of
just reading notes.
Sleep is an essential part of studying effectively as it keeps your brain alert during the day (concentrate)
→ In order to study effectively, keep your ________________ ensuring you get enough sleep.
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🎧 2.10 Listen to a talk about a library and answer the questions

1. Is the talk for new students or second-year students?
2.11
a. Read the question and underline what you are listening for
What was added to the library during the holidays?
b. Read the options. Write some alternative ways of saying options A-C
A. Relaxation areas
B. Study spaces
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C. New IT equipment
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c. Read the excerpt from the audio script. What is the answer to Exercise 2.11a
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During the summer, some changes have been made to make the library even better for you all.
We’ve always had some of the best IT services around, and now you’ll find these on the 2nd
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instead of the 3rd floor. We’ve also added a more informal area in front of the study spaces on
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the ground floor. Here you’ll be able to chat with your friends, have a coffee and take a break
from your hard work.

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d. Look again at the audio script in Exercise c and answer the questions
1. Did the audio script use any of the same words as the answer options (A,B,C)?
2. Were any of the options (A,B,C) expressed differently in the audio script?
3. What can this tell us about answering these types of questions?
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2.12
a. Read the question below. What other ways can you say the underlined part? Which word(s) cannot
be changed?
Choose TWO services the students need their library card for
b. Read below given options to answer the above question. Think of some synonyms to paraphrase
them.
A. Borrow books
B. Use private study areas
C. Print an essay
D. Access the journal archives
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E. Pay fines
c. Listen to the library talk again and answer the question in Exercise 2.12a
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___________
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d. Look at the audio script and discuss the questions
Narrator You are going to hear a librarian giving a talk to some students. Listen and answer the
questions.
Felicity ello everyone. My name’s Felicity Moore and I’m the head of library services here at the
Moore niversity. During the summer, some changes have been made to make the library even
etter for you all. We’ve always had some of the best IT services around, and now you’ll find
ese on the 2nd instead of the 3rd floor. We’ve also added a more informal area in front of
e study spaces on the ground floor. Here you’ll be able to chat with your friends, have a
offee and take a break from your hard work.
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ow, you’ll be getting your library card latter today, but before that I’m just going to talk you
rough the facilities we have here. We have three floors of books and if we don’t have what
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ou want, we’re happy to get it in for you from another library. Now, usually you’ll need your
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ard when taking out books, but we understand the pressure of deadlines. As long as you
ave your student number, and some ID, that’ll do. But, you’’ be unable to use the automatic
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achines; you’ll need to come to the desk. We also have a range of journals which can be
ccessed; the most up-to-date ones are just past the reception desk. However, if you want
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der versions, they’re on the top floor and you’ll have to swipe your library card to get into
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e room. All the PCs are on the second floor, just log in with the email and password you
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ere given by IT services. When you want to print, you just pay directly on the printer. It
ores any work you send, just access it via the screens on the printer and there’s a payment
ot. We used to have a system where payment would go through your library card, but this
dn’t work as smoothly as we liked. Just make sure you have changed! Now, your library
ard is still important as it can access a lot of services for you. It can be used to reserve an
ppointment with a learning tutor. These are absolutely free and are available every morning
etween 10.00 and 12.00. Not every library has this, so please do take advantage of it. Also,
ou’ll have to use your card to book one of the quiet rooms for when you want to work
ithout distraction. These are all on the third floor at the back. Any questions so far?
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1. Where can you find the answers to Exercise 3a?
2. How many answers were expressed with synonyms? Did you get these correct?
3. Did you choose any wrong options? Can you identify in the audio script why you thought it was
correct and why it is wrong?
Listening to numbers and alphabet
In the IELTS test, you are often asked to complete part of a form by writing a number of a name which is
spelled for you.
🎧 2.13 Listen to eight speakers and decide if each name or number is written correctly (✅) or
incorrectly (❌)
Romney Fawcett
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Cairns 15 cents
Bragg 0726 05791
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Jekyll St 30 Lower Road
🎧 2.14 Work in pairs. Spell out these names and read these numbers to each other. Then listen to
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check your answers
Bracken Vernon
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Gower 17
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Jeremy 01950 674236
Pollard 31st
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🎧 2.15 Listen and circle the numbers you hear. Then match them with their written forms
18 13 15 30 80 40 14 50
fifteen thirteen eighteen fourteen fifty forty eighty thirty
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🎧 2.16 Now listen to these sentences and write down the numbers you hear
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________
5. ________
2.17 Listen to the following conversations and choose the correct letter A, B or C 🎧 2.17a - 2.17b
i. A. McKeon B. McEwan C. MacKeon
ii. A. Westbourne B. Westerborne C. Westbourne
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Vocabulary Discovery: Sports

➢ New words
● Athletics n. Điền kinh
● Fierce adj. Khốc liệt, dữ đội
● Billiards n. Môn bi-da
● Backstroke n. Bơi ngửa
● Kicking shuttlecock: đá cầu
● Motivate v. truyền cảm hứng, động lực
● Refresh v. làm khỏe người, làm tỉnh táo
● Sweat v. đổ mồ hôi
● Regularly adv. Thường xuyên
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● Relieve v. làm dịu đi, làm mất đi
● Socialize v. hòa nhập xã hội
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● Strenuous adj. Căng thẳng, vất cả, đòi hỏi nhiều sự cố gắng
●
●
Back pain n. Cơn đau ở lưng
Competitive adj. Có tính cạnh tranh
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● Enjoyable adj. Thú vị, thích thú
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● Injury n. Vết thương

● The king of sports n. Môn thể thao vua
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● Sports facilities: thiết bị để luyện tập thể thao

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● Penalty shootout n. Loạt đá luân lưu

➢ Phrasal verb
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● Take up = start doing

● Work out = do sport
● Turn up = arrive/be present
● Give up = quit/stop doing
● Get by = do the minimum
● Work on = dedicate time to
● Warm up = prepare
● Kick off = to start/to begin
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● Keep sb in shape: giữ cho (cơ thể) ai cân đối
● Keep fit: giữ dáng chuẩn
● Reduce stress: giảm căng thẳng
● Make friend: kết bạn
● Expand network: mở rộng vòng tròn mối quan hệ
● Set a record: đạt kỷ lục
● To go jogging: đi bộ thể dục
● Lose a match: thua trận
● Do wonder for: có lợi cho
● Lower the risk of serious diseases: làm giảm nguy cơ
● Have good effect on someone health
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● Boost competitiveness: tăng tính cạnh tranh
● To have a crack at (=to try): thử cái gì
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● Promote team spirit: thúc đẩy tinh thần đồng đội
●
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Live sports match: tường thuật các trận đấu trực tiếp
● Mainstream sports: những môn thể thao phổ biến
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● Have a passion for sth: đam mê (làm) một điều gì đó

● Acquire a taste for something: bắt đầu thích cái gì đó
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● Beyond all expectations: trên cả kì vọng

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● On the home stretch (idiom): chỉ một việc gì đó sắp hoàn thành
● Strike out (idiom): thất bại
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● Cup of tea (idiom): sở thích
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➢ Practice
Speaking Part 1
1. Do you like playing sports?
=> Suggested answer: Remember to extend your answer by giving reasons, giving benefits of playing
sports
● I think I’m a big fan of sports though I’m not good at it. My favorite one is ______________ . I can
______________ and ______________ when I do sports. Practicing a sport regularly does wonder for my
health. It helps to ______________ and ______________, also keeps me in shape. And last but not least,
it __________________________________________ after a long day of hard work.
● I think I’m not a big fan of sports because …
2. What sports are popular in your country?
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=> Suggested answer:
● I guess in Vietnam right now, it’s _____________. I think _____________ is now considered the king of
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sports/it acquired its reputation for the king of sports. It’s very _____________ to play. All you need
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is/are _____________. And I think this is a (competitive) sport, it can be very _____________ (adj) to
watch and play.

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● Many people prefer _____________ than any kinds of sports because of the animating atmosphere it
brings back.
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3. Do you think it is important to play a sport?

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Of course, I think it’s essential for _____________ (group of people) to take up a sport. Playing sports brings
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great benefits to your health/body. It helps __________________________ such as _____________ or/and
_____________. Anyway, at the end of the day, you need to take good care of your body so that _____________.
4. What sport would you like to try in the future?
=> Suggested answer: Be careful with grammar. Try to use conditional clauses for these questions.
There are many sports that I would like.I would love to have a crack at/to try, but if I have to choose one,
that would be __________________________ . (Since I was ….) I have always dreamt of _____________. I can’t
imagine myself _____________ and _____________ . That would be absolutely amazing…
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5. Do you like watching sports programmes on TV?
Yes, I’m definitely a sports enthusiast/sports lover so I watch a lot of them. …
Yes, but just once in a blue moon/just sometimes because I’m not a big fan of sport, but I do like ________.
It’s exciting to watch on TV,...
Well, to be honest, watching sports is not really my cup of tea because I find it boring. I prefer sparing
my leisure time to pursue other interests like _____________ or _____________.
6. Do you prefer watching or playing sports?
=> Suggested answer: Be careful with comparison
Absolutely I’d prefer engaging in some sport activities rather than to sit still/sit in a dump place to watch
others having fun. I find that playing sports helps us to __________________________ and _____________. It also
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_____________. I believe that sports also teach us about _____________ and how to _____________.
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Speaking Part 2 St
Task card #1: Describe your favorite sports
You should say:

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● What is the name of sports?
How did you first know about it?

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● How often do you practice it?

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And explain why you like it?

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Brainstorm your ideas and make your own note here:
What is the name of the sport? Lead-in: I would like to talk about a sport that I particularly enjoy
________ has always been my all-time favorite sport
I’ve been participating it for years, since I was ___________
I’m a big fan of ___________
How did you first know about it? - Teenage years, after school
- A stress buster
=> fell in love/started to take up
How often do you practice? - Past: on a daily basis/__________
- Present: whenever free, mostly at weekend/__________
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Why you like it - Give me a sense of excitement/freshness (speed, try to
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make comparison between sports)
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- Health benefits:
+ Physical: resilience, strengthen heart

an
+ Mental: release endorphins, happy

ic
er
Am
40
Task card #2: Describe a live sports match that you have watched.
You should say:
● What it was
● When you watched it
● Why you watched it
and how you felt about it.
Note: Remember to use past tenses for the answer and using story-telling technique
What it was The one which left the deepest impression on me was the ____________ match
back in my university
dy
- The final of the AFC U-23 championship in Changzhou - China
- Football match at my highschool/university
u
When you watch it -
St
It dates back to (time) ago when …
- This was the time when…

an
Why you watch it Because I was denied the opportunity to join the team, so I decided to…
Because I got injured right before the match, so I…

ic
Because I simply prefer…

er
Because it was an important match…

Am
How you felt about it The match left me memorable moments until now
Made me feel proud
I was disappointed because…
I felt…
It was heartbroken because…
41
Speaking Part 3
1. Should people be encouraged more to take up a sport?
=> suggested answer:
Definitely yes, the most important reason is that __________________________ . Indeed, in modern world,
people tend to suffer from high level of stress/people are occupied with tasks, so this activity allow them
to __________________________ and __________________________. Another reason is snticipating that sports will
allow people to __________________________, which means they can __________________________.
2. Which sports do you think is best for people who aren’t used to physical activities?
From my point of view/From my perspective, these kind of people won’t prefer strenuous exercise, so
__________________________ would be a great choice/the best choice because this sport
dy
__________________________. Also, __________________________ regularly help people to keep fit and have a good
effect on their health. People who aren’t used to physical activities can also choose
u
__________________________, which is easy to take up and after __________________________, they can feel
St
__________________________.
3. Is there any violence at sporting events in your country?

an
Generally speaking, such violence is very rare/common in my country.

ic
Disputes among fans are quite common and most of the time they are verbal rather than physical. They
er
often take social networking platforms such as _______ or _______ to criticize their rivals. I can recall a very
unfortunate event that took place… [giving a brief story]

Am
4. What benefits do international sporting events bring?
I believe/am of the opinion that hosting international sporting games is a great opportunity for countries
to ______________ and ______________. [Giving explanation/reasons/example] Such an event/prestigious
events can encourage/boost _____________________. This could benefit _____________________.
42
5. Is it important for a country to win lots of medals?
I believe that every country wants/desires to win as many trophies as possible because it represents
______________. Being at the top of the medal count is _____________________, but I think that it is absolutely
necessary. Participating in international sporting events such as _______ is often ______________ for many
nations. A few medals could be ______________. The most important thing is actually ______________, not the
number of medals they have won.
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
43
UNIT 3
Language Study: Relative Clause
➢ Introduction
There are two types of relative clauses
1. Defining relative clauses
2. Non-defining relative clauses
➢ Defining relative clauses
These describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. A
clause of this kind is essential to clear understanding of the noun.
dy
The boy who was playing is my brother.
Defining Relative Pronouns
u
SUBJECT
St OBJECT POSSESSIVE
For people Who whom/ who whose

an
That that
ic
For things Which which Whose

er
That That Of which

Am
Defining Relative Clauses: People
A. Subject: who or that
Who is normally used:
➔ The man who robbed you has been arrested.
➔ The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters.
But that is a possible alternative after all, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody and those: Everyone
who/that knew him liked him.
➔ Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it.
44
B. Object of a verb: whom, who or that
The object form is whom, but it is considered very formal. In spoken English we normally use who or that
(that being more usual than who), and it is still more common to omit the object pronoun altogether:
➔ The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
➔ The man who I saw told me to come back today.
➔ The man that I saw told me to come back today.
➔ The man I saw told me to come back today.
C. With a preposition: whom or that
In formal English the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun, which must then be put into the form
whom:
➔ The man to whom I spoke…
dy
In informal speech, however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause. Whom then is
often replaced by that, but it is still more common to omit the relative altogether: The man who/whom I
u
spoke to… St
➔ The man that I spoke to…
an
➔ The man I spoke to…
D. Possessive
ic
Whose is the only possible form:

er
➔ People whose rents have been raised can appeal.
➔ The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.

Am
Short answers
To make short answers:
● we use the verb to be (am/is/are/was/were) for Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous,
Past Continuous and Going To questions.
● We use the verb have (have/has/had) for Present Perfect and Past Perfect questions.
We use will for Future Simple questions.
45
Defining Relative Clauses: Things
A. Subject: Either which or that. Which is more formal.
➔ This is the picture which/that caused such a sensation.
➔ The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
Which or that or no relative at all.
➔ The car which/that I hired broke down.
➔ The car I hired broke down.
Which is hardly ever used after all, everything, little, much, none, no and compounds of no, or after
superlatives. Instead we use that, or omit the relative altogether, if it is the object of a verb: All the apples that
fall are eaten by the pigs.
➔ This is the best hotel (that) I know.
dy
C. Object of a preposition
u
The formal construction is preposition + which, but it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the
St
clause, using which or that or omitting the relative altogether:
➔ The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.

an
➔ The ladder which/that I was standing on began to slip. The ladder I was standing on began to slip.
D. Possessive
ic
Whose + a clause is possible but with + a phrase is more usual:

er
● a house whose walls were made of glass
● a house with glass walls

Am
E. Relative adverbs: when, where, why
Note that when can replace in/on which (used of time):
● the year when (= in which) he was born
● the day when (= in which) they arrived
Where can replace in/at which (used of place):
● the hotel where (= in/at which) they were staying
Why can replace for which:
● the reason why he refused is…
‘When, where and why’ used in this way are called relative adverbs.
46
➢ Non-defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are already definite. They do not therefore define
the noun. But merely add something to it by giving some more information about it. They are not essential in
the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion. They are separated from their nouns by
commas. The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining relative clause.
● The boy who was playing is my brother.
Non-Defining Relative Pronouns
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
For Who whom/ who whose
people That that
dy
For Which which Whose
u
things That That Of which
St
Non-Defining Relative Clauses: People
an
A. Subject: who
No other pronoun is possible. Note the commas:

ic
➔ My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year.
er
➔ Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.
Am
B. Object: whom, who
The pronoun cannot be omitted. Whom is the correct form, though who is sometimes used in conversation:
➔ Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.
47
C. Object of a preposition: whom
The pronoun cannot be omitted. The preposition is normally placed before whom:
➔ Mr Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments.
It is however possible to move the preposition to the end of the clause. This is commonly done in
conversation, and who then usually takes the place of whom:
➔ Mr Jones, who I was working for,was very generous about overtime payments.
➔ If the clause contains an expression of time or place, this will remain at the end:
➔ Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me.
could become:
➔ Peter, who/whom I played tennis with on Sundays, was fitter than me.
D. Possessive: whose
dy
➔ Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
u
➔ This is George, whose class you will be taking.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses: Things

St
A. Subject: which
an
That is not used here:
➔ That block, which cost £5 million to build, has been empty for years.
ic
➔ The 8.15 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today.
er
B. Object: which
➔ That is not used here, and which can never be omitted.

Am
➔ She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.
➔ These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need.
C. Object of a preposition
The preposition comes before which, or (more informally) at the end of the clause:
➔ Ashdown Forest, through which we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.
➔ Ashdown Forest, which we’ll be driving through, isn’t a forest any longer.
➔ His house, for which he paid £10,000, is now worth £50,000.
➔ His house, which he paid £10,000 for, is now worth £50,000.
48
D. Possessive: whose or of which
Whose is generally used both for animals and things. Of which is possible for things, but it is unusual except
in very formal English.
➔ His house, whose windows are all broken, was a depressing sight.
➔ The car, whose handbrake wasn’t very reliable, began to slide backwards.
3.1 Complete the sentences with “that” whenever it is possible. Write an X in the spaces where the
relative pronoun isn’t necessary.
Use the other suitable pronouns (whose/ where/ when/ what/ why/ whom) in the other spaces.
1. They’re interviewing the woman ________ house that was burgled last night.
2. I’ve just finished seeing the movie _______ you suggested watching. It’s great!
dy
3. This is _________ happens when you travel around the world without booking any hotel.
4. Jim McAdams is the boy _________ was picked for the photography competition.
u
5. Are those the people ________ you are waiting for?
St
6. I really don’t know _________ you insist on doing the shopping on Saturday afternoon.
an
7. Bologna is the city _________ I was born in.
8. Many centuries ago, _________ this city was just a small village, there was a river here.
ic
9. This is the guesthouse _________ we stayed when we were in Dublin.
10. Who brought the ice-cream ________ is in the freezer?

er
11. Did you listen to __________ I said?

Am
12. A person _________ purpose for success is referred to as ambitious.
13. This is the man to _________ I owe my life.
14. Sometimes you might not find it in the color ________ you like the best.
49
3.2 Fill in the blank to complete the paragraph
When I think of the people (1) ________ have had an important role in my life, I can’t help thinking about my
first teacher, (2) _________ name was Ellen Grant. Every morning, (3) ________ I and the other pupils got into the
class, she used to greet us one by one and spend about 10 minutes asking us (4) __________ we had done the
day before. Then, she would tell us about the nice things (5) _________ had happened to her. Her life was quite
simple and uneventful, but she was able to turn every single day into an entertaining story (6) __________ we
were all keen to listen to. It was only much later that I realized how effective that little trick was in making her
lessons so pleasant: school was the place (7) ________ we had fun while learning because Miss Grant, (8)
________ had a great sense of humor, made every class a unique experience. I guess this is (9) ________ in the
following years I never felt that school was a boring place (10) _________ had to go to.
3.3 Complete the conversation by putting who or which into the gaps
dy
Carol: Did you watch that programme last night?
David: Which one?
u
Carol: The programme which I mentioned a couple of days ago. It’s a new series __________ started last night.
St
David: No, I didn’t see it. Was it good?
an
Carol: Yes. It was about a group of friends __________ were at school together. Well, Rupert ...
David: Who was Rupert?

ic
Carol: He was an old student of the school __________ had become a doctor. He went to a party __________ his
old teachers organized. He met a lot of people __________ had been at school with him many years before.
er
They talked about the things __________ they did when they were at school. Then suddenly, Rupert saw an old
Am
girl-friend __________ was dancing with John ...
David: Don’t tell me any more. It’s getting too complicated!
50
3.4 Join these sentences using who, which or that, as in the example
a. She chose the books. She wanted to buy them. She chose the books that she wanted to buy.
b. We ate the sandwiches. Jack made them.
c. I’m doing some work. I have to finish it today.
d. She’s an old woman. I often see her when I go to the shop.
e. He’s an actor. A lot of people like him.
dy
f. It’s a magazine. I read it sometimes.
u
→
St
g. She was wearing a red dress. She wears it for parties.
→
an
3.5 Complete the sentences with one of the phrases in the box and who or whose
Interviewed me Has visited so many different countries

ic
er
Had saved their son Wives have just bad babies
Book won a prize last week Divorce was in the papers

Am
Car had broken down Complain all the time
a. The parents thanked the woman who had saved their son.
b. The couple whose divorce was in the papers have got married again.
c. It is very interesting to meet somebody ______________________
d. The person _______________________________ asked me some very difficult questions.
e. In my office the are two men _________________________
f. What’s the name of that writer _____________________ ?
g. I don’t like people ______________________________
h. We helped the woman ________________________________
51
3.6 Join each pair of sentences using non-defining relative clauses.
a. Madonna is a popular pop singer and actress. She was born in the USA.
➔ Madonna, who was born in the USA, is a popular pop singer and actress.
➔ Madonna, who is a popular pop singer and actress, was born in the USA.
b. My grandparents live in Córdoba. They are school teachers.
____________________________________________________________________________
c. Victoria Station is situated near Buckingham Palace. It is one of the most famous railway stations in
London. ______________________________________________________________________________
d. “Guernica” was painted by Picasso. It is permanently exhibited in Madrid.
______________________________________________________________________________
e. My friend Luis has lived in many exotic countries. He works for the government.
dy
______________________________________________________________________________
u
St
f. Sharon is a wonderful cook. She’s married with two children.
____________________________________________________________________
an
3.7 Rewrite these sentences omitting the relative pronoun. Other changes are necessary.
ic
a. This is the box in which I had put my English books. This is the box I had put my English books in.
er
______________________________________________________________________________
b. The man with whom she had lunch yesterday is her boss.
Am
______________________________________________________________________________
c. The knife with which you are cutting the meat belonged to my great grandmother.
______________________________________________________________________________
d. The company for which he works has gone bankrupt.
______________________________________________________________________________
e. We didn’t recognize the people at whom we were looking.
______________________________________________________________________________
f. I can’t remember the person from whom I took the money.
______________________________________________________________________________
52
IELTS Task: Speaking

Question: What do you usually/normally do?
Sample question
● What do you do on an average day?
● What is your normal daily routine?
● Can you describe your typical day?
How to answer
● Say what you do at the time the examiner asks you about
● Say how often you do these things
Language steps
1. Use adverbs of frequency like a native speaker to show how frequently or infrequently you do
dy
things
2. Use the present simple tense and times of day correctly for general habits
u
3. Show that you can use one or two common sequence markers
St
Sample answer
Q: Tell me about your usual daily routine

an
A: Well, usually I wake up around 8 a.m. I always have a cup of coffee while I review my study notes over
breakfast. Then, I normally ride my bike to school, apart from in winter, when it’s way too cold. Before class
ic
starts, I often meet up with my classmates in the corridor and we gossip a bit about life and school. After
er
school, I always go straight home and then start on my homework while my mum cooks me dinner. I usually
Am
go to bed at about 10 P.M.
Practice
● What do you do on an average day?
● What is your normal daily routine?
● Can you describe your typical day?
Question: How often do you do X?
Sample question
● How often do you read books?
● How often do visitors come to your home?
53
How to answer
● Say how frequently you do the activity the examiner asks you about
● Explain why you do it that frequently.
Sample answer
Q: How often do you socialize with friends?
A: I used to go out to dinner with my friends all the time, but I’m in my last year of university now and I’m
really busy. I don’t often have the chance to take a break and spend time with my friends. Once in a blue
moon, I’ll have someone over for coffee, or I’ll go to a friend.
Useful language
dy
Sometimes
● From time to time
u
● Now and again
● Every once in a while

St
Usually
an
● More often than not
Never
ic
● I’m not in the least bit interested in that

er
Colloquial expressions
In addition to never, seldom and rarely, you can also use the following colloquial
Am
expressions to sound more like a native:
● Every once in a while (=sometimes)
● From time to time (=occasionally)
● Once in a blue moon (=rarely)
● Hardly ever (=almost never)
Practice
● How often do you read books?
● How often do visitors come to your home?
● How often do you go out to dinner with friends?
54
Vocabulary Discovery: City Life
➢ New words
● Worth-living adj. Đáng sống
● Picky adj. Kén chọn
● Vibrant adj. Rực rỡ, sống động
● Lively adj. Sôi động
● Tranquil adj. Yên bình
● Pricey adj. Đắt
● The crowd n. Đám đông
● Fume n. Khói, hơi
● Dust n. Bụi bẩn
dy
● Smog n. Khói, sương
● Hustling n. Sự nhộn nhịp
u
● Living standard n. Chất lượng sống
●
●
Infrastructure n. Cơ sở hạ tầng
Enthralling adj. Thu hút
St
an
● Megacity n. Đô thị
● Rental price n. Giá thuê nhà
Blown-away adj. Làm cho bất ngờ
ic
●
● Top pick n. Lựa chọn hàng đầu
er
● Massive adj. Lớn

● Adore v. Mê, thích, quý mến
Am
● Urban dweller n. Cư dân thành thị

● Amenity n. Tiện ích
● Heritage site n. Di tích
➢ Phrasal verb:
● Settle in v. an cư tại đâu
● Choke on: nghẹn, ngập tràn
➢ Idiom/Collocations:
● Hustle and bustle: sự nhộn nhịp, sầm uất
● Give a sense of nostalgia n. Mang lại cảm giác hoài cổ
● Slow-paced lifestyle: lối sống chậm rãi
● Industrial zone: khu công nghiệp
55
● Shanty town: khu nhà lụp xụp, tồi tàn

● To be culturally rich: giàu văn hóa
● A residential area: khu vực dân cư/sinh sống
● To pay a visit to somewhere/someone: đến thăm nơi đâu/thăm ai
● Peaceful and fresh atmosphere: bầu không khí yên bình và trong lành
● An ideal spot: một điểm lý tưởng
● Hectic pace of life: nhịp sống xô bồ
● Vibrant nightlife: cuộc sống về đêm sôi động
● Be stuck in constant traffic jam: bịt kẹt trong ùn tắc giao thông liên tục
● Place of interest: điểm tham quan
● Urban life: cuộc sống thành thị
● Pavement cafe: cà phê vỉa hè
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
56
➢ Practice:
Speaking Part 1
1. Do you like the city you are living in now?
- Definitely. _____________ is a charming city, a fantastic blend of (old and new). Like any other cities,
it has its own drawbacks, but I still enjoy living here.
- Well, yes and no. [talking about the downside] The fact that this city is choking on the fumes of a
ton of motorcycles is really making me worried. You can really feel __________________________. With
that being said, there are still many good aspects of this place that I adore. Such as
__________________________.
dy
2. Do you prefer the city or the countryside?
=> Suggested answer: I gotta say that each has it own perks. But personally, I kind of lean towards
u
residing in _____________ . Despite _____________ and _____________ that so many people dislike, I believe that
St
living in _____________ gives you _____________ , _____________ , _____________ and _____________ . The living
standard will, apparently be generally better, and the same can be said about _____________ prospects.
an
3. What kinds of cities do you like?

ic
- I don’t really have any specific preferences. But if I have to choose one, I guess my top pick would
er
be places that are _____________ or a little bit _____________ . I love the feeling of _____________ , the
Am
energy of _____________ . That would be fun.
4. Which city have you been to recently?
I just paid a visit to _____________ last _____________, and I gotta say my mind is totally blown away.
Although __________________________, [name of the city] is light-years ahead of [my city] in terms of
_____________. It’s also very _____________.
57
Speaking Part 2
Task card #1: Describe a city you want to live in the future
● Where it is
● How do you know it
● What it is famous for
And explain why you would like to live there
Where it is Da Lat, Ho Chi Minh city, Ha Noi, etc.
New York, Washington, Paris, etc.
dy
How do you know it I have heard about… when I was…
I’ve seen it on _________
u
What it is famous for St
As far as I know, the alluring city is known for its _________, _________ and _________.
It is where I can _________. Besides, the city stands out for its _________ and
an
_________. When taking a stroll there, I can _________ and feel _________.
ic
er
Explain why I have always dreamt of
It has always been my dream to live in _________ because it’s so _________. Imagine
Am
that I have a house with __________________. I can get _________ view of _________.
What a life! This is exactly what I would like to have in the future. I adore _________
for its _________ and _________.
58
Speaking Part 3
1. Where do people like to live in your country?
=> Suggested answer: although residential choices obviously vary with personal preferences, I would say,
from my observation, that [urban dwellers] make up the majority of my country’s population. And I think
that’s because _______________________________________ .
2. Why do many people move to the city?
=> Suggested answer: As mentioned previously, career chances is the uppermost reason, without doubt.
Aside from that, _____________ and _____________ are other key factors. Also, those who want _____________
wouldn’t even give a second thought, I believe.
3. What kind of place do older people prefer to live in?
dy
=> Suggested answer: I think it’s a matter of personal preferences. If they want to
__________________________, they will probably opt for _____________. On the other hand, _____________ would
u
be more agreeable to those who have _____________. Furthermore, [add more supporting sentences].
St
4. What are the advantages of living close to the workplace?
an
=> Suggested answer: Well, the benefits are substantial. First of all, it significantly saves workers’
commuting time and expenditures on fuel. And as a result,

ic
____________________________________________________. Second,
er
____________________________________________________ .
Am
59
UNIT 4
Language Study: Passive Voice
➢ Introduction
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and
adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the ‘agent’ of the passive
verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by and placed at the end of
the clause.
➔ Active: My grandfather planted this tree.
➔ Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.
dy
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
u
Present simple Everybody calls her Amy. She is called Amy.
St
Present continuous They are building a new school. A new school is being built.
an
Present perfect Have they sent the price list yet? Has the price list been sent yet?
ic
Past simple Who made the cake? Who was the cake made by?
er
Past continuous They were cleaning it. It was being cleaned.

Am
Past perfect We had finished all the water. All the water had been finished.
Future simple Dr Young will examine you. You will be examined by Dr
Young.
Be going to They’re going to fire him. He is going to be fired.
Infinitive I’d like them to give me more I’d like to be given more money.
money.
60
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
PRESENT + S + am/is/are + V3/ed S + am/is/are + being S + have/ has + been +
V3/ed V3/ed
- S + am/is/are + not + S + am/is/are + not + S + have/ has + not +
V3/ed being + V3/ed been + V3/ed
? Am/Is/Are + S + V3/ed? Am/Is/Are + S + being + Have/ Has + S + been
V3/ed? + V3/ed?
PAST + S + was/were + V3/ed S + was/were + being S + had + been +
dy
V3/ed V3/ed
- S + was/were + not + S + was/were + not + S + had + not + been +
u
V3/ed St being + V3/ed V3/ed
? Was/Were + S + V3/ed? Was/Were + S + being + Had + S + been +

an
V3/ed? V3/ed?
FUTURE + S + will + be + V3/edd

ic
er
- S + will + + not + be +
V3/edd
Am
? Will + S + be + V3/ed?
GOING + S + am/is/are + going to
TO + be + V3/ed
- S + am/is/are + not +
going to + be + V3/ed
? Am/Is/Are + S + going
to + be + V3/ed?
61
➢ Short answers
To make short answers:
● We use the verb to be (am/is/are/was/were) for Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous,
Past Continuous and Going To questions.
● We use the verb have (have/has/had) for Present Perfect and Past Perfect questions.
● We use will for Future Simple questions.
➢ Usage
The Passive is used:
● When the agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the
context.
➔ Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
dy
➔ This church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
➔ He has been arrested. (Obviously by the police)
u
● to make more polite or formal statements.
St
➔ The car hasn’t been cleaned. (more polite)
➔ (You haven’t cleaned the car. – less polite)

an
● when the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions, events, reports,
headlines, new items, and advertisements.

ic
➔ 30 people were killed in the earthquake.

er
● to put emphasis on the agent.

Am
➔ The new library will be opened by the Queen.
‘By’ or ‘With’
In the passive voice, we use:
● ‘by’ with the agent to refer to by whom the action is being done.
The door was opened by Mr Black. (Mr Blak = agent)
● ‘with’ refers to the instrument, object or material that was used for something to be done.
The door was opened with a key. (a key = the object that was used)
The omelet was made with eggs, cheese and peppers. (eggs, cheese and peppers = the material
that was used)
62
➢ Double Object Verbs
When we have verbs that take two objects like, for example, give somebody something, we can convert the
active sentence into a passive one in two ways:
a. by making the indirect (animate) object the subject of the passive voice sentence, which is also the way
that we usually prefer.
b. By making the direct (inanimate) object the subject of the passive voice.
➔ Rick gave me (indirect object) this book (direct object).
➔ I was given this book by Rick.
➔ This book was given to me by Rick.
Some of the verbs that take two objects are: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer, pay, etc. When the
indirect object is alone after the verb in the passive voice sentence, it needs the preposition to. If the indirect
dy
object of the active voice sentence is a personal pronoun it has to be changed into a subject pronoun to be
the subject of the passive voice sentence.
u
St
Subject Object Subject Object
an
I me it it
ic
you you we us
er
he him they Them

Am
she her
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4.1 Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present
Simple.
a. English ____________________ (speak) in many countries.
b. The post ______________________ (deliver) at about 7 o’clock every morning.
c. ______________________________ (the building/use) any more?
d. How often ______________________________ (the Olympic Games(hold)?
e. How _______________________ (your name/spell)?
f. My salary _____________________ (pay) every month.
g. These cars _________________________ (not make) in Japan.
h. The name of the people who committed the crime _____________________ (not know).
i. His travel expenses ________________________ (not pay) by his company.
u dy
4.2 Change the following sentences into passive sentences using the words in brackets.
St
a. We sell tickets for all shows at the Box Office. (Tickets for all shows/sell/at the Box Office)
______________________________________________________________________________
an
b. Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb. (The electric light bulb/invent/by Thomas Edison)
______________________________________________________________________________
ic
c. Someone painted the office last week. (The office/paint/last week)

er
______________________________________________________________________________
d. Several people saw the accident. (The accident/see/by several people)

Am
______________________________________________________________________________
e. Where do they make these video recorders? (Where/these video recorders/make)
______________________________________________________________________________
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4.3 Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple Passive.
Two men _________________________ (see) breaking into a house on my street last night. The police
_____________________ (call) and they arrived very quickly. One man _____________________ (catch) immediately.
The other escaped, but he ______________________ (find) very soon. Both men _____________________ (take) to the
police station where they _________________________ (question) separately by a police officer. The two men
________________________ (charge) with burglary.
4.4 Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.
Somebody has stolen a bus from outside the school. Some children saw the thief. The police are searching
for the bus now. They will use the children’s descriptions to catch the thief.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
Some people saw a UFO in the sky above London last night. They reported it to the police. The army sent a
ic
helicopter to look at it more closely. The UFO shot the helicopter down and killed both men in it. People have
given photographs of the UFO to the police. Experts are looking at them now.
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Someone broke into a local jewelry shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the shop when a robber
with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in the safe.
Then the robber tied him up. The police have organized a search for the robber. They hope they will find him
in a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the shop for shock.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will deliver the painting
dy
tomorrow. When they give him the money, he will tell them the truth. He painted it one night while he was
sleepwalking!
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
Our school is organizing a contest. The teachers will choose the best project about the environment. The
Am
students must include pictures and drawings in their projects. The students will also have to do all the writing
themselves. The school will give the winner a set of encyclopedias.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
66

In the IELTS listening section, it’s very important to know how to take notes. You don’t want to waste time
concentrating on spelling and writing full words while the recording is playing because you have time at the
end to transfer your answers. That’s when you want to write correctly spelled answers and everything. You
want to just make sure during the listening section that you write enough to know what the word is.
While you listen, you shouldn’t jot down every single word. You should concentrate on:
● big/general items
● Noun, adjective, verb
● No need to write down complete words. Using forms of the words, abbreviations and symbols
(for example: for the word ‘increase’ and ‘decrease’, you can use the symbol ↑↓)
● Focus more on the information related to your keywords which you find in the questions.
dy
● You can write down information in your native language or a mixture of English and your mother
tongue if it is more convenient for you.
u
❖ Note Taking Basics: Abbreviations and SymbolsSt
● Abbreviate names, places and titles by using the first letter or the first several letters. You can use
a period, but when taking notes, this isn’t always necessary.

an
R (Rita) S. (Steve) US (United States)

ic
S.A. (South America) Prof. (Professor) Gen (general)
Pres (President) dir. (director)

er
● Abbreviate important words in a lecture by shortening them

Am
Ex (excelled) Milit sch (military school)
Fath (father) Bril (brilliant)
● Use symbols to indicate relationships between things
& (and) = (equal, is, has)
≠ (not, not the same as) @ at
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➢ Practice
🎧 4.5 Listen to information from the lecture. Match the notes below to the information you hear.
Write the number of the sentence in the blank.
__________ = exc math & milit sc
___________ 16 Fr. arm
___________ ≠ gd stud
__________ Rus. & defeated
_________ died 1821 @ 51
dy
🎧 4.6 Listen to four dates. As you listen, write the dates as numbers in the spaces below.
u
1. _________
2. _________
St
3. _________
an
4. _________
ic
🎧 4.7 Listen to the lecture about Napoleon. As you listen, put the following parts of the lecture in the
er
order that you hear them.
Number them 1 to 5
Am
_______ Napoleon is all alone
_______ Napoleon controls most of Europe
_______ Napoleon lives on Corsica
_______ Napoleon becomes Emperor of France
_______ Napoleon attacks Russia
68
🎧 4.8 You will hear the first part of the lecture again. Listen and complete the notes by adding the
abbreviations and symbols from the box
gen. Yrs @ Fr.
N’s early life
● Born 1769
● 10 ______ old - to milit sch
● Poor stud mst subj - exc. ______ math and milit sci
when ______ 16 yrs old joins ______ army
______ @ 24
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
69
Vocabulary Discovery: Public Holiday

➢ New words
● Countdown party n. Tiệc đếm ngược cuối năm
● New Year’s Eve: đêm giao thừa
● Dried bamboo shoot n. Măng khô
● Pumpkin seed n. Hạt bí
● Roasted watermelon seeds n. Hạt dưa
● Spring cleaning n. Dọn dẹp nhà vào năm mới
● Worship v. thờ phụng, tôn thờ
● Folklore n. Phong tục
● Unwind v. thư giãn
dy
● Beloved adj. Yêu quý
● Annual adj. Hằng nằm
u
● Intimate adj. Thân thiết
●
●
Hardship n. Khó khăn
Failure n. Thất bại
St
A family-oriented person n. Người yêu gia đình
an
●
● Family gathering n. Tụ họp gia đình
● Ancestor n. Tổ tiên
ic
● Flock v. đổ xô
er
● Good fortune n. Vận may

● Apricot flower n. Hoa mai
Am
● Favorable adj. Thuận lợi

● New Year’s resolution n. Dự định/mục tiêu cho năm mới
● Prior (+ to) adj. trước
● Prosperous adj. Thịnh vượng
● Expect v. mong đợi, kỳ vọng
● Occur v. diễn ra
● Decompress v.
● Recharge v. sạc lại (năng lượng)
● Treasure v. trân trọng
➢ Phrasal verb
● Set out: khởi hành
70
● Pop up: xuất hiện, nảy lên

➢ Idiom/Collocations
● Wash away hardship and failure: rửa trôi đi những khó khăn và thất bại
● Family gathering: gia đình sum họ/gặp gỡ
● Spend quality time with sb: dành thời gian với ai (một cách chú tâm):
● Take place: diễn ra
● Pray for luck: cầu may
● Honor the ancestor: tưởng nhớ tổ tiên
● Recharge batteries: lấy lại năng lượng
● A change of scenery: sự thay đổi phong cảnh
● Be in the open air: ở ngoài trời
● Highly anticipated: rấy được mong đợi
dy
● Carry the hope of: mang theo niềm hi vọng
● Far-off destination: những địa điểm xa xôi
u
● Ups and downs: những thăng trầm (trong cuộc sống)
●
St
Cost an arm and a leg (v): (cái gì) rất đắt đỏ
● Have itchy feet (idiom): ngứa chân, ám chỉ việc không thể ngồi một chỗ, hay đi đây đi đó
an
● Off the beaten track (idiom): ở nơi ít khách du lịch

ic
er
Am
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➢ Practice
Speaking Part 1
1. What public holidays do you have in your country?
=> Suggested answer: New Year’s Day, the Tet Holiday, the Hung Kings’ Commemorations, the Day of
Southern Liberation and National Reunification, the International Workers’ Day and the National Day.
2. Do you like public holidays?
=> Suggested answer: I’m fond of/I’m not really into… because …
3. What’s your plan for New Year’s Eve?
=> Suggested answer: remember to use modal verbs, future tenses for your future arrangement
- Social people: love party and dancing, might go to a New Year’s Eve countdown party
dy
- Family-oriented person: embrace this moment to gather with family in front of the altar to take
stock of lives, confide in family members about all the ups and downs in the past year, …
u
St
4. What are you going to do during Tet holiday?

an
- Prefer to go to a far-off destination such as ____________ to relax or unwind after a year of hard
work.
ic
- Prefer to stay home. Travelling will definitely cost ________________________, so I would opt to spend
er
________________________ with my ____________ ones.

Am
72
Speaking Part 2
Talk about the Tet holiday in your country.
You should say:
● When does it take place?
● Why does it take place?
● What do the people do during this festival?
And explain why this festival is important to you?
Brainstorm your ideas: Work in pairs. Try to add more ideas to the table below and get ready for your
talk
When does it take place? - Annual event ~ every year
- In the last ten days of January or the first twenty days of February
dy
- _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
u
Why does it take place? -
St
Mark the beginning of a new year/ get ready for a new year with
positive attitude
an
- _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
ic
What do the people do - Prior to the special day: clean up the house, buying ______________,
er
during this festival? ______________, ______________

Am
- On New Year’s Eve: Watch fireworks, ______________, ______________
- During: visit ______________, ______________, ______________
Explain why this festival is - remarkable meanings: a chance for family gathering, sharing,
important to you hoping for better things for the upcoming year
- _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Speaking Part 3
1. Do you think public holidays are important?
=> Suggested answer: promote cultural unity among the people, escape all the overwhelming hustle and
bustle of the real world, a chance for intimate get-togethers,...
2. Do you think there should be more public holidays in your country?
- Yes, I wholeheartedly support the idea of adding more public holidays in Vietnam, because/so
that … [talking about the benefits of public holidays: boost the economy, enable people to
strengthen/maintain social contacts, boost productivity,...]
- I honestly disagree with the idea of adding more public holidays because it is a waste of time, ….
3. What are the differences between the young and the old when they make holiday plans?
dy
=> Suggested answer: try to use linking words of contrast
There are a number of distinctions/the differences are definitely profound. When it comes to planning a
u
holiday, while many youngsters tend to ____________________________, the elderly are more likely to
St
_________________________. Another key point is that a majority of young people love to think about
______________________; the aged, on the other hand, often worry/care/think/consider about

an
______________________ .
4. Why do some people go on holiday alone?

ic
=> Suggested answer: I think there must be a number of explanation for this. First, enjoying a holiday
er
alone means that people can ____________________, like/such as ____________________. For example, if they
love/like ____________________, they can ____________________. In addition, for those who prefer
Am
____________________ but are not a fan of ____________________, they might choose ____________________ which
fits their ____________________ rather than peak season when everyone flocks to these areas.
5. Why do people go on holiday?
=> Suggested answer: blow off some steam, unwind, be in the open air to recharge their batteries, get to
know more about people, places, culture, and local delicacies.
74
UNIT 5
Language focus: Grammar Practice
5.1 Choose the correct relative pronoun:
1. This is the room which / where I keep my computer.
2. I’m sure that’s the man who / whose picture was in the paper.
3. What’s the name of the film who / which you saw?
4. Christmas is the time of year when / where there are many parties.
5. Eva doesn’t like the present whose / which Owen gave her.
6. I am looking for the person who / which sent me that email.
dy
5.2 Write passive sentences with a similar meaning to the first. Start with the word(s) given and use
u
the verb in italics. In some cases, the passive is not possible.
St
1. They paid him a million dollars to appear in the film.
an
→ He was paid a million dollars to appear 41 the -atm
2. His name is Robin, but his friends call him Bobby.

ic
→ His name is Robin, but

er
3. Dr Davies demonstrated the procedure to us in the chemistry lab.
→ We
Am
4. The managing director will announce the news to staff later today.
→ The news
5. They have offered me a new job in Hungary.
→I
6. The medical staff have declared the surgery a complete success.
→ The surgery
7. My English teacher suggested the idea to me.
→I
8. My uncle bought me this necklace when he was in Zimbabwe.
→ This necklace
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5.3 Complete the passage with suitable relative pronouns.
There may be more than one possible answer: How would you feel if you suddenly had to stop using
Facebook or Twitter? For people_____________ (1) lives revolve around social networks, this would be a big
sacrifice. However, that is exactly what Alicia Keys, _____________ (2) has more than 2.5 million followers on
Twitter, decided to do. She also asked other celebrities like Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, Serena Williams and
Elijah Wood to do the same. It happened on 1st December, 2010, _____________ (3) is World AIDS day. This is a
day _____________ (4) the world pays special attention to this terrible disease, _____________ (5) has killed so
many people. These celebrities stopped using Facebook and Twitter until their fans, _____________ (6) get the
usual news direct from the stars, donating $1 million to an AIDS organization called Keep a Child Alive.
5.4 Complete these texts with the appropriate form, active or passive, of the verb
dy
Acupuncture (1) has been practiced (practise) in China for over 3,000 years, and today it (2) ____________
(widely use) alongside conventional medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine, there are no symptom (3)
u
___________ (view) in isolation. Instead, the body and the mind (4) _____________ (evaluate) together. The goal of
St
acupuncture (5) ____________ (be) is to create harmony in the body by restoring the flow of Qi (pronounced
'chee'). This (6) ___________ (consider) to be the life force involved in all body functions. Qi (7) __________ (collect)
an
in the organs and (8) ___________ (travel) through energy channels in the body. Acupuncturists (9) __________
(believe) that diseases (10) __________ (occur) when the circulation of Qi (11) ___________ (prevent), whether by
ic
injuries, heat, cold or other factors. By redirecting the flow of Qi, acupuncture can (12) _________ (help) cure
er
disease
Am
5.5 Change the following PASSIVE VOICE sentences into ACTIVE VOICE ones. Do NOT change the verb
tense.
1. Saffron is cultivated in Spain and in Iran.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. This play was first performed in ancient Greece.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Her rice pudding was loved by her friends and family alike.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. His cat’s collar will be designed by a famous craftsperson.
____________________________________________________________________________
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5.6 Complete the second sentence, so that it has the same meaning as the first, but in the passive
voice. Do not use more than five words to fill the gaps.
1. Teachers require the students to watch an educational video on the new subject.
The students ______________________ an educational video on the new subject.
2. My bank manager is signing the document as we speak.
The document _______________ as we speak.
3. Many people will be celebrating the football team’s victory in the streets tonight!
The football team’s victory ___________________ in the streets tonight.
4. People have been giving out emergency medical supplies to the villagers.
Emergency medical supplies ____________________ to the villagers.
5. In India, people believe that cows are holy.
dy
In India, _______________ that cows are holy.
u
6. Someone has stolen my bicycle from outside the supermarket.
St
My bicycle _________________ from outside the supermarket.
an
ic
er
Am
77

Question: How would you improve X?
Sample questions
● How would you improve your apartment?
● How would you change the place where you study to make it better?
● If you could, how would you improve your university/workplace?
How to answer
1. Identify problems with X
2. Talk about what you would do to solve them/make them better
3. Say what the positive results of these changes would be
Sample answer
dy
Q: How would you improve your apartment?
A: To start with, the place I’m living in now is quite small and crowded. I have too much stuff, and it makes it
u
hard to keep track of things, and makes everything look messy and very cramped. There’s also very little light
St
in my flat. So, firstly, I would make more space by getting rid of some of my things. Then, I would have the
windows made bigger and lighter curtains made and fitted. Then my flat would be much cozier.
an
ic
Useful language
er
● I would make more… by V-ing…
I suggest [someone] improve [something] by spending more money…

Am
● I suggest someone make X + comparative + by + V-ing
● Doing/Having X done + would make (something/place) + comparative
Practice
● How would you improve your apartment?
● How would you change the place where you study to make it better?
● If you could, how would you improve your university/workplace?
78
Question: How has X changed?
Sample questions
● How has something changed recently/in recent decades/in recent years?
● Has something changed recently/in recent decades/in recent years?
How to answer
● Say whether something has changed or not
● Compare what it was like in the past and what it is like now
● Be careful and flexible when using different tenses
● You should mention 2-3 changes
Sample answer
Q: How has your hometown changed recently?
dy
A: My hometown has certainly changed a lot in recent years. Not so long ago, most people had to live in
narrowly-shaped houses but now there are more high-rise buildings with well-furnished apartments.
u
Furthermore, streets used to be very narrow but now they are broader, so traffic congestion becomes less
St
common. However, one thing I dislike is that the air has become more polluted than before.
an
Useful language
ic
● Something has certainly changed a lot in recent years

er
● Since I was young,.../Since I was a child,...
Something used to be…

Am
● Not so long ago,...
● Now something be + comparative adj + than before
● There are more/less/fewer noun than previously
Practice
● Has TV changed in any way?
● How has your hometown changed recently?
● How has the Internet changed our society?
79
Vocabulary Discovery: Haircut

➢ New words
● Appearance n. Vẻ ngoài/ngoại hình
● Bangs n. Phần tóc mái
● Impression n. Ấn tượng
● Beauty parlor n. Thẩm mỹ viện, tiệm làm đẹp
● Trim n. Sự cắt
● Makeover n. Trang điểm
● Maintenance n. Sự bảo trì
● Hair technician n. Thợ tóc
● Hairdresser n. Thợ làm tóc
dy
● Hairstyles n. Kiểu tóc
● Dreadlock n. Tóc bện thừng, tóc tết kiểu người châu Phi
u
● Layer n. Lớp
●
●
Resemble v. Giống với St
Trendy = fashionable adj. Hợp thời trang
Scalp n. Chân tóc
an
●
● Silky adj. Như lụa
● Shave v. Cạo
ic
● Hideous adj. Gớm ghiếc

er
● Embarrassed adj. Xấu hổ

● A curtain fringe n. Tóc mái rẽ ngôi
Am
● Forehead n. Trán
● Conceal v. Che, giấu cái gì
● Dye v. Nhuộm
● Barber’s n. Tiệm hớt tóc nam
● Barber apprentice n. Thợ hớt tóc học việc
● Ruin v. Phá hoại, làm hỏng
● Scruffy adj. Trông bẩn, lôi thôi
● Chemicals n. Hóa chất
● Ridiculous adj. Ngớ ngẩn, ngốc nghếch
● Consultancy n. Sự tư vấn
● Opt for v. Chọn
80
● Regret v. Hối hận

● Last - minute adj. Phút chót
● (My hair) go grey: tóc bị bạc
● Get your money’s worth: đáng tiền
● Neat and tidy: gọn gàng, sạch sẽ
● Have a hair rebonding treatment: đi phục hồi tóc
● A change of image: thay đổi hình ảnh (ngoại hình bên ngoài)
● To have the habit of something: có thói quen làm gì
● Have a habit of doing something: có thói quen làm gì
● In a particular way: theo một cách cụ thể
● To satisfy one’s taste: hợp ý ai, vừa lòng ai
dy
● To make a trip to: đi đến đâu
● To etch on one’s memory: hằn sâu trong tâm trí ai
u
● To accentuate one’s features: làm lộ ra, làm nổi bật
●
St
Nightmarish experience: trải nghiệm kinh hoàng/ ác mộng
● Once in a blue moon (idiom): hiếm hoi
an
➢ Practice
Warm-up activity: Work in pairs. Discussing these questions, try to use the vocabulary you have
ic
learned in this unit

er
1. How often do you wash your hair?
2. How often should we wash our hair?

Am
3. Do you know any tips to make your hair healthy? How did you know these tips?
4. What hair products do you usually use in your hair care routine?
5. Is hair important in your culture? Why?
6. In what cultures is hair sacred?
7. Is this going too far?
81
u dy
Speaking Part 1 St
1. How often do you have a haircut?
=> Suggested answer: think about adverbs of frequency and other idioms. Also, be careful with passive
an
voice when talking about haircut
Answering how often you have: Once in a blue moon/ I don’t have the habit of requenting the beauty
ic
parlor …/ I get it cut (ir)regularly/Quite often/ I have my hair trimmed as regularly as every 2 weeks
er
Giving reasons: due to my heavy workload/ I’m always ups to my ears/ I want to avoid hair-in-eyes look
Am
2. How long have you had your current haircut?
If my memory serves me correctly, it has been almost _____ months/years since I’ve made a trip to a
salon/I visited my hair technician.
Give reasons for your answer:
- I wanted to do a complete makeover for my graduation ceremony/wedding party/… (any special
occasion you can think of)
- Wanted change in haircut and style after a period of time
- My hair does not require much maintenance so I would not have to redo my hair too regularly
apart from the occasional trim...
82
3. Have you ever had an unhappy haircut experience?
=> Suggested answer: unhappy experience = nightmarish experience
Oh yes, absolutely. That nightmarish experience is still etched on my memory. Due to _______________, the
hairdresser ________________, which resulted in a horrid cut/it turned out pretty hideous. Needless to say, it
took me a month to grow that out/I was so embarrassed to show it.
4. Do you like your current hairstyle?
=> Suggested answer: it’s just so-so/ I really like it/ I love it/ it satisfy my taste/ I hate my hairstyle
Reasons: I feel it’s too short/ it resembles a lion’s mane/ the ____ style looks good on my face shape/ it
slims my face/ it makes my face appear wider/new báng conceal my broader forehead
dy
5. Do you always have the same kind of hairstyle?
u
- It’s been like that for years and years now/ I have kept a single hair style for the last ____ years/I’ve
St
been sticked with the same look for over ____ years
- I constantly change my hairstyle, especially during my life transitions such as a break-up or a new
an
career/because I like to try new fashion ideas/because it gives me a confidence boost
- I frequently change my hairstyle because it make me feel like an entirely new person
ic
er
6. Would you like to change the color of your hair?

Am
- A big yes, I always want to try to do experiments with my look/I want to dye my hair a peculiar
color, such as…..
- No, I love my current hair/I occasionally wonder how I would look if I had _____ hair, but I don’t
think it would really work well for me. Besides, colour contains some chemicals that damage
hairs and reduce hair’s natural shine.
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UNIT 6
IELTS Task: Reading
The Reading section consists of 40 questions, designed to test a wide range of reading skills. These include
reading for gist, reading for main ideas, reading for detail, skimming, understanding logical argument and
recognising writers' opinions, attitudes and purpose.
IELTS Academic test - this includes three long texts which range from the descriptive and factual to the
discursive and analytical. These are taken from books, journals, magazines and newspapers. They have been
selected for a non-specialist audience but are appropriate for people entering university courses or seeking
professional registration.
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IELTS Academic Reading description
Paper format: Three reading passages with a variety of questions using a number of task types.
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●
● Timing: 60 minutes St
● No. of questions: 40
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Task types: A variety of question types are used, chosen from the following; multiple choice, identifying
information, identifying the writer’s views/claims, matching information, matching headings, matching
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features, matching sentence endings, sentence completion, summary completion, note completion, table
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completion, flow-chart completion, diagram label completion and short-answer questions.
Sources: Texts are taken from books, journals, magazines and newspapers, and have been written for a
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non-specialist audience. All the topics are of general interest. They deal with issues which are interesting,
recognisably appropriate and accessible to test takers entering undergraduate or postgraduate courses or
seeking professional registration. The passages may be written in a variety of styles, for example narrative,
descriptive or discursive/argumentative. At least one text contains a detailed logical argument. Texts may
contain non-verbal materials such as diagrams, graphs or illustrations. If texts contain technical terms a
simple glossary is provided.
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➢ Review Completion
6.1
'This Marvelous Invention' Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other
inventions – the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread – may have transformed our material existence, but the
advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance,
since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we
could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature
itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary
sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: ‘this marvelous invention of composing out of
twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness
to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who
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cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’. This was how, in 1660, the
renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and
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no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one
St
flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to language’s unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet
critical incongruity. Language is mankind’s greatest invention – except, of course, that it was never invented.
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This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.
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Questions 1 – 4
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Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
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The importance of language
The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 1 ____________ aspects of life, but no impact has
been as 2 ____________ as that of language. Language is very 3 ____________ , yet composed of just a small
number of sounds. Language appears to be 4 ____________ to use. However, its sophistication is often
overlooked.
A difficult B complex C original
D admired E material F easy
G fundamental
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6.2
‘The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language’, David Crystal, 3rd Edition, © Cambridge University Press, 2010.
The instructions accompanying do-it-yourself products are regularly cited as a source of unnecessary
expense or frustration. Few companies seem to test their instructions by having them followed by a first-time
user. Often, essential information is omitted, steps in the construction process are taken for granted, and
some degree of special knowledge is assumed. This is especially worrying in any fields where failure to follow
correct procedures can be dangerous. Objections to material in plain English have come mainly from the
legal profession. Lawyers point to the risk of ambiguity inherent in the use of everyday language for legal or
official documents, and draw attention to the need for confidence in legal formulations, which can come only
from using language that has been tested in courts over the course of centuries. The campaigners point out
that there has been no sudden increase in litigation as a consequence of the increase in plain English
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materials. Similarly, professionals in several different fields have defended their use of technical and complex
language as being the most precise means of expressing technical or complex ideas. This is undoubtedly
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true: scientists, doctors, bankers and others need their jargon in order to communicate with each other
St
succinctly and unambiguously. But when it comes to addressing the non-specialist consumer, the
campaigners argue, different criteria must apply.

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Questions 1 – 5
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Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
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Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

Consumers often complain that they experience a feeling of 1 ______________ when trying to put together
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do-it-yourself products which have not been tested by companies on a 2 ______________ . In situations where
not keeping to the correct procedures could affect safety issues, it is especially important that 3 ______________
information is not left out and no assumptions are made about a stage being self-evident or the consumer
having a certain amount of 4 ______________ . Lawyers, however, have raised objections to the use of plain
English. They feel that it would result in ambiguity in documents and cause people to lose faith in 5
______________ , as it would mean departing from language that has been used in the courts for a very long
time.
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TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN vs YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
What are the differences between T/F/NG and Y/N/NG?
● True – If the statement agrees with ● Yes – if the statement agrees with the
the information views of the writer
● False – if the statement contradicts ● No – if the statement contradicts with
(Opposite) the information the views of the writer
● Not Given – If there is no information ● Not given – If it is impossible to say what
on this. the writer thinks of this.
Evidence in the texts Based on writer views
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➢ How to do T/F/NG and Y/N/NG questions St
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
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In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

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FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

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1. Firstborn children have higher 1Q scores than second children.
2. The role of birth order requires further study.
3. Last-born children are not as socially outgoing as their older siblings.
Step 1: Identify key words and sentences’ content
Look at three questions below, what are “key words’ and “sentences’ content”?
1. Firstborn children have higher 1Q scores than second children.
Key words:
Sentences’ content:
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Key words:
Key words:
Step 2: Find relevant content to keywords in the passage
According to social psychologist Robert Zajonc, firstborn children tend to be measurably more intelligent. In
fact, studies by Norwegian researchers have shown that "firstborn children score three points higher on the
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IQ scale than second children. This type of gap was also found, to a lesser extent, between the second and
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third child.
St
However, intelligence is not the only difference attributed to birth order. Firstborn children also tend to do
better in school, receive better pay in adulthood, and bear more familial responsibilities. Last-born children,
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on the other hand, are more likely to be humorous, less disciplined, less risk averse, and more sociable than
their older siblings.

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Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
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In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write

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1 Firstborn children have higher 1Q scores than second children.
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➢ Tips
● Find keywords, sentences’ content in one question and solve it before moving to the next
question.
● T/F/NG questions are usually in order. Therefore, when you can’t solve the first question but
finding solutions for the second one, try to look again above sentences to solve the first one
How to distinguish False/No and Not Given
➔ False/No: given sentences have synonyms or phrases in the same meaning with those in the
passage, but the information is not true.
Example: passage - this is the most famous painting in the 17th century.
Question - this is an unknown painting from the 17th century.
➔ Not given: given sentences have synonyms or phrases in the same meaning with those in the
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passage, but the information is not mentioned in the passage.
Example: passage - this is the most famous painting in the 17th century.
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Question - because this is the most famous painting in the 17th century, it has been conserved until then.
St
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6.3
The Pueblo Indians were a major cultural influence in the United States' Four Corners region for over one
thousand years. Initially, the civilisation was based in individual homesteads in the Colorado Plateau's
highlands, where its members farmed and developed various handicrafts, such as pottery and blankets.
However, during the 11th and 12th centuries the Pueblo moved into the neighboring canyons and built the
massive multifamily dwellings from which their names are derived. Archaeologist Kristen Kuckelman believes
this occurred after persistent droughts made farming on plateau lands impossible. She believes that the
region's inhabitants moved into the valleys because they were less impacted by the droughts. After they
migrated, they had to learn how to produce food more effectively on less land, so they implemented a
system of agricultural cooperation that eventually led to specialism. Once they settled in the canyons, the
civilisation became increasingly more communal in order to maximize the returns on its labor.
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Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write
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FALSE if the statement contradicts the informationSt
1. The Pueblo got their names from their style of housing.

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2. The Pueblo people moved into neighboring communities with more farmland.
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➢ New words
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● Homestead n. Nhà cửa vườn tược, ấ ● Dwelling n. Chỗ ở, nhà ở

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trại ● Persistent adj. Kiên gan, bền bỉ

● Plateau n. Cao nguyên ● Communal adj. Chung, công cộng
● Handicraft n. Đồ, nghề thủ công ● Maximise v. tối đa hóa
● Canyon n. Hẻm núi, hẻm vực ● Return n. Tiền lời, điểm lợi thu về
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6.4
Some linguists believe that language comprehension is a learned skill and that ad 1 will, therefore, be able to
understand even unfamiliar language better than a child. both verbal and non-verbal cues when
communicating. Since this is a learning proca from This theory rests on the idea that over time we develop
the ability to understand oCess it seems only logical that children would be less skilled at discerning meaning
f. context. However, this is unlikely to be true. In fact, recent studies by linguiste Germany's Bielefeld
University ely have shown that although children do not accurately anticipate visual clues while listening to
stories, they are able to rapidly interpret vis clues to assist with their overall language comprehension. This
does not mean their skills will not improve over time, but it does show that determining context and
non-auditory clues is a basic element of language comprehension.
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage? Write
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YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
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NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
St
1. Children are not able to determine meaning from context.
2. Understanding unspoken signals is a fundamental aspect of human language.

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➢ New words
● Comprehension n. Sự nhận thức/ lĩnh hội ● Logical adj. Hợp lý, hợp logic
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● Learned adj. Cần tích lũy kiến thức ● Discern v. nhận thức
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● Rest on phr. Dựa vào ● Interpret v. hiểu, dịch/ giải thích

● Non-auditory adj. Không có âm thanh
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6.5
We now know that trees and other vegetation play an invaluable role in reducing air pollution in cities. Not so
long ago, in the early 1980s, chemists discovered that trees produce emissions. This prompted the then U.S.
President Ronald Reagan falsely declared, 'Trees cause more pollution than automobiles do.' This, of course,
caused people to speculate that trees were harmful, despite the facts that the words' emission' and
'pollution' are not synonymous and that the president's remark was not accurate. While it is true that trees
and plants, like all living things, emit chemical 02 substances as byproducts of their metabolism, these
emissions are not a threat, but instead include the oxygen we breathe and the various chemical compounds
that give flowers and shrubs their fresh and fragrant scents. It is only in the presence of significant amounts
of man-made pollution, like that caused by the emissions of automobiles, that plants and trees release
volatile organic hydrocarbons. But when they do, they can become participants in the formation of such
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ground-level ozone pollution as photochemical smog.
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TRUE if the statement agrees with the information St

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3. A politician in the 1980s incorrectly blamed plants for air pollution.

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4. Plants contribute to photochemical smog as much as automobiles.
➢ New words
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● Emission n. Khí thải ● Byproduct n. Sản phẩm phụ

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● Declare v. công bố ● Metabolism n. Sự trao đổi chất

● Speculate v. phỏng đoán, dự đoán ● Shrub n. Cây bụi
● Synonymous adj. Đồng nghĩa ● Volatile adj. Dễ bay hơi
● Photochemical adj. (thuộc) quang hóa
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6.6
Today, about 30 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by forestland. How deforestation is dramatically
reducing this percentage each year. Currently, huma activity claims more than 13.7 million hectares of
forestland annually - an ever, uman area approximately equal to that of Greece. While it may be assumed that
we are cutting down trees to meet our timber needs, the bigger culprit is actually agriculture. Earth's growing
population has increased our need for agricultural products and farmers haya begun clear-cutting forestland
to convert it into farmland where they can plant crops. This is especially true in countries such as Brazil and
Indonesia, where large areas of forestland have been cleared for farmland for cash crops such as soybeans
and oil palms. The intense farming methods used for these crops further compound the problem.
Continuous crop production depletes the soil of its nutrients so that it can no longer support the biodiversity
it once could, making it nearly impossible to return it to forestland in the future. This continued
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disappearance of the forests will have a major impact on our environment. Trees play an important role in
removing carbon dioxide from the air and in returning water to the atmosphere. If the forests are allowed to
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further deteriorate, it could disrupt the life cycle of plants and animals, and even eliminate entire ecosystems.
St
To avoid this outcome, we must find a way to conserve our forest lands and replace the trees that we remove
each year.
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5. Timber is the most common reason for cutting down trees.
6. Clear-cutting forests threaten to destroy ecological systems.
➢ New words
● Deforestation n. Sự phá rừng ● Cash crop phr. Nông sản thương mại
● Claim v. yêu sách, chiếm lấy ● Oil palm phr. Dầu cọ
● Culprit n. Thủ phạm, bị cáo ● Compound v. pha trộn thêm, dàn xếp
● Clear-cut v. chặt phá toàn bộ ● Biodiversity n. Đa dạng sinh học
● Convert v. biến đổi ● Deteriorate v. làm giảm giá trị
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6.7
Industrialisation and corporate growth in the late 19th century created an environment in 3 which business
correspondence increased monumentally, calling for a way to transcribe messages more quickly and legibly
than handwritten script. The first device capable of fulfilling this need was the Sholes and Glidden typewriter.
However, before it would become a commercial success, certain issues needed to be remedied. For instance,
the type bars in their earliest typewriters moved very sluggishly, and the keys and other components tended
to jam often. To fix this problem, Sholes - the designer rearranged the layout of the keyboard so that the
letters in subsequent versions of his machine no longer appeared in alphabetical order. Instead, he placed
the keys with the intention that the most commonly used letter combinations in the English language, like ST
and TH would be spread far apart from one another. This modification caused a dramatic decline in
mechanical jams and typing errors because the new arrangement increased the time it took for users to
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locate letters. Thereby it ensured that each key had enough time to fall back into its position before the next
one was struck. These seemingly small changes were key to making typewriters a useful transcription and
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correspondence device. St
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7. Industrialisation created a need for a writing method that was faster than handwriting
8. The type bars on early typewriters had to be replaced often.

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9. The redesign made locating letters more time-consuming.
➢ New words
● Correspondence n. Trao đổi thư từ ● Sluggishly adv. Chậm chạp
● Monumentally adv. Cực kỳ, tột bậc ● Subsequent adj. Sau đó, tiếp theo
● Call for phr. Kêu gọi ● Modification n. Sự sửa đổi, thay đổi, điều
● Transcribe v. sao chép, ghi lại chỉnh
● Remedy v. sửa chữa ● Seemingly adv. Vẻ bề ngoài, có vẻ
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6.8
While writing utensils have been around since antiquity, the pencil as we know it only came into today
existence after the discovery of a large graphite deposit According in the 1560s. to the story, some English
shepherds came across an unknown black substance stuck to the roots of a fallen tree, and handling it, found
that it left behind a dark mark. Initially, they used it to draw brands on their livestock so that they could more
easily differentiate whose sheep was whose, but they soon realized that the which graphite, they called 'black
lead', could very easily be formed into sticks and used to write and draw. With string or twigs wrapped
around it to reduce its brittleness, a stick of graphite not only required the user to apply less pressure than
the metal alloy styluses CH 02 then in use, but it also produced far darker lines. In addition, it was possible to
erase graphite marks using a bit of soft bread and to draw on top of them with ink, neither of which could be
done with lead or charcoal. It was not long before people began gluing bits of graphite into grooves cut into
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strips of wood, thereby creating the much sturdier wooden pencil we are now familiar with.
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St
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10. Writing with graphite sticks required more pressure than other writing tools.
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11. Users could not see graphite marks after they had been inked over.
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➢ New words
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● Utensil n. Dụng cụ ● Black lead phr. Chì đen

● Antiquity n. Thời cổ xưa ● Brittleness n. Tinh gọn, tính dễ gãy
● Come into existence phr. Xuất hiện, tồn tại ● Alloy n. Hợp kim
● Brand n. Dấu sắt nung ● Groove n. Đường rãnh
● Transcription n. Bản sao, bản ghi ● Sturdy adj. Dai, chắc chắn
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6.9
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below.
The Impact of Global Urbanization: The Costs and Benefits
Urbanization, which can refer to either the process by which rural communities grow into cities or the
migration of people from rural to urban areas, has its roots in ancient human history Historians widely agree
that urbanization first occurred in ancient Mesopotamia, beginning with the first true city of Uruk around
4500 B.C., and then continuing with the establishment of Ur around 3800 B.C.
But this phenomenon is usually associated more with modern times. In Europe, a much broader and more
extensive urbanization occurred in the 19th century as a result of the Industrial Revolution. In England, the
urban population increased from 17 per cent in 1801 to an astonishing 72 per cent in 1891, primarily
congregating in the cities of London, Manchester Newcastle, and Birmingham, where factories offered
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promising jobs to impoverished peasants traditionally dependent on subsistence agriculture. Life in the
cities, with its abundant work, entertainment, and social services, seemed like a far more promising
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alternative to the toil of farm life.
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And that lure has continued. In 2008, the world's urban population exceeded its rural population for the first
time. But contemporary instances of urbanization are not relegated to industrialized countries, as was the
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case prior to the 1950s. Since then, urbanization has primarily occurred in less developed regions, and it is
estimated that by 2030 virtually all developing regions will have more people living in urban environments
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than in rural areas. There are several reasons for this. One is the lack of resources in rural areas to
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accommodate an ever-expanding global population. The second is the lure of employment opportunities that
people associate with cities. The third is the desire for higher quality health care and education than what
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most ruia communities are able to provide.
However, it's important to keep in mind that while this shift in demographics promises many opportunities,
it's not without its challenges. Often, the job market cannot keep up with the pao of urban growth. This
means that many of the poor who migrate to cities will find themselve relocated without improving their
economic situations. And without the family and community support that is often present in people's
hometowns, urban migrants can find themselves even worse off than they were back home. This in part
explains the prevalence of urban slums in our cities today.
Another disturbing aspect of modern urbanization is the high rate of certain types of crime plagues many
major cities. Decker, Sichor, and O'Brien (1982) conducted a detailed study of how population density affects
crime and found that there is a direct correlation between urbanization and crimes such as robbery and
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larceny with face-to-face contact. They also discovered that vehicle theft occurred at a much higher rate in
urban areas than in rural areas. A finding that is surprising because per capita car ownership is considerably
less in cities than in less populated areas, which tend to be car dependent and without public transportation.
The problem of crime in urban areas is particularly dire in times of social unrest, such as during the politically
volatile years of the late 1960s in the United States, and law enforcement agencies are searching for answers
about how to tackle the rampant crime in American cities Despite increases in the number of law
enforcement officers patrolling Chicago's streets, the total number of murders there has risen dramatically in
recent years.
But perhaps most pressing on the minds of both city inhabitants and city planners is how to best feed these
massive numbers of people. Although the past century has seen dramatic advances in agricultural efficiency
and productivity, hundreds of thousands of city dwellers continue to suffer from undernutrition. This issue is
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not directly related to agricultural production itself, which is more than capable of meeting world demand;
rather, it is a combination of lack of access to foodstuffs- e.g. due to poverty- and the growing propensity to
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substitute whole foods with packaged and processed foods (de Haen, 2003), which has been blamed for the
St
epidemic of obesity and its health-related problems in many cities.
Moreover, with cities' greater dependence on supermarkets, the economics of food logistics promotes fewer
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agricultural sources, as it is far more cost effective for retailers to streamline their supply chains. This has led
to a much heavier reliance on imported goods, a trend that has resulted in the elimination of many small
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local farms. One solution being tried out in numerous cities in North America and Europe is the
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transplantation of rural farms to urban gardens and greenhouses. This allows for locally grown produce,
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which might be attractive to many consumers. Some large-scale urban farming initiatives are already
underway and thus far have shown promising results.
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Questions 1-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? Write
1. England's 19th century urban population boom was focused on four cities.
2. An increase in urban migration has led to severe housing shortages in cities.
3. Many migrants do not see any improvement in their economic circumstances
4. A lack of family support in cities can lead people to crime.
5. Social instability causes an increase in criminal activity in cities.
6. Increasing the presence of Chicago police decreased the murder rate.
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7. Poverty causes people to restrict their diet since they are unable to afford fresh vegetables.
8. The availability of factory produced foods is causing obesity to decline.
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9. Urban farms have the potential to make local produce more appealing.
St
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Questions 10 and 11
Complete the sentences below.

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Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. In the last 60 years, urbanization has mainly happened in less ________________ than in wealthy
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countries.
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11. A crime that occurs far more in cities than in rural areas is _______________ theft.
➢ New words:
● Globalization n. Toàn cầu hóa ● Peasant n. Người nhà quê, tá điền
● Occur v. xuất hiện ● Estimate v. ước tính
● Associate v. liên kết, có liên quan ● Substitute v. thay thế
● Phenomenon n. Hiện tượng ● Blame v. đổ thừa, đổ lỗi
● Lure v. dụ dỗ ● Obesity n. Béo phì
● Alternative n. Thay thế ● Poverty n. Sự đói nghèo
● Impoverished adj. Bần cùng
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IELTS Task: Listening - Note/Form Completion

Section 1: Note/form completion
● In Section 1, you will hear a dialogue. One of the speakers may be seeking factual information
such as names or dates which you will have to identify or note down.
● Try to work out the possible context of the language from the task. Who could the speakers be?
Why are they speaking?
● The notes are in the same order as the information you hear. There are other similar completion
tasks that you will see: tables, sentences, and forms.
You have to
● Write one/two/three words or a number or date in each gap in the notes
● Write the exact words you hear
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● Spell everything correctly
Transfer your answers to the answer sheet after all four listening sections.
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●
● Write an answer in every gap even if you aren’t sure about it. A guess might get a mark but an
St
empty space can’t
Action plan for Note/Form Completion

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1. Look at the instructions to find out how many words you can write
2. Look at the heading and read through the notes. There is time to do this before you listen
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3. Look at the gaps and think about what kinds of word or number are needed (e.g. a date, a
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distance, an address, a noun)

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4. Listen to the introduction, which tells you what the recording is about
5. Listen carefully to the conversation and focus on each question in turn. As soon as you’ve written
the answer to one question, listen for the answer to the text
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Exam tip: Reference numbers and postcodes often include both letters and numbers and these are often
tested in form completion tasks.
Example
Here is a question from a task about joining a social club. You have to write the name of the person who
wants to join
Complete the form below
HORSHAM CLUB
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Name: Jane 1. Tressinghay
Tapescript:
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Man: OK, so you’d like to join Horsham Club. Can I first take some details? What
Woman: It’s Jane Tressinghay.
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That’s T-R-E-double-S-I-N-G-H-A-Y
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Man: Tressinghay. That’s an unusual name.
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Explanation: Spelling questions are easy to get right if you know your alphabet in English.
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Practice with a friend if possible, so that it becomes easy for you. Practice dictating each
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other's letters - and numbers too.

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➢ Practice
6.10 Look at the form below. What kind of information would you be listening for (place, time, name,
date)?
OUTBOUND FLIGHT DETAILS
Full name 1. _____________________
Telephone number 07953 299101
Flight number JK402
Depart London Heathrow
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Arrive 2. _____________________
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Departure time 3. _____________________
Date of travel 4.
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_____________________
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6.11 The information needed to complete a form can be expressed in different ways. Look at the
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examples 1-7 below and write name, date, or time next to each one.
1. Mr R.D. Davison _____________________

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2. Ten fifteen _____________________

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3. Ronald Davison … D-A-V-I-S-O-N (spelling) _____________________
4. July twenty-third _____________________
5. A quarter past ten _____________________
6. Davison…Ronald Davison _____________________
7. The twenty-third of July _____________________
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🎧 6.12
Questions 1-10
Complete the notes below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
Midbury Drama Club
Background
Example Answer
club started in 1957
● prize recently won by 1. ____________ section
● usually performs 2. ____________ plays
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Meetings
The next auditions will be on Tuesday, 3. ____________
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● help is needed with 4. ____________ and ____________

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● rehearsals take place at 5. ____________ hall
The nearest car park for rehearsals is in Ashburton Road opposite the 6. ____________
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Costs
annual membership fee is 7. ￡____________

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● extra payment for 8. ____________

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Contact
The secretary's name is Sarah 9. ____________

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● secretary’s phone number if 10. ____________
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🎧 6.13 Questions 1-10

Questions 1-5
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
Megequip customer details
Example Answer
Order form Winter catalog
Name: 1. ____________ Greening
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Address: 2. ____________ York Terrace
Delivery address: 5, York 3. ____________
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Payment method:
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4. ____________ in advance
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Reason for discount: address within the 5. ____________
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Questions 6-10
Complete the table below
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
MEGEQUIP CUSTOMER ORDER
Item Catalog Catalog Color Delivery notes
no. section
Desk lamp 664 6. __________ slate Customer will 7. __________
Chair 131 Home office 8. Our van
__________
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Filing cabinet two 153 Commercial gray Direct from London no
drawers with 9. later than 10. __________
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__________ St
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Listen to numbers/alphabet
6.14 Before you listen, look at the information below and practice saying them out loud as you would
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expect to hear them in an IELTS Test.

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a. £3.50 e. 13th April

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b. 00 44 7560 160667 f. 31st December
c. 7.30 pm g. 11.15 am
d. £56.45 h. 0203 666 3351
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🎧 6.15
Questions 1-7
Answer the questions below
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
1. What time does the painting class meet?
2. How much does the painting class cost?
3. When does the next painting class start?
4. What is the date of the last session?
5. What is Ruby’s surname?
6. What is Ruby’s postcode?
7. What is Ruby’s phone number?
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UNIT 7
IELTS Task: Reading
7.1
Phenetics is the systematic classification of organisms based on their morphological or structural similarities.
Although, on its surface, phenetics seems to be a valid classification method, there are some problems with
it. Perhaps the most important of these is that phenetic classifications sometimes show inaccurate
evolutionary relationships between species. Paleontologists have discovered that phenetic classifications can
indicate relationships where they do not actually exist. This most likely occurs when species that seem similar
are not closely related, but are actually at similar evolutionary levels. This inaccuracy can cause geneticists to
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separate an organism from its evolutionary group, because it has a unique evolutionary adaptation It can
also lead to erroneously showing relationships between organisms with similar primitive traits. The
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classification of dinosaurs is a good example of these problems. We now know that birds from the Mesozoic
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era and some dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods have very similar skeletal structures,
indicating that they share an evolutionary link. However, dinosaurs are generally lumped in with lizards and
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alligators as reptiles. One of the reasons for species that are more distantly related to this is the presence of
a unique evolutionary adaptation in birds, feathers. Since we did not traditionally believe that dinosaurs had
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feathers, geneticists inaccurately classified them based on other physical features. All of this shows the most
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inherent problem with phenetic classification: it is entirely done through the subjective observations of the
geneticist. Since there is no hierarchical classification in morphological similarity researchers must make the
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ultimate decision based on their subjective observations.
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1. Phenetics is currently the most trusted method of studying evolution.
2. Dinosaurs should be classified as both reptiles and birds.
3. Researchers can come to different conclusions about the same evidence
➢ New words
● Phenetics n. Sự phân loại theo ngoại ● Adaption n. Sự thích ứng
hình (thuộc sinh vật học) ● Primitive adj. Nguyên thủy, cổ xưa
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● Classification n. Sự phân loại ● Skeletal structure phr. Cấu trúc bộ xương
● Organism n. Sinh vật ● Lump v. xếp vào cùng loại
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● Valid adj. Có cơ sở ● Subjective adj. Chủ quan
● Morphological adj. Thuộc hình thái
St ● Hierarchical adj. Phân cấp thứ bậc
● Paleontologist n. Nhà cổ sinh vật học
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● Pheneticist n. Nhà phân loại sinh vật

theo ngoại hình
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7.2
The Emergence of Writing
In order to understand the origins of writing, it is necessary to debunk a couple of once-popular 1gle
theories about language and culture. First, languages are not descended from a sinala al prototype, as many
scholars have suggested. That view largely derived from a Biblical interpretation of the origin of language
and held that writing systems emerged in ancient Mesopotamia, and then spread and evolved throughout
the rest of the world. Further age 19th century sociologists who applied the biological theory of evolution to
language development viewed writing as not only having a common ancestor but also exhibiting an
evolutionary hierarchy, which placed alphabetical scripts above ideographic or syllabic writing systems. In the
context of the linguistic history of the ancient world, that perspective presented European and Near Eastern
cultures as more highly evolved than those of Asia, Africa, and Mesoamerica. Nothing could be further from
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the truth given that empires rich in cultural splendor, complete with magnificent architecture, art, laws, and
infrastructure, were built by civilisations with non-alphabetic scripts.
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Scholars now agree that the advent of writing seems to coincide with the transition from nomadic lifestyles
to more permanent agrarian ones food and tending to livestock, it became necessary to develop ways of
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keeping track of because people were growing inventory and property. It is also agreed that different forms
of writing developed not only in the Fertile Crescent, but also within the ancient societies of Asia and
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Mesoamerica and that none of these civilisations had any contact with one another during this time. Of these
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geographical areas, it is most likely that the earliest writing occurred in the Fertile Crescent territory of
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Sumer, possibly as early as 8000 B.C. The ancient Sumerians originally used tokens, such as small clay
triangles, spheres, and cones, to symbolize sheep, measures of grain, jars of oil, and other goods. Basically,
the shape of the token carried the meaning of the word that was being represented. Eventually, the
Sumerians began pressing the tokens into soft clay tablets, much as one would use stamps, to transcribe
their dealings Much later, around 3100 B.C., the Sumerians invented numerals, separating the symbol for an
object from the number of an object, suggesting that writing and mathematics could have evolved together.
Archeological excavations at Uruk, once the largest city of the ancient world, show that the Sumerian script
gradually advanced from pictograp to ideographic writing, meaning that some symbols represented
concepts rather than just the symbol itself. At that point, writing was already developing into a tool that went
beyond simply transmitting information; It was becoming a means of communica ideas, sharing knowledge,
and recording history.
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Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
1. The Bible's account of the origin of language is accurate
2. Cultures with alphabets were no more advanced than others.
3. Asian writing systems were less technical than Middle Eastern ones.
4. In Sumer, mathematics developed separately from writing.
➢ New words
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● Debunk v. vạch trần, lật lại ● Splendor n. Sự huy hoàng, chói lọi
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● Descend v. bắt nguồn từ ● Advent n. Sự đến
● Prototype n. Nguyên mẫu St ● Nomadic adj. Thuộc du mục
● Ideographic adj. Thuộc chữ tượng hình ● Agrarian adj. Thuộc nông nghiệp
● Syllabic adj. Thuộc âm tiết ● Sphere n. Hình cầu
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● Pictograph n. Chữ tượng hình

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7.3
Nature or Nurture: Which One Shapes Us More?
Two main topics direct the study of human emotion: nature and nurture. Bioloni. According to this view, a
person's genes affect how an individual behaves and changing gical determinists believe emotion is
determined by nature and that it develops intrinsic nges over time. Meanwhile, social determinists believe
emotion is shaped by nurture, meaning that the environment plays the main role in emotional development.
To them, variahi. ild's bles such as parenting, poverty, education, and exposure to Violence can impact a
child's emotional state permanently. So, which plays a greater role?
The primary point made by social determinists is that substantial differences can and and do occur in the
psychological and behavioral patterns of growing children that can only be explained by experiential factors.
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The assumption that someone is born a certain way, they argue, offers an immediate defense for
unwarranted behavior and severs human responsibility from human action. It is reasonable to accept that a
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child's home environment, the opportunities he or she is given, and how the child is raised factor into the
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sort of adult that child grows up to be to some degree. However, the view of social determinists implies that
the underlying character of a child will change if his or her environmental circumstances do, which is not
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always the case. Ultimately, findings suggest that when it comes to the fundamental traits that dictate our
emotional responses to any number of environmental situations, genes take center stage.
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Evidence for the biological approach can be found in the shared emotional reactions of people growing up in
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different cultures. For their 1976 work Unmasking the Face, neuropsychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace
Friesen undertook an extensive cross-cultural study of facial expressions. Ekman and Friesen interviewed
isolated tribes in Papua New Guinea and showed them photographs of people from other parts of the world.
The psychologists discovered that not only could the participants clearly identify facial expressions with
particular emotions but they could also describe situations in which the expression may arise. This led the
authors to conclude that six basic human emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise), as
well as the physical expression of emotions, are universal among people no matter which environment they
grow up in.
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Recent evidence from the study of twins has also suggested that nature plays a greater role in impacting our
emotional development than nurture. In a study at Edn University led by Professor Timothy Bates, more than
800 sets of fraternal and io twins were asked a series of questions in order to assess their personality tra end,
it was found that identical twins, who share the exact same genetic intormuaas burgh entical In the , are
more than twice as likely to possess the same personality traits as fraternal w me genetic information is not
shared. Given that each set of siblings shared the same impact on how people behaved than environmental
factors. Further substan Mos stantial environment and parents, the researchers concluded that DNA had a
more nrs home idea are the numerous studies on children adopted into homes with other slo indicate that,
even if the child is an infant when he or she is adopted, the family s M effect on his or her personality is often
practically negligible.
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1. Certain aspects of one's environment affect how one grows up.

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2. An unfamiliar environment will not always change a child's character.

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3. Emotional expressions remain the same as a child grows up.
4. Family interactions will cause great changes in a child's personality.

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➢ New words
● Determinist n. Người theo thuyết quyết địn ● Neuropsychologist n. Nhà tâm lý học thần
● Variable n. Biến số kinh
● Parenting n. Cách nuôi nấng con cái ● Cross-cultural study phr. Nghiên cứu liên
● Experiential adj. Dựa trên kinh nghiệm văn hóa
● Unwarranted adj. Không có lý do xác đáng ● Fraternal twins phr. Anh em sinh đôi khác
● Factor into phr. Xem như một nhân tố trứng
● Underlying adj. Cơ bản, cơ sở ● Substantiate v. chứng minh
● Dictate v. điều khiển, sai khiến ● Negligible adj. Không đáng kể
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7.4
Harnessing the Immense Power of the Tides
Increasing demographic pressures and environmental concerns about climate change have been the
impetus for global research into feasible alternative energy sources. Being clean, abundant, and renewable,
water power is an obvious resource to turn to. However, building large-scale hydroelectric dams, as has been
done in the past, is no longer an ideal solution as the hydropower facilities currently in use are known to
cause a number of devastating ecological and social issues. But all hope is not lost for their power as
research is now focused on harnessing the incredible power of the tides to generate clean energy with
minimal repercussions.
In fact, the fundamental technology is already available, as is evident in the tidal power plants being
operated today. A good example is France's La Rance, the first tidal power plant in the world. La Rance is a
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barrage, which means that it is essentially a very large dam built across an estuary. Rather than storing water
until it is needed as hydroelectric facilities do, water at La Rance flows through the dam and is collected in a
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basin whenever the tide comes in. Then, as soon as the tide goes out, the water in the basin is released and
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passes through turbines in order to generate electricity. While the dam at La Rance still poses a possible
threat to the local ecosystem, electricity production by this means is extraordinarily reliable. Given that tidal
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forces are generated by gravity and the ongoing movements of the Earth forces that are unlikely to change
-it is possible to accurately predict the rise and fall of tides and by extension, when electricity can be
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produced.
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Recognising that tides have incredible potential that may never be realized unless the environmental impact
of such technology can be reduced, engineers are now working to develop hydroelectric technologies
without using dams. One solution they have come up with is to install turbines on the sea floor relatively
close to the shore in order0 exploit underwater tidal currents. To produce energy, the underwater turbines
would spin as the surf rose and fell, sending electricity through a cable to an onshore power station. This
method is very promising as evidence suggests that it would result in limited environmental harm. For
example, this technology would not create the damage to aquatic organisms that is frequently caused by
dams. Furthermore, because o farms would be located underwater, they would not be an eyesore or cause a
disturbance both common complaints about wind farms.
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It is true that the initial costs of constructing the appropriate infrastructure for a tidal e would be high.
However, research suggests that the maintenance and the replacement of equipment would be required
infrequently, making it worthwhile in the long term to invest in this extremely efficient energy source.
Ultimately, while there is no way of knowing what the future of tidal power will be, one thing is clear: the
ocean, our abundant and inexhaustible resource, has tremendous potential.
1. Hydroelectric dams can cause serious environmental problems
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2. Scientists predict tidal power will be more effective than wind as a means of producing energy
3. The cost of maintenance makes tidal power inefficient
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➢ New words
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● Harness v. khai thác để sản xuất điện (mộ ● Barrage n. Đập nước, vật chướng ngại
con sông, một thác nước…) ● Extraordinary adj. Lạ thường, đặc biệt, to
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● Immense adj. Mênh mông, bao la, rộng lớn lớn lạ thường
● Abundant adj. Phong phú, nhiều, chan chứa ● Aquatic adj. Sống/mọc ở nước
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● Devastate v. Tàn phá, phá hủy ● Generate v. Sinh ra, phát ra, tạo ra
Repercussion n. Tác động trở lại, ảnh hưởn Accurately adv. Chính xác, xác đáng
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● ●
hậu quả
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Question: Do people do/get enough X?
Sample question
● Do people today do enough physical exercise?
● Do children do enough sports in schools?
● Do people in your country do enough creative activities in school?
How to answer
● Say Yes/No
● State who get/do (or do not) enough X
● Give reasons why (certain) people should have/get/do more X
● Or making comparison between now - then
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Sample answer
Q: Do you think children get enough exercise these days?
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A: No, I don’t think so. It seems that children worldwide aren’t getting enough physical activity. It’s a pressing
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problem because inactivity is a major factor in obesity, diabetes, and other health problems in adolescents.
They spend too much time sitting in front of computers or tablets instead of being outside playing and
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exercising. A few generations ago, children were much more active and enjoyed outdoor activities, but
nowadays they only do exercise at school during PE lessons.

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Practice
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● Do you think children get enough exercise these days?

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● Do people nowadays have enough sleep?
● Do you think you have done enough to protect the environment?
Question: Is it difficult to do X?
Sample question
● Is it difficult to learn to play a musical instrument?
● Is it difficult to learn another language?
● Is it hard to learn to ride a bike?
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How to answer
● Say how difficult you think it is to do X
● Talk a little about the learning process
Sample answer
Q: Is it easy to learn to swim?
A: No, it’s very difficult, especially for people who are afraid of water like me. I think the hardest part is to
learn to breathe underwater, which took me nearly two weeks to learn.
Useful language
● It’s very/quite/really easy/simple to…
● It’s hard/challenging to…
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● It’s not really difficult to…
● It’s always quite difficult at the beginning when you try something new. X is not an exception
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● At first,...
●
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But after a while, things begin to get a bit easier…
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Practice
Is it easy to travel around your city?

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● Is it easy to learn to swim?

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● Is it difficult to learn to play a musical instrument?

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● Is it hard to learn another language?
● Is it hard to ride a bike?
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Vocabulary Discovery: Topic Countryside

● New words
● Unplug v. rời xa khỏi các thiết bị công nghệ/mạng xã hội
● Swell adj. Tuyệt vời
● Bucolic = rural adj. Thuộc vùng nông thôn
● Fast-paced adj, nhanh, vội vã
● Indolent adj. Lười biếng
● Tranquil adj. Yên lặng, thanh bình
● Gorgeous adj. Rực rỡ, tráng lệ, tuyệt đẹp
● Ambiance n. Môi trường, không khí (của 1 địa điểm)
● Vegetation n. Cây cỏ, cây cối
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● Greenery n. Cây cỏ
● Picturesque adj. Như tranh vẽ
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● Farmland n. Đất nông nghiệp
●
●
Hill n. Đồi
Pristine adj. Nguyên sơ
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● Hospitable adj. Hiếu khách
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● Serene adj. => serenity n. Sự thanh thản

● Vivid adj. Sống động
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● Courteous adj. Lịch sự, nhã nhặn

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● Rustic adj. Mộc mạc, quê mùa, chất phác

● Pastoral adj. Có tính chất đồng quê, thôn quê
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● Warm-hearted adj. Ấm lòng

● Inconvenience n. Sự bất tiện
● Crop n. Mùa vụ
● Constellations n. Chòm sao
● Flock (of birds) n. Đàn (chim)
● Scenic adj. Cảnh vật
● Paddy field n. Cánh đồng lúa
● Communal house n. Nhà sinh hoạt cộng đồng/chung
● Gather v. Tụ họp
● Cozy adj. Ấm áp
● Relish (+something) v. Tận hưởng
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● Pace of life: nhịp sống
● Once-in-a-lifetime experience: kỉ niệm một lần trong đời
● Gaze at the start/Do some star-gazing: ngắm sao
● Rural landscape: cảnh sắc nông thôn
● Have a picnic: đi dã ngoại
● Dense forest: rừng dày đặc
● Fast-flowing stream: suối chảy siết
● To be a sucked for something: rất thích cái gì
● In the lap of nature: hòa mình vào thiên nhiên
● Go on a walk: đi dạo
● Get peace of mind: thanh thản đầu óc
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● Escape from the hustle - bustle of city life: tránh xa khỏi nhịp sống hối hả của thành phố
● The early bird catches the worm (idiom): con chim dậy sớm thì bắt được sâu -> ngụ ý: ai đến
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sớm/xuất hiện sớm sẽ có khả năng thành công hơn
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➢ Practice
Speaking Part 1
1. Have you ever lived in/been to the countryside?
=> Suggested answer: As a matter of fact, I have. I used to stay with my __________ every _________ in the
countryside. I gotta say I was quite fond of the bucolic scenery and lifestyle here, which is very laid back,
pared down and serene.
2. What do you usually do in the countryside?
=> Suggested answer: People usually think there’s not much to do in the countryside, but that’s not the
case at all. If anything, there’s a lot more to do there than in the city. Some of the things I quite enjoy
doing whenever I find myself in the countryside are ____________________, ____________________ and
____________________. But honestly, I think the best thing to do in the countryside is to ____________________,
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____________________ and ____________________.
3. Will you live in the countryside in the future?
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=> Suggested answer: St
- That’s a swell/great idea. But I would say no. For now, I am a sucker for the ____________________ of
big cities/I’m a city lover. I like ____________________, ____________________ and ____________________, so I

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can’t really see myself living without them permanently. But maybe someday I’ll change my mind.
- Yes, as I’m a big fan of nature, I always wish I could settle down in rural areas. You know, the
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countryside is superb in terms of ____________________ and ____________________.

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4. Have areas of the countryside in your country changed since you were a child?
=> Suggested answer: be aware of the tenses talking about changes!

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I have to say that there’s a massive change in the countryside, primarily because of/thanks to/due to
______________________. The ______________________ has been/are converted into ______________________.
______________________ are no longer ______________________. There used to be ______________________.
5. Do you think that visits to the countryside should be something that schools offer to their children?
=> Suggested answer: I would say that’s an excellent/great idea for schools to arrange excursions to take
their students to the countryside. Nowadays, most children ____________________________________________. So
the excursions would be a great opportunity for them to ______________________.
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Speaking Part 2
Describe a trip to the countryside
You should say:
● Where you went to
● What activities you did there
● What the place was like
And how you felt about this trip
Work in pairs. Brainstorm your ideas in the following note:
Where you went to Ba Vì - in the Northern part of Vietnam
A province in Central Vietnam
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__________________________
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What activities you Walking, cycling around, go to outdoor market, go sight-seeing, buy
did there souvenirs

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____________________________________________________
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What the place was Gorgeous landscape
like Superb local cuisine

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Spacious
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Picturesque lakes/villages surrounded by rolling and grassy hills.
Magnificent mountain
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People:
______________________________________________________________________________
Cuisine:
______________________________________________________________________________
How you felt Blown-away
Got goosebumps
It’s truly a feast for all the senses
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Speaking Part 3
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the countryside?
Advantages Disadvantages
2. How has life changed over time in the countryside?
=> Suggested answer: Think of which aspects of rural life have changed and give reasons, then talk about
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the consequences.
The countryside has experienced specific changes for the last few decades. Firstly,
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___________________________________________. Therefore, ___________________________________________ has
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significantly improved ___________________________________________.
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3. What kinds of people like to live in the countryside?

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- To the best of my knowledge, many people are interested in living in rural areas/ decide to reside
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in bucolic areas for its _____________ (noun)/as they want to _____________.

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- There are many kinds of people who interested in living in rural areas. I think the first kind is
somebody who __________________________. They kinda don’t wanna __________________________.
4. Do youngsters prefer living in rural areas? Why or why not?
=> Suggested answer: I can definitely say that youngsters prefer to live in big cities such as _____________.
It is mainly because of the innumerous job opportunities that a city offers. Apart from this, a city offers
_____________ and _____________.
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UNIT 8
IELTS Task: Writing - Line Graph and Bar Chart Review
Look at the title and the graph about average temperatures in Paris, Dubai and Melbourne. Write four
introductory sentences about the graph using introductory verbs from the box on page 186. Try to use
different sentence structures and vocabulary in each sentence.
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Describing Trends
Up ↗
● rise (v) Production costs rose to their highest level of the year in July.
● rise (n) There was a rise in production costs to the highest level of the year in July.
● go up (v) Between 1900 and 2000, the population went up by over a million people.
● grow (grew, grown) (v) The number of first-time users grew rapidly in 2015.
● growth (n) There was a rapid growth in the number of first-time users in 2015.
● increase (v) The numbers of cyclists increased between 2005 and 2010.
● increase (n) There was an increase in the number of cyclists between 2005 and 2010.
Down ↘
decline (v) The construction of new homes declined for ten years in succession.
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●
● decline (n) There was a decline in the number of new homes for ten years in succession.
go down (v) After a brief rise, imports went down again.
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●
● decrease (v) Average test scores decreased at three of the schools.

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● decrease (n) There was a decrease in test scores at three of the schools.
drop (v) In 2008, foreign investment dropped by over 20%.

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●
● drop (n) In 2008, there was a drop in foreign investment of over 20%.
fall (fell, fallen) (v) The number of overseas students fell in 2013.
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fall (n) There was a fall in the number of international students in 2013.
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Same →
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● stay the same: The company’s market share stayed the same.
● remain constant: For three months, the percentage remained constant.
Up and down ↘ ↗ ↘
● fluctuate (v) The number of seasonal workers employed by the company fluctuates each year.
● fluctuation (n) There have been fluctuations in the number of seasonal workers employed by the
company.
● go up and down (v) Fares have gone up and down over the last few months.
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Prepositions of Time
● at (+ time of day) at noon; at 8 a.m.
● on (+ date/day of the week) on 1st October; on Mondays
● in (+ month/season/year/decade/century) in June; in the summer; in 2014; in the 1990s; in the
21st century
● for (a period of time) for ten years; for the next several months
● by (before or at a specific point in time) by 10th April; by the end of 2016
● until (up to a certain point) until December 31; until 2020; until the beginning of 2014
● from … to/between … and (starting points and ending points) from 2001 to 2015;
● between 1st January and 31st June
● before/after (+ point in time) before 5:00 p.m.; after the 19th century
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● around (+ period of time or point in time) around 1997; for around six months
during (for the duration of a period of time) during the 1980s; during the winter; during April
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Look at the graph about the number of university applications. Write sentences with the words in
brackets. Write about main trends or important points.
1 (rise / from … to):
The number of applications received by Atherton University
rose from 1980 to 2005.
2 (climb to / by):
3 (fall to / in):
4 (a decline in / during):
dy
5 (fluctuate / between ... and):
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6 (level off / around):
St
an
7 (reach a peak / around):

ic
8 (drop / after):
er
9 (stay the same / from … to):

Am
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Adverbs and Adjectives
Up or down quickly ↑↓
● rapidly (adv) The number of smartphones in use has risen rapidly over the last ten years.
● rapid (adj) In this decade, there was a rapid increase in smartphone use.
● suddenly (adv) Employment figures dropped suddenly during the following ten years.
● sudden (adj) The next decade saw a sudden decrease in employment figures.
● sharply (adv) The price of textbooks rose sharply.
● sharp (adj) There was a sharp rise in the price of textbooks.
● dramatically (adv) Exports fell dramatically last year.
● dramatic (adj) There was a dramatic fall in exports last year.
● significantly (adv) Property taxes rose significantly in 2014.
dy
● significant (adj) There was a significant rise in property taxes in 2014.
steeply (adv) The number of people attending the event increased steeply in 2013.
u
●
● steep (adj) The year 2013 saw a steep increase in the number of people attending the event.
St
major (adj) A major expansion of the company’s marketing department is expected in the next
few years.
an
Up or down more slowly ↗↘
steadily (adv) The number of tourists visiting the park rose steadily.
ic
steady (adj) The park experienced a steady increase in the number of tourists.
er
● gradually (adv) The population of the province gradually declined.

Am
● gradual (adj) There was a gradual decline in the population of the province.
● slightly (adv) Bus fares may go up slightly.
● slight (adj) A slight increase in bus fares is expected.
● minor (adj) There were minor fluctuations in the value of raw materials.
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Describing projections
Some line graphs make predictions about the future. When you are describing a projection, you should use
language that indicates that these activities take place in the future and that the data is uncertain.
● might + infinitive The costs of doing business in Country B might rise next year.
● may + infinitive Government revenues may go down again during the next quarter.
● will + probably + infinitive According to the graph, the number of websites will probably double
over the next few years.
● is + probably + going to + infinitive There is probably going to be an increase in the number of
television dramas this autumn.
● noun + is predicted A sudden increase in tourism is predicted.
● is predicted + to + infinitive The number of tourists is predicted to rise.
dy
● noun + is expected A decline in the average age is expected.
noun + is expected + to + infinitive The average age is expected to go down.
u
●
● It is expected that + clause It is expected that the average age will decrease.
St
an
ic
er
Am
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8.1 Look at the graph showing worldwide rice consumption. Write sentences about the four
projections. Remember to use language you have learned above to indicate that the data is uncertain.
1. According to Projection 1, rice consumption around the world is expected to grow to over 520
metric tonnes.
u dy
St
an
8.2 Work in pairs. Look at the line graph below and answer the questions.
ic
The graph below gives information about marriage and divorce in the United Kingdom from 1956 to 2006.
er
1. What basic information does the graph provide?

Am
2. What do the four lines on the graph indicate?
3. What is measured on the vertical axis? What unit of measurement is used?
4. What is measured on the horizontal axis?
5. What trends do you see in the graph?
6. What are some of the most important features of this graph?
7. Should you try to report on all the changes in direction that you see in the graph? Why?/Why not?
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8.3 Look carefully at the graph below and answer the questions
1. What is the overall purpose of the graph?
2. What are one or two important points about the population in:
A. the United States? B. Nigeria? C. Japan?
3. What points of comparison can you make about changes in population in these three countries?
The graph below gives historical information and projections about changes in population in the United
States, Nigeria and Japan.
Now write your answer
1. Write an introductory statement (based on the information in the text box above the graph) and
describe the main trends shown in the graph in paragraph 1.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
2. Give details about changes in population in the three countries in the next paragraph. Remember
er
to use the appropriate tenses (past and future for predictions).
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Compare the population changes in the third paragraph.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.4 Bar chart
The bar chart shows information about the number of ice creams sold in a shop.
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
(a) How many ice creams were sold on Tuesday?
(b) On which day were the least number of ice creams sold?
(c) Why do you think so many ice creams were sold on Thursday?
(d) On which two days were the same number of ice creams sold?
(e) How many ice creams were sold in total?
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8.5
The chart below shows the number of men and women in further education in Britain in three periods and
whether they were studying full-time or part-time. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
u dy
St
an
ic
er
The chart shows the total number of _________ and female students who were studying either full-time or
Am
part-time in further education in Britain. __________, the overwhelming majority of students in both sexes,
studied ____________ during each period. The number of female students ______________ in the two types of
study, whereas this trend can only be seen amongst males in ____________ education, as their numbers in
_____________ education______________. The number of part-time students was over _ _ _ ,000 per gender, per
year, reaching as high as 1.1 million compared to full-time study which ranged between 70,000 and _ _ _,000.
There were roughly 70,000 full-time and about 750,000 part-time female learners in 1970/71, but by 1990/91
these numbers had risen to over 200,000 full-time and around 1.1 million part-time. The number of full-time
males learning ________ from approximately 100,000 in ______ to over 200,000 in _________. However, for
part-time study, their numbers ______ from 1 million in 1970/71 to around 850,000 in 1980/81, before _______
slightly to about 900,000 in 1990/91.
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8.6
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The graphs below give information about computer
ownership as a percentage of the population between 2002 and 2010, and by level of education for the years
2002 and 2010. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant. Fill in the gaps with the correct words
u dy
St
an
ic
er
The __________ show data in regards to the ownership of ___________, with a further classification by level of
education, _______ 2002 to _________. __________, a steady but significant rise can be seen in the percentage of
Am
the population that owned a computer over the period. Just over half the population was in possession of a
computer in 2002, _____________ by 2010, three out of four people had one. An analysis of the data by level of
education shows that _________ levels of education correspond to __________ levels of computer ownership in
both of those years. In 2002, only around _____% of those who did not finish high school had a computer but
this figure had trebled by 2010. There were also considerable increases, of approximately ____ percentage
points, for those with a high school diploma or an unfinished college education (reaching 65% and 85%
respectively in 2010). However, ________s and _________s proved to have the greatest level of ownership in
2010, at 90% and 95% respectively, 20 percentage points higher than in 2002.
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How to write a pie chart
Data Interpretation
Percentage Fraction
80% four-fifth
75% three-quarters
70% Seven in ten
5% two-thirds
60% three-fifths
dy
55% More than half
u
50% St half
45% More than two fifths

an
40% two-fifths
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35% More than a third

er
30% Less than a third

Am
25% A quarter
20% A fifth
15% Less than a fifth
10% One in ten
5% One in twenty
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Percentage Qualifier
77% Just over three quarters
77% Approximately three quarters
49% Just under a half/ nearly a half
32% Almost a third
Percentage proportion/ number/ amount/ majority/
minority
dy
75% - 85% A very large majority
u
65% - 75% A significant proportion
St
10% - 15% A minority
an
5% A very small number

ic
er
Am
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IELTS Task: Listening - Practice

➢ Note/Form Completion:
🎧 8.7 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer
ROOM BOOKING
Name 1. Duncan ________________
Telephone number 5762 23821
Date of arrival 2. _____________________
dy
Date of departure 23rd September
Room type Twin room
u
Cost 3.
St _____________________
an
Payment method 4. _____________________
ic
🎧 8.8 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
er
answer
CITY BUS TOUR BOOKING FORM

Am
Example: 2
Number of passengers
Passenger name(s) Susan Field and James 1. ___________
Contact telephone 07988 2. ___________
number
Hotel 3. ___________
Bus tour time 4. ___________ p.m
Bus tour date 14th August
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🎧 8.9 Listen and complete the notes below. Write no more than TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for
each answer
CYCLING HOLIDAY IN AUSTRIA
Example Answer
Most suitable holiday lasts 10 days
● Holiday begins on 1. _________
● No more than 2. _________ people in cycling group
● Each day, group cycles 3. _________ on average
● Some of the hotels have a 4. _________
dy
● Holidays cost 5. £ _________ per person without flights
● All food included except 6. _________
u
● Essential to bring a 7. _________
●
St
Discount possible on equipment at www. 8. _________ . com
● Possible that the 9. _________ may change

an
● Guided tour of a 10. _________ is arranged

ic
er
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🎧 8.10 Listen and complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer
THE YAVARI: AN INCREDIBLE SHIP
Today
Where you can see the ship now: close to a 1. __________ at Puno Bay in Peru
What visitors can do:
● Take a 2. __________
● Sleep on the ship
History
Year when the ship was built: 3. __________
Main material used in building the ship: 4. __________
dy
How it was transported to Peru: by sea in small sections
How it was transported across Peru:
u
● By 5. __________ St
● On horseback
an
Working Life
Raw materials carried by the ship:

ic
● Precious metals
6. __________
er
Type of engine first filled on the ship: 7. __________

Am
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🎧 8.11 Listen and complete the notes. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
Time Venue Speaker Subject
10:30 Main Auditorium Fedro Novak 1. ___________
Green Room Grace 2. ___________ engineering copyright law
3. ___________ Maria Bruni international banking
13:00 Lunch break
dy
14:00 Main Auditorium Alex Lorusso 4. ___________ biology
u
Green Room Kathy Lin 5. ___________ astronomy
6. ___________
St
Declan Boyd
15:45 Main Auditorium Professor Makin 7. ___________

an
16:00 Main Auditorium The Vice Chancellor 8. ___________ ceremony

ic
er
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🎧 8.12 Listen and complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
for each answer
Australian Aboriginal Art
Ancient Art
● Rock and bark painting
● Sand drawings
● 1. ________
● Decorations on weapons and tools
Cave art
● Protected from 2. _________
Styles include dot paintings (e.g. arrows, water holes and 3. _________) and naturalistic art
dy
●
● Main function: 4. _________
Use of ochre
u
Reason St
● Readily available
an
● Soil or rock contains 5. _________
● Produces many colors and shades of red

ic
● Artist’s palette found that is 6. _________ old
Preparation
er
● Ochre collected
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● Turned into a 7. _________
● Fluid binder, e.g. tree sap or 8. _________ added.
Modern Art
● Artists use acrylic colors and 9. _________
● Paint and decorate pottery and a range of 10. _________
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❖ Section 2:
Question type: Map/Plan/Diagram Labeling
You need to
● listen carefully for the starting point
● start at the correct place in order to get the questions right
Example 1: Here is the start of a task about a shopping mall
u dy
St
an
ic
Answer: Pizza restaurant - B

er
● Tapescript:
Am
OK, we’re at the south entrance to the mall now. I’ll tell you where some of the main shops are and
then you can go off and explore on your own. Can we meet up though at the pizza restaurant at half
past twelve? You’ll find that about halfway along this street in front of us now. If you come to the
fountain, that means you’ve gone too far. It’s just before that on the left-hand side.
● Explanation: It’s very important to locate yourself in the right place. For example, if you start at
the west rather than the south entrance then you will think the pizza restaurant is at A rather than
B.
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Example 2: This example comes from a task relating to a motor show
A. Biofuels exhibit
B. Caravans
C. In-car entertainment
D. Sandwich bar
E. Sat nav developments
F. Sports car stand
G. Tyre technology
1. C
dy
2. A
u
Tapescript: St
When you get to the Motor Show you'll nnd it's in an enormous hall and it would be quite easy to miss some
of the most interesting exhibits, so I'd like to give you a bit of general information nrst. First of all, there is a
an
small stand to the left of the information desk as you go into the hall. That's got a very interesting display
looking at different modern technologies allowing you to listen to good quality music as you drive. Next to
ic
that, to the right of the information desk, is a very interesting area where you can see an area devoted to the
er
development of more ecologically sound forms of petrol and diesel. I think that you will be impressed by
what you see there.

Am
Explanation: In this kind of activity you have to focus on what is in a specific place rather than on where
something is. The numbers are on the map or diagram and you will hear them in the logical numerical order.
It is unlikely though that the options will be referred to in exactly the same way as they are listed on the
page. So you have to think in advance about how the recording might refer to the options. For example, if
one of the options refers to 'biofuels' you might expect the speaker to use the words 'petrol' and 'diesel'.
Similarly, when thinking about how 'in-car entertainment' could be paraphrased, you might predict the word
'music.
140
➢ Tips for Map labeling
1. Look at the map and read the instructions
2. Try to understand what the map shows and how to describe the location of each of the places
marked
3. Read the instructions, so you know what to write (eg. a word or a letter)
4. Use the places already marked on the map to help you follow the recording
5. Write the names of the places on the map as you listen
6. Write the letters next to the question numbers at the end
8.13 To complete a map, you need to be able to follow directions.
Look at the map and complete the directions a-e with numbers 1-5 on the map
dy
A. To get to _______ you need to go along the road from the supermarket
B. Turn right out of the supermarket and take the first right. _______ is at the end of the road.
u
C. Walk over the bridge and just keep going straight along the road and you’ll find _______ .
St
D. Go left out of the Post Office and take the first left. _______ is on your right.
E. Go over the bridge and make a left turn. Then take the first right. _______ is on the left hand side
an
of the street.
ic
er
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🎧 8.14
Look at the map again. You are going to hear two young people discussing what there is for university
students to do in their town. Listen and write the names of the places 1-5 from the map below. You will
not hear the same directions that were used in the exercise below
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
🎧 8.15 Listen and match the pictures 1-5 with the sentences you hear a-e. Write the letters a-e next to
dy
the question numbers 1-5
u
St
an
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er
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142
8.16 Study the campus plan below and complete the sentences using a word from the box
Example: There are 5 blocks
1. A footpath runs _____ the lake.
2. Block E is _____ to the library.
3. The library is _____ the supermarket.
4. Block A is _____ to Block B than any of the other blocks.
5. A footpath _____ the workshops to the dance studio.
6. The gym is in the _____ corner of the campus.
7. The IT center is at the _____ end of the campus.
8. The reception is at the entrance, just _____ the roundabout
9. if you’re coming from the city.
dy
closer five north-east
u
St links near northern
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runs before opposite

ic
southern beside next

er
Am
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🎧 8.17 Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-I, next to questions 1-6
dy
Registry ______
u
New Library
St ______
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Theatre ______
Restaurant ______
ic
er
Faculty of Medicine ______
Car Park ______

Am
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🎧 8.18 Listen to a museum guide talking about an exhibition. Number the rooms 1-5 in the order you
hear them mentioned
u dy
Listen again and decide which label (A or B) gives the main theme of the exhibits in each room
St
Room 1:
an
A. Rainforest environments Room 3:
B. Marine environments A. Polar environments

ic
Room 2: B. Mountain environments

er
A. Polar environments Room 4:
B. Mountain environments A. Hostile environments

Am
B. Tropical environments
Room 5:
A. Desert environments
B. River environment
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🎧 8.19 Listen to two friends who are visiting the second floor of the museum. Listen and label the
plan below
Write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 1-5
General Astronomy ____
dy
Big Bang Theory ____
u
Manned Spaceflight St
____
Space Exploration ____

an
Planet Mars ____

ic
er
Am
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🎧 8.20 Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 1-6
u dy
Hotel
St _____________
Transport hub _____________

an
Cinema _____________
Fitness center _____________

ic
Shops _____________
er
Restaurant _____________
Am
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UNIT 9
IELTS Task: Writing - Line Graph/ Bar Chart/ Pie Chart/ Table
9.1 Line graph
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The line graph illustrates the amount of spreads consumed from 1981 to 2007, in grams.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
Reached a peak a steady downward trend a marked increase more
popular a sharp decline a significant decrease a significant rise
exceeded
The graph shows the quantity of margarine, low fat spreads and butter consumed between 1981 and 2007.
The quantities are measured in grams. Over the period 1981 to 2007 as a whole, there was ______________ in
the consumption of butter and margarine and __________ in the consumption of low-fat spreads. Butter was
the most popular fat at the beginning of the period, and consumption. (3) __________ of about 160 grams in
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1986. After this, there was (4) _____________. The consumption of margarine began lower than that for butter
at 90 grams. Following this, in 1991, it (5) _________ that of butter for the first time, but after 1996 there was (6)
______ in the amount consumed, which seemed set to continue.
Low-fat spreads were introduced in 1996, and they saw (7) ________ in their consumption from that time, so
that by about 2001 they were (8) _________ than either butter or margarine.
9.2 Line graph

The line graph below shows changes in the amount and type of fast food consumed by Australian
teenagers from 1975 to 2000.
dy
where relevant.
u
St
an
ic
er
Am
Declined compares just under overtook
the most popular the same level as brief rise approximately
increased sharply increased the biggest rise increased gradually
far higher than overall gradually declined leveled
much higher
The graph (1) ___________ the consumption of junk food for teens in Australia over a 25 year period, between
1975 and 200 0. (2) _______, the consumption of fish and chips (3) ___________ over the provided period,
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whereas the amount of pizza and hamburgers that were eaten (4) ________.
In 1975, (5) _________ junk food with Australian adolescents was fish and chips, being eaten 100 times a year.
This was (6 ) __________ Pizza and hamburgers, which were consumed (7) __________ 5 times a year. However,
apart from a (8) ___________ again from 1980 to 1985, the consumption of fish and chips (9) ____________ over
the 25 year timescale to finish at 40 in 2000.
In sharp contrast to this, teenagers ate the other two fast foods at (10) ________ levels. Pizza consumption
(11) _______ until (12) _________ the consumption of fish and chips in 1990. It then (13) _________ off from 1995
to 2000. (1 4) ________ was seen in hamburgers as the occasions they were eaten throughout the 70’s and
80’s, exceeding that of fish and chips in 1985. It finished at (15) ________ fish and chips began, with a
consumption of 100 times a year.
dy
9.3 Bar chart
u
The chart shows the percentage of drugs taken by girls and boys in a school in New Zealand.
St
where relevant.
an

ic
er
Am
150
At approximately 8% the least school children are similar gender
in percentages more than equal at the same level
percentages for at only 5% around 33% is exactly
4% for bar chart illustrates
The (1) ________ information on the quantity of drugs (2) __________ in New Zealand take, divided by (3) ________
and measured (4) _________. Overall, it is immediately apparent that hashish or marijuana is used (5) _________
any of the other drugs, whereas LSD and medical drugs are used (6) _________. At first glance we can see that
boys take more drugs than girls for 6 out of 7 of the drugs listed, however an (7) ________ number of boys and
dy
girls take cocaine.
To begin with, boys use more hashish or marijuana than girls at (8) _________ and 29% respectively. Following
u
this, boys take heroin, opium or morphine (9) _______ but girls (10) _________.
St
On the other hand, the (11) ________ amphetamines and solvents (12) ______ for both boys and girls at 2% and
3% for girls and (13) ________ both drugs for boys. Next, the pattern for LSD and medical drugs (14) ______ the
an
same for both genders at 1% for girls and 3% for boys. Finally, boys and girls take cocaine (15) __________, 4%.
ic
er
Am
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9.4 Bar chart

The bar chart below shows the results of a questionnaire to find why native and non-native speakers of
English at a university in Australia learn languages. The questionnaire was given to 1,000 students.
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Write down the answers to the questions below about the bar chart as quickly as you can. Remember
Am
to write the information accurately.
How many students participated in the survey?
Which of the two groups was more positive about language learning?
Which reason comes top among non-native speakers of English?
What percentage of native speakers found language learning useful for work?
Which reason comes bottom among native speakers?
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9.5 Pie chart

The pie charts show the electricity generated in Germany and France from all sources and renewables
in the year 2009.
where relevant.
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
Was lower was very different at approximately the remaining
compare the proportion of was far higher accounted for
one fifth whereas
The four pie charts (1) _________ the electricity generated between Germany and France during 2009, and it is
measured in billions kWh. Overall, it can be seen that conventional thermal (4) _______ just 10.3% with most
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electricity coming from nuclear power (76%). In Germany, (5) ________ nuclear power generated electricity was
only (6) _______ of the total.
Moving on to renewables, this accounted for quite similar proportions for both countries, (7) _______ 15% of
the total electricity generated. In detail, in Germany, most of the renewables consisted of wind and biomass,
totaling around 75%, which (8) _________ than for hydroelectric (17.7%) and solar (6.1%). The situation (9)
________ in France, where hydroelectric made up 80.5% of renewable electricity, with biomass, wind and solar
making up (10) ________ of 20%.
9.6 Table
The table illustrates the proportion of monthly household income five European countries spend on
dy
food and drink, housing, clothing and entertainment. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
u
Write at least 150 words. St
an
ic
er
Am
It is evident that however shows a quarter on the largest
The remaining ranging between respectively while much less on
The table (1) _________ the amount of household income that five countries in Europe spend per month on
four items. Overall, (2) ___________ all five countries spend the majority of their income on food and drink and
housing, but (3) ________ clothing and entertainment.
Housing is (4) ______ expenditure item for France, Germany and the UK, with all of them spending around one
third of their income on this, at 30%, 33% and 37%, (5) ________. In contrast, they spend around (6) ________
food and drink. (7) ________, this pattern is reversed for Turkey and Spain, who spend around a fifth of their
154
income on housing, but approximately one third on food and drink.
All five countries spend much less on (8) ________ teo items. Regarding clothes, France and Spain spend the
least, at less than 10%, (9) ________ the other three countries spend around the same amount, (10) _________
12% and 15%. At 19%, Germany spends the most on entertainment, whereas the UK and Turkey spend
approximately half this amount, with France and Spain between the two.
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St
an
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155

Question: When was the first/last time you did X?
Sample question
● When was the first time you used a computer?
● When was the last time you went on holiday?
How to answer
● Say when you first/last did it
● Say why you did it
● Describe what the experience was like
Sample answer
Q: When was the last time you went on holiday?
dy
A: The last time I went on holiday was about three years ago…in July 2008. My family and I went to SaPa for 2
weeks during the summer holiday. Sa Pa is an intriguing place to visit because of the Dao minority culture -
u
my family and I drove out to the mountains there and trekked in the Fansipan. I really can’t wait to go back
St
there!
an
Useful language
Prepositions and adverbs of time

ic
er
Around (months, occasions, festivals, special days)
● …around Christmas…
Am
● …around my 10th birthday…
Last (weeks, weekends, months, years, festivals)
● …last weekend…
● …last month…
In (months, seasons, years)
● …in December…
● …in 1979…
During (months, seasons, long festivals)
● …during the Tet holiday…
● …during the spring…
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On (days, special days)
● …on the 5th of November 2005…
● …on my parents 25th wedding anniversary…
About + time period + ago
The last/first time I + past verb + was…
Adjectives of experience
● Difficult, challenging
● Exciting, thrilling, exhilarating, stimulating, enjoyable
● Fascinating, intriguing, surprising
Depressing, upsetting, unpleasant
dy
●
● Embarrassing, humiliating
u
● Irritating, annoying, frustrating
St
Practice
an
● When was the first time you used a computer?
● When was the last time you went on holiday?

ic
● When was the last time visitors came to your house?

er
Am
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Question: Did you learn to do X?
Sample question
● Did you learn how to ride a bike when you were a child?
● Did you learn how to swim when you were young?
How to answer
● Positive answer: Say you did learn to do X (+ when) + How did you learn to do X (someone,
youtube, classes, etc.)
● Negative answer: Say you haven’t learned to do X yet + Why + How did you regret
● Use past tenses with timespan life phrases
● State who taught you with preposition “by” or “with”
● Use non-defining relative clauses and adjectives of personality to describe the person who taught
dy
you
Sample answer
u
A: Did you learn how to swim when you were young? St
Q: Yes, I did learn to swim when I was in grade 10. I learned it from my father who possesses a personality
like a teacher. He gave me step-to-step instruction and supportive guidelines, and he was incredibly
an
encouraging but quite strict because he was determined to teach me to swim after one month. Fortunately, I
was gradually good at swimming.

ic
A: Did you learn to play any musical instrument?

er
Q: Unfortunately, I haven’t learned to play any musical instrument yet, which is a pity. Actually, I had the first
crack at playing the piano when I was a child but then it’s a shame I didn’t have enough time to do it. I was
Am
always snowed under homework and assignments at school and gave up after some weeks. I wish I had had
more ambition and patience when I was younger, then I might have learned to play the piano.
The past simple and time in life phrases
● When I was + age
● When I was in grade …
● On my + birthday
● During + holiday
● About + number + year(s) ago
158
Saying who taught you
● I was taught (to do X) + by + the person
● I learned how to do X + from + the person
Non-defining relative clauses and adjectives of personality
Non-defining relative clauses:
● Subject, who + verb, verb + object
ADJ of personality: caring, supportive, encouraging, strict, kind, talented
dy
Useful phrases
I was lucky because my (parents) gave me the chance to + activity
u
●
● I was fortunate that I had the opportunity to + activity

St
● I wish I had had …
I did learn to do X when I was at grade …/when I was … years old/about … years ago
an
●
● I was taught by my…/I learned it from… who possesses personality like a teacher
[Who] gave me step-to-step instruction and supportive guidelines…

ic
● Actually nobody guided me at all. I got to grips with X by …

er
● I learned by trial and error…

Am
● I had the first crack at X when …
● Unfortunately, I haven’t learned to do X yet, which is a pity
● I was always snowed under… and gave up for a few weeks…
● I wish I had had more ambition and patience when I …, then I might have learned to do X
Practice
● Did you learn how to swim when you were young?
● Did you learn to play any musical instrument?
● Did you learn how to ride a bike when you were a child?
● Did you learn drawing when you were a kid?
● Did you learn how to cook when you were younger?
159
Vocabulary Discovery: Topic - Robot/Technology and Science

➢ New words
● Brilliant adj. Sáng chói, lỗi lạc
● Time-efficient adj. Tiết kiệm thời gian
● Inexhaustible adj. Không biết mệt
● Error n. Lỗi
● Concentration n. Sự tập trung
● Advanced technology n. Công nghệ cao
● Gadget n. Bột phận, đồ phụ tùng
● Malfunction n. Sự trục trặc, sự cố, làm sai, hỏng hóc
● Replaceable adj. Thay thế được
dy
● Accurate adj. Chính xác
● Technophile n. Người yêu công nghệ
u
● Cutting-edge adj. Hiện đại nhất
●
●
St
Indispensable adj. Không thể thiếu, cần thiết
Multitask v. Đa nhiệm, làm được nhiều công việc cùng lúc
● Household chores n. Công việc nhà
an
● A life-saver n. Người cứu mạng

● Automation n. Sự tự động
ic
● Labor-intensive adj. Tốn nhân công

er
● Self-driving car n. Xe tự lái

● Sophisticated adj. Tinh vi, phức tạp
Am
● Humanoid n. Robot hình người

● Manually adv. Bằng tay
● Operate v. hoạt động, điều khiển, vận hành (máy móc)
● Delicate adj. Tinh vi, tinh xảo
● Navigate v. Định vị
● Marginalize v. làm cho kém quan trọng hơn
● Virtual adj. Ảo
● Screen n. Màn hình
● Robotics engineering n. Công nghệ robot
● Demanding job n. Những công việc đòi hỏi/yêu cầu cao
● Algorithm n. Thuật toán
160
● Portable adj. Có thể mang theo, di động, di chuyển được

➢ Idiom/collocations:
● Manually operated: được điều khiển/thao tác bằng tay
● To perform surgeries: thực hiện các ca phẫu thuật
● Take the wheel: cầm lái
● With ease: một cách dễ dàng
● A real hassle (idiom): một việc phiền phức
➢ Practice:
Warm-up activity:
Work in pairs. Decide which is the greatest invention of the last 250 years
Penicillin internal combustion engine radio the Internet bicycle computer
dy
telephone television
Now decide which is the worst invention of the last 250 years
u
Nuclear weapons landmine
St
internal combustion engine plastic computer mobile phone
telephone television
an
ic
er
Am
161
Read the text and answer questions 1-7 below
While technophiles love gadgets and all that is state-of-the-art believing that technology can solve
all our problems, there are people who shrink in fear at the prospect of encountering cutting-edge
technology. What is at the root of their panic? Well, technophobes are fixated on what could go
wrong and allow their fears to completely dominate their view of any development in AI, genetic
engineering or modern medicine. While we’re busy upgrading our MP3 players to the latest model,
they’re hoping all this gadgetry will go away, clinging stubbornly to outdated equipment and trusty
pen and paper.
1. Explain in your own words what a technophile is and what a technophobe is. Which are you?
dy
Which do people of your generation tend to be?
2. Is the writer of the text a technophile or a technophobe?
u
3. Give three examples of gadgets. Are you into gadgets?
St
4. The writer talks about cutting-edge technology. Find a synonym for cutting-edge in the text.
5. Find an antonym for cutting-edge in the text.

an
6. What does AI mean? Do you know of any recent developments in AI? What do you think is the
future of AI?
ic
7. Have you recently upgraded your mobile or your MP3 player? Why is it important to you (or to
er
some people) to have the latest model?

Am
162
Speaking Part 1
1. Are you interested in robots?
=> Suggested answer: Take a look at Unit 1 for useful expressions of like/dislike
Yes, robotics engineering is something/a field I take a keen interest in. [How do you get to know more
about robots, newspaper, journal or from youtube?].
Yes, I’m a technophile. You know, robots are the cutting-edge items that have played an indispensable
role in humans’ life. Robots are able to ________________________ better than men. And in fact, they assist
me with household chores like ______________ and ______________, so I can ____________________________.
No, I’m not really keen on/into robots because I’m kind of a low-tech person. [give reasons].
2. Do you like robots to work at your home?
dy
=> Suggested answer: I think that’s a brilliant idea. I’m quite lazy, so household chores like ______________
or ______________ are a real hassle. I would prefer to have those done by a robot. [Do you have a robotic
u
vacuum cleaner at your house? If not, would you like to have one soon?]. It’s truly a life-saver.
St
3. Do you want to take a car in which a robot is the driver?
an
=> Suggested answer: Take note of how the speaker paraphrase “a car in which a robot is the driver”!
Well as we all know, self-driving cars are increasingly popular/are certainly not a strange topic anymore.
ic
A.I has gotten more sophisticated, and it’s more than capable of navigating addresses and controlling a
er
vehicle. However, I gotta say I don’t really feel comfortable letting robots take the wheel. I think they are
not __________________, and may not __________________. So for now I still prefer to drive manually.
Am
4. Will robots replace human beings in the workplace completely?
=> Suggested answer: Well, these days human labor is being marginalized by automation in the
workplace. [Think about what machines/robots can do or which environments that can be dangerous for
humans to enter but robots can]. However, there are always things that require the delicate touch of a
human hand. For example, ____________________________________ .
5. Did you like to watch cartoons about robots when you were a child?
=> Suggested answer: Try to find some animated television series about robots
- Yes, I was a big fan of Transformers/Baymax/Big Hero/Doraemon when I was _________. I collected
____________ .
- Yes, I was a robot-lover, I couldn’t stop watching films/series related to robots,...
163
Speaking Part 2
Describe a product or application which is based on artificial intelligence
You should say:
● What it is
● What it is used for
● How you heard about it
And what you think of it
Work in pairs. Brainstorm your ideas and make your own note:
What it is Robot: Sophia (humanoid robot), ______________, ______________
Siri, Google assistant (Alexa) - virtual assistant
ELSA Speak
dy
______________, ______________
u
What it is used for Query about the weather, stream news/music on demand, control home
lighting
St
Robotic assistant that responds to voice commands
an
____________________________
ic
How you heard about it - From news/ TV commercial, youtube, ______________, ______________,
______________
er
What you think of it (+) Fruitful, helpful, useful, comfortable, life-saver, ______________,
Am
______________, ______________
(-) costly, dangerous/unsafe, ______________, ______________, ______________
164
Speaking Part 3
1. Do you think that the advance of technology has improved standards of education in
schools?
=> Suggested answer: The quality of education in schools has increased thanks to advances in
technology like __________ and __________. These technologies make it possible for educators and
students to ______________________________. The most obvious perk that technology has brought to
education is __________, which/where ____________________. For example,
________________________________________.
2. Do you think people rely too much on technology nowadays?
=> Suggested answer: Yes, I believe, because we just could not conceive modern life without all of these
dy
technological advancements. Needless to say, technology offers us _________, _________, _________ and
_________. It has made the world a _________ by offering __________________. However, it is undeniable that
u
people are becoming overly dependent on __________________ .
St
3. Do you think men and women view technological devices differently?

an
- Yes, I do. For starters, men are usually more obsessed with gadgets/men are more into
technology than women.

ic
- I don’t think so. There’s no reason to think there is any disparity between men and women view
er
technological devices. Regardless of gender, men and women are all
____________________________________ .
Am
4. Why do you think people spend so much money buying the latest devices?
- To show off their wealth
- Peer pressure pushes them to …
165
UNIT 10
Vocabulary Discovery: Topic Education
➢ New words:
- Eligible adj. Đủ điều kiện
- Assertive adj. Quả quyết
- Competitive adj. Tính cạnh tranh
- Expressive adj. Diễn cảm, biểu lộ
- Creativity n. Sự sáng tạo
- Intuitive adj. Thuộc về trực giác
- Tuition fee n. Học phí
- Stereotype n. Khuôn mẫu
- Parental adj. Thuộc về cha mẹ
dy
- Guidance n. Sự hướng dẫn
- Tendency n. Xu hướng
- Male-dominated adj. Phái nam thống trị
u
- Distract v. phân tâm
-
-
Nutrition n. Dinh dưỡng
Fatigue adj. Mệt mỏi
St
- Overload adj. Quá tải
an
- Restrict v. giới hạn

- Portfolio n. Hồ sơ năng lực
- Enroll v. Ghi danh
ic
- Profound adj. Thâm thúy, sâu sắc, uyên thâm

- Conduct v. Thực hiện
er
- Credit n. Tín chỉ

- Faculty n. khoa/ngành
Am
- Assign v. Giao cho, phân cho, chỉ định

- Enquire v. điều tra, hỏi thăm, dò xét
- Club n. Câu lạc bộ
- Freshman n. Sinh viên năm nhất
- Sophomore n. Sinh viên năm hai
- Junior n. Đàn em
- Senior n. Sinh viên năm cuối
- Semester n. Học kỳ
- Proficiency n. Sự thông thạo
- Logical thinking n. Tư duy logic
- Critical thinking n. Tư duy phản biện
- Recruiter n. Nhà tuyển dụng
- Language barrier n. Rào cản ngôn ngữ
- Culture shock n. Sốc văn hóa
- Anxiety n. Lo âu
- Teaching method n. Phương pháp giảng dạy
166
- Punish v. phạt
- Disruptive student: học sinh gây rối
- Concentration n. Sự tập trung
- Social skill n. Kỹ năng xã hội
- Adapt v. thích ứng với
- Nurture v. nuôi dưỡng
- Favor so over s/o v. ưu tiên ai so với ai
- Literacy rate n. Tỷ lệ biết chữ
➢ Phrasal verb:
- Deal with = cope with: đương đầu với
- Engage in: tham gia vào
➢ Collocation:
- In-depth knowledge: kiến thức chuyên sâu
- Have a thirst for knowledge: khao khát được biết/có kiến thức
- Achieve remarkable success: đạt được thành công đáng kể
dy
- Meet the requirement: đáp ứng yêu cầu
- Access education: tiếp cận giáo dục
- do/sit/take an exam: làm bài kiểm tra
u
- Gain/obtain/grasp/acquire knowledge/skills: có/đạt được kiến thức/kỹ năng
-
-
St
Do research/Do a research project: làm nghiên cứu
Enrol on/take a course: tham gia khóa học
- Do an essay/assignment: làm bài tập/bài luận
an
- Give a lecture: giảng bài

- Get an education/receive education: tiếp nhận giáo dục
- Obtained/was awarded a diploma: nhận bằng
ic
- Attend the lectures: tham gia lớp/bài giảng

er
- Hand in your essays: nộp bài luận

- Withdraw from the course: rút môn/rút khỏi khóa học
- Give feedback: đưa ra nhận xét
Am
- Recognize qualifications: công nhận chứng chỉ

- higher/tertiary education: cao học
- Distance education: đào tạo từ xa
- Key to sth: chìa khóa cho
- Heavy school workload: khối lượng bài tập ở trường nặng
- Academic performance: kết quả học tập
- Relieve stress: giải tỏa áp lực
167
➢ Practice:
10.1 Complete the text below with the correct form of the verbs in the box. There may be more
than one possible answer so try to use each verb once only
concentrate do learn overcome organize study
take teach review revise
Even the most studious among you will probably have difficulty studying at some stage in your academic
career. If or when this happens, the only way to 1. ________________ this problem is to go back to basics.
First, make sure you have a comfortable environment to 2. ________________ in. Some students need to
have a quiet space to themselves and can’t 3. ________________ if there are too many distractions. Others
need some sort of background noise, such as music or the company of friends. Whatever your personal
dy
preference is, you need to 4. ________________ this first of all. Next, make sure you have all of the
equipment or tools that you need. For example, if your are 5. ________________ a geography course and
u
you have to 6. ________________ about countries and their capital cities then you will need to have your
St
atlas to hand. If you’re 7. ________________ your maths homework then be sure to find your calculator, ruler,
protractor and compass before you start. Perhaps you’re not preparing a homework assignment or
an
project, but are trying to 8. ________________ for an exam. If so, you need to know exactly what is on your
curriculum. You should also 9. ________________ your notes and make sure that you have a clear
ic
understanding of what your lecturers have 10. ________________ you. Of course, people with a learning
er
disorder such as dyslexia may need to work harder than others at their studies as they often struggle to
read even relatively simple texts.

Am
Writing:
In writing task 2, IELTS Candidates should prepare ideas for the subtopics below:
- Homework for children
- Teaching relevant subjects to children (Science subjects, history, art,...)
- The influence of technology on education
- Studying abroad
- Wearing uniforms
- Funding in education
- Parents put pressure on students
168
10.2 Translate these statements into English. Remember to use the vocabulary you have learned
above.
1. Ngày nay, việc học sinh sở hữu một chiếc điện thoại thông minh hoặc máy tính xách tay là rất phổ
biến. Nhiều học sinh mang điện thoại tới trường.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Nhiều học sinh dành phần lớn thời gian để chơi trò chơi điện tử hoặc lướt Facebook thay vì tập
trung vào bài giảng
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
3. Ngày nay, cha mẹ quá bận rộn để chuẩn bị bữa ăn ở nhà cho con cái của học. Kết quả là, có nhiều
an
đứa trẻ chọn ăn thức ăn nhanh như KFC hay Mc. Donalds.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
4. Trẻ em nên được phép học các môn học mà các em thích. Khi đó, chúng sẽ sẵn lòng dành thời gian
và công sức cho việc học của mình. Điều này giúp cải thiện kết quả học tập của các em.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
169
5. Các chương trình học cần phải được thiết kế phù hợp để đáp ứng nhu cầu của học sinh mà không
quá sức với các em.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Học sinh cần được có thời gian rảnh để xả hơi, thư giãn tâm trí và giải tỏa áp lực.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
7. Các môn học cốt lõi truyền thống như toán học và khoa học dạy học sinh cách phát triển tư duy
logic, trong khi các môn nghệ thuật như vẽ, âm nhạc dạy cho học sinh cách nhìn thế giới theo một
u
cách riêng và cách thể hiện những cảm xúc chân thật của chúng.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Các nhà tuyển dụng có xu hướng ưu tiên các sinh viên biết nhiều ngôn ngữ hơn là những sinh viên
ic
chỉ biết một ngôn ngữ là tiếng mẹ đẻ.

er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
170
10.3 Work in pairs. Brainstorm your ideas and make outlines for the topics below, then write your
essay.
Topic 1:
University education should be free to everyone, regardless of income. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
171
Topic 2:
In some countries, young people are encouraged to study abroad. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this trend?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
172
Topic 3:
Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to
decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
173
Topic 4:
Government should invest in teaching science subjects rather than other subjects for the country to
develop and progress. To what extent do you agree or not agree?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dy
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
u
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
St
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
174

Questions type: Sentence Completion
In IELTS Listening Section 2, you will hear a monologue on a general topic. There are likely to be two different
question types within the section, for example sentence and table completion. For these particular tasks
short answers are required and you must read the instructions carefully to find out how many words to use
(a maximum of one, two or three).
Be careful that what you write fits grammatically with the other words in the sentence and is spelled
correctly.
Example: This is part of a task in which two business students are discussing a group project. Use no more
than two words and/or number.
Q: Complete the sentences below
dy
1. This year’s group project involves designing a TV advert
u
2. Meena missed the group project last year because of computer problems
Tapescript St
Tim: I’m quite looking forward to this term’s group project. I really enjoyed last
an
Meena: Did you, Tim? I had to miss it, I’m afraid. You had to design a company log
ic
planning a TV advert like we’ve got to do now.

er
Tim: You’re right Meena. But why didn’t you take part last year? Was it because
Am
Meena: Actually it was because I had computer problems and I just couldn’t mana
Explanation: For (1), if you just write ‘advert’ without ‘TV’, then it does not fit grammatically
with the article ‘a’ and you would not get the mark. For (2), if you just write either ‘computer’
or ‘problems’ it does not make total sense and you would not get the mark.
175
➢ Practice
🎧 10.4 You are going to hear two separate recordings about the uses of plastics. Before you listen to
each recording, identify what kind of information is missing, and predict possible answers with a
partner. Then listen carefully and fill in the spaces
Questions 1-5
Complete the sentences below
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
1. According to the speaker, the three factors contributing to the success of plastics today are safety,
____________ and ____________ .
2. ____________ and other food products are wrapped in plastics to protect them from contamination.
3. The use of plastics in major appliances ensures that they will ____________ corrosion.
4. Experts have calculated that a kilo of plastic packaging can lead to a reduction of ____________ in
dy
wasted food.
5. Plastic parts have made air conditioners as much as ____________ more efficient since the 1970s.
u
🎧 10.5 Listen and complete the sentences
St
Questions 1-5
an

ic
The sport of squash
1. The name of the country where squash was first played is ____________ .
er
2. The name ‘squash’ was first used to describe the ____________ which is used in the game.
Am
3. The material used to make the first squash racquets was ____________
4. The color used to indicate an advanced level ball is ____________ .
5. In an advanced squash match, the ball generally travels at ____________ kilometers per hour.
🎧 10.6
Look at the sentences (1-4). Listen again and complete the sentences.
1. You could see a total of ____________ motorcycles at the museum when it first opened
2. There was a ____________ at the museum in the year 2003
3. The speaker mentions the up-to-date ____________ facilities in the conference center
4. The museum’s oldest two wheeled bike was built in the year ____________ .
176
IELTS Listening Skill
★ Plurals in IELTS Listening
While you are listening to the recording, remember to listen for the final s in verbs, possessives and
plural nouns.
- Make sure that the subject of the sentence (a noun) matches the verb. For example, in the
present simple tense, singular nouns (e.g. the names of people, places, groups, objects)
must be followed by a verb with a final s.
- Also remember that the final s in a plural word may be pronounced together with first part
of the next word, and be difficult to hear. So you will also need to listen closely to the
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endings of the verbs.
- The final s is also used at the end of a word to show that something belongs to someone.
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For example: St
1) The underlined answer in the sentence below must be a plural
includes recipes to strengthen your bones (the singular 'bone' is not accepted)
an
2) The underlined answer below can be given as a singular or plural

Catarina Miranda focused on the behaviour of urban and rural blackbirds. ('behaviors' is also
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accepted)
Task: Can you explain why the first answer must be a plural, whereas the second answer could be
er
singular or plural?
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Tips:
1. Know your uncountable nouns
2. Know your vocabulary and spelling
3. Be careful of linking sounds
4. Use grammar to help you: articles “a”, list of plural examples
Practice:
🎧10.7
Questions 1-6
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
1. The charity is a ______ project.
2. The charity is aimed at helping _______ .
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3. It is possible to give money donations or even _______.
4. It is possible to be actively involved in the coming _______ .
5. The aim is to raise _______ .
6. For communities to rhive, _______ should not be ignored.
Discuss with your friends. Do you get the right answers?
🎧10.8
Listen to the recording and look at the answers to this sentence completion question. Which
answer is correct?
Their _____________ at the beginning of July.
dy
i. Their holiday starts at the beginning of July. (singular)
ii. Their holiday starts at the beginning of July. (singular)
u
We know (i) is singular because the verb “starts” ends with an “s” and we know (ii) is plural because
the verb “start” doesn’t end with an “s”.

St
an
🎧10.9
Now you will hear a lecturer giving some students advice on how to balance their studies and
ic
their free time. Select the correct completed sentences.

er
i.
a. So you’ll have to do a lot more things for yourself, like buying your own food, washing your
Am
clothes and managing your own money.
b. So you’ll have to do lots more things for yourself, like buying your own food, washing your
clothes and managing your own money.
ii.
a. At university you won’t have as many hours of class.
b. At university you won’t have as many hours of classes.
iii.
a. Actually, your university might even have a system for alerting you on your mobile when
your lecture is.
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b. Actually, your university might even have a system for alerting you on your mobile when
your lectures are.
iv.
a. One thing I will say, though, is that at the end of the year, after your exam, you can really
relax.
b. One thing I will say, though, is that at the end of the year, after your exams, you can really
relax.
★ Identifying keywords and paraphrasing
10.10
Look at this multiple choice questions
dy
1. The student wants a career as a(n)
u
A. accountant
B. biologist
St
C. performer
an
What is the keyword in the stem above? Can you think of any synonyms or paraphrases for this keyword?
ic
Now look at the options. Can you think of any synonyms or paraphrases for these?
er
Tip: You may hear information on the recording that relates to incorrect options. These ‘distractors’ are
designed to test your ability to listen carefully.
Am
🎧 10.11
● Listen and make notes on what is said about the three options. What information is given about
each option? How do we know which ones are distractors?
● What is the answer to the multiple-choice question?
🎧 10.12
Circle the key words and note the grammatical forms of the words around the gaps. Write the
grammatical form needed to complete each gap. Listen to the talk and complete the sentences.
Talk 1
1. __________________________ of Taipei 101 began in 1999
2. The building has __________________________ underground stories
3. The building has the world’s __________________________ elevators
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Talk 2
1. Tourists like to visit the __________________________ in Washington, DC.
2. The Stone House is the __________________________ building in the city
3. Office workers often like to __________________________ by the river
Talk 3
1. One skating rink is used as a __________________________ in the summertime
2. __________________________ use the path around the reservoir
3. The park roads are closed to automobiles on __________________________
Talk 4
1. Construction of Green Acres began in __________________________
2. The __________________________ are located near the shopping complex
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3. Children often __________________________ behind the Community Center building
Talk 5
u
1. Grover Mansion was first used as a __________________________
St
2. The __________________________ is found in the basement
3. In the summer, the Grover family usually __________________________ on the porch

an
10.13 Synonyms and Paraphrases:

ic
Below are some phrases or sentences (1-14) from the two listening tracks you have heard. Match each
er
sentence with one of the words or phrases (a-n) below and underline which word or phrase it could
replace in the sentence.

Am
1. it’s only a month away a. have
2. What do we need to do? b. go on
3. it’s not connected with Christmas c. four weeks
4. we could cook it ourselves d. right
5. my table has only six chairs e. related to
6. we can see about getting a booking at a restaurant f. half a dozen
7. Why don’t we look at having a party at a pub? g. prepare
8. there are a total of eight sessions h. what’s
9. seventy five pounds is the total charge i. reservation
10. that’s quite a good deal j. left
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11. there are two places available k. bargain
12. it will continue into June l. consider
13. May I take your name? m. cost
14. yes, that’s correct n. classes
🎧 10.14
Look at the underlined words or phrases in the questions below. Listen to the audio. Write the synonym
or paraphrase that you hear
1. How many people are there in the group? ______________________________
2. How often does she correct the work? ______________________________
dy
3. How fast is the population increasing? ______________________________
4. What happened to the plants in the region? ______________________________
u
5. When will the apartment be ready? ______________________________
6. What kind of work does the woman do?

St ______________________________
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er
Am
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UNIT 11
IELTS Task: Reading - Multiple Choice
● This task tests your ability to understand the main ideas in a text or your understanding of
specific points or details.
● You will have to choose one answer out of four options, two answers out of five options, or three
out of six options. These options may be sentence endings or answers to questions.
● The questions will be in the same order as the information in the text.
● Read the whole passage quickly to have a general view, then read the four options.
Exam tip: Use the key words in the question to help you find the right part of the text. Read the whole of that
dy
part, and consider all four options
Example: Here is part of a text about poetry and one of the questions.
u
Poetry is notoriously difficult to define. It is often regarded as the most personal of literary
St
forms, in which the poet pours out his or her soul in an effusion of feeling. Yet there are
numerous examples of impassioned prose, both fiction and polemic. Until a century ago,
an
most poetry- in English, at least - used rhythm and rhyme, and the Hstener - for poetry is
usually intended to be heard - could instantly recognise it as poetry rather than

ic
prose.Twentieth century developments have put paid to the utility of this distinction when
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characterising poetry as a whole, and, incidentally, given several generations the mistaken
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belief that poetry is necessarily hard to understand. The defining characteristic of poetry,
surely, is that it evokes and heightens joy, sorrow, fear or myriad other emotions, and
provides catharsis, the release of emotional tension.
Q: In the writer’s opinion, the main difference between poetry and other literature lies in:
A. the amount of effort it requires from the reader ❌
B. its use of rhythm and rhyme ❌
C. its effect on the reader ✅
D. the extent to which it reflects the writer’s feelings ❌
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Explanation: The underlined and highlighted parts of the text show that [C] is correct
because this is the writer's opinion. Remember the question as you read each option. m
refers to the sentence beginning 'It is often regarded as', but this is not the writer's opinion.
[A] is incorrect because it says this is a 'mistaken belief’ and [B] is incorrect because it says
that poetry no longer necessarily uses rhythm and rhyme.
Exam tip: Process of elimination
- Usually, one or two options will clearly be wrong. Cross them out to eliminate them once
you are sure they’re incorrect.
dy
- Continue to study the details in the remaining answers until you've identified the right one.
- If one answer jumps out at you as obviously correct, double-check it in case the examiner
u
has succeeded in tricking you in the way I suggested in my key tips. It’s also worth going
St
through the process of eliminating the other answers before finally deciding just to be sure.
an
- Give the answer a ✔ if you like it, or give it a ~ if you aren’t sure. Marking it allows you
to focus on what’s relevant.

ic
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➢ Skills-building exercise:
Look at the questions (1-5) and underline the main words and ideas. Use these to help you find the
Am
relevant information and ideas in the passage.
1. What does the writer think about the analysis of the data from the landing?
2. The writer mentions a ball to give us an idea of … .
3. What does Stefan Schroder suggest about the stone which the probe hit?
4. The writer quotes the words of Erich Karkoschka in order to … .
5. The dust-like material mentioned in the final paragraph provides evidence that …
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Now read the passage. Mark the sections which contain the information relevant to each question.
Read each section carefully. What do you think the answer is going to be?
Secrets of the Titan landing
The landing of the Huygens probe on Titan, Saturn’s moon, in January 2005 was the most
spectacular single event to date in exploration of the outer solar system. Huygens was made by
the European Space Agency and brought to Titan by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, which is still
orbiting Saturn. It took seven years for mission scientists to work out exactly what happened
during what was then the most distant touchdown of a man-made spacecraft. Their analysis,
however, was worth waiting for. It reveals that the twenty-kilogram probe ‘bounced, slid and
wobbled its way to rest in ten seconds’ after parachuting down through the moon’s thick and
hazy atmosphere, and provides us with fascinating insights into an alien world.
dy
Scientists reconstructed the chain of events by analyzing data from all the instruments active
during the landing. Their data was compared with computer simulations and tests that had been
u
carried out using a model of Huygens. The Probe hit the ground with an impact speed similar to a
St
ball dropped from about a meter on Earth. On first contact Huygens dug a shallow hole about
an
twelve centimeters deep, then bounced out and slid for thirty-five centimeters across the surface.
At its final resting place it wobbled back and forth five times, till all motion ceases.
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‘A spike in the acceleration data suggests that during the first wobble, the probe probably
encountered a stone protruding by around two centimeters from the surface of Titan, and may
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have been pushed it into the ground, suggesting a substance with the consistency of sof, damp
Am
sand,’ says Stefan Schroder of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany.
Had the probe hit a wet, mud-like substance, its instruments would have recorded a ‘splat’, with
no further indication of bouncing or sliding. The ground must, therefore, have been soft enough
to allow the probe to make a sizable depression, but hard enough to support Huygens rocking
back and forth. ‘It’s like snow that has been frozen on top,’ says Erich Karkoschka of the University
of Arizona. ‘If you walk carefully, you can walk on it as if on a solid surface, but if you step on the
snow a little too hard, you break very deeply.’
The landing data also shows evidence of a dry, dust-like material thrown up by the impact.
Although liquid hydrocarbons (methane and ethane) sometimes fall from Titan’s clouds - forming
streams, rivers and lakes and giving the landscape a surprisingly Earth-like appearance - it had
evidently not rained on the landing site for some time.
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Look at the questions and the options (A or B) for each question. Read the passage carefully. Which
option (A or B) is correct? Why is the other option wrong?
1. What does the writer think about the analysis of the dât from the landing?
A. It has produced very interesting findings
B. It took an unacceptably long time to perform
2. The writer mentions a ball to give us an idea of
A. how far the probe had traveled
B. how quickly the probe was traveling
3. What does Stefan Schroder suggest about the stone which the probe hit?
A. It may have given a false impression about the surface of Titan
B. It has provided clear evidence about the surface of Titan
dy
4. The writer quotes the words of Erich Karkoschka in order to
A. give us a clearer idea of the consistency of the ground
u
B. offer a different interpretation from that given by Schroder
St
5. The dust-like material mentioned in the final paragraph provides evidence of
A. the dryness of the precise area where Titan landed

an
B. weather patterns affecting the are where Titan landed

ic
er
Am
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➢ Practice:
Read the following paragraphs and choose the correct answer. Remember to use the technique
you’ve learned above
11.1
Given that the Mediterranean Sea is in an extremely dry area of the world and that it receives the water from
the Atlantic Ocean via the narrow Strait of Gibraltar, it is actually very vulnerable to evaporation. In fact,
archeological evidence shows that global cooling about 5 million years ago caused parts of the Atlantic
Ocean to freeze, resulting in the sea level dropping about 70 meters. This stemmed the flow of water from
the Atlantic into the Strait of Gibraltar, thereby greatly reducing the amount of water the Mediterranean
received. At the same time, the movement of tectonic plates resulted in Europe and Africa drawing closer to
one another. This raised the land high enough to further block the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean. It
dy
was not long before the warm water remaining in the Mediterranean Sea began to vanish, leaving behind
nothing but salt.
u
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D St
1. What is said about the Strait of Gibraltar?
A. It has a maximum depth of about 70 2. What diminished the amount of water the
an
meters Mediterranean Sea received from the Atlantic Ocean?
B. It froze over during an era of global cooling A. A period of dry weather

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C. It evaporated due to tectonic plate B. A sea level reduction

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movement C. A blockage of ice
D. It conveys water from the ocean into the D. A rise in temperature

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sea
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11.2
In Ancient Greece, the prevailing religious traditions centered around Dionysus, a savior god who was
associated with the sowing and reaping of corn, the production of grapes, and intoxication. Patrons held
seasonal festivals in his honor, the most important of which was the autumn wine tasting celebration, known
as Dionysus Festival, and this included the recitation of chronic poems or hymns. Revelers chanted odes,
called dithyrambs, to their illustrious god while a priest would respond in a symbolic interaction between
humans and spirits. Due to its popularity within the higher and lower social classes, by the 6th century B.C.
the Corinthian king established a dithyramb competition and invited a select group of poets to compose and
perform these pseudo-dramas. For the first time, the plays were freed from their religious roots and
transformed into full-fledged works of art. The changing theater environment altered attitudes across Greece
and thus triggered a newfound secular interest that would bring about a refinement of the art form.
dy
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
3. According to the writer, the Ancient Greek wine tasting festival held each fall involved
u
A. the performance of poetry St
B. the production of wine
C. the harvesting of corn

an
D. the visiting of temples
4. The movement of plays from the religious world to the general public caused
ic
A. a protest against organized religions across Europe

er
B. the collapse of the ancient Greek civilisation
C. an increase in the general public’s curiosity about art

Am
D. some actors to become critical of social classes
187
11.3
With an estimated 440 million consumers worldwide now spending approximately $1.2 trillion a year on
top-of-the-line products like watches, jewellry, clothing, handbags, and cars, the luxury goods retail market is
steadily expanding. Yet, as a large portion of these consumers are not among the very wealthy, it has
become clear that people are spending beyond their means. What then, is driving them to do so?
According to professors Niro Sivanathan and Nathan Petit, luxury items are indicators of success and thereby
boost self-confidence. They have even conducted a survey that substantiates this idea. Participants in their
study who had recently ended a relationship or missed out on a promotion, for instance, demonstrated much
more of a desire to shop for high-end items as a means of consolation than those who were generally happy.
The participants thought that purchasing luxury items would help them forget their failures and make them
feel more successful. Retail therapy notwithstanding, many consumers simply believe that ‘you get what you
dy
pay for’ - that the most expensive items are of the highest quality and last the longest. For this reason, they
are in high demand among shoppers. They feel that splurging on an item rather than buying a reasonably
u
priced generic brand will result in significant savings on repair and replacement costs in the long run.
St
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
5. The main topic discussed in the text is

an
A. worldwide production of luxury goods
B. factors influencing reckless spending

ic
C. The role psychology plays in retail marketing

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6. Buying a luxury item instead of a similar, cheaper one can
A. boost the economy

Am
B. lead to people buying multiple luxury items
C. save money that would have been spent fixing it
D. increase demand for other affordable items
188

Question: What do you like most about X?
Sample question
● What do you like most about your job?
● What do you like most about your student life?
How to answer
● Say which aspect of X you like the most + Explain why (or give example)
● Use adverbs modifying verbs to state degrees of like
● Use parallel structures correctly
● Use simple linking words accurately
dy
Useful language
u
● I really enjoy St
● I particularly like…
● I especially love…
an
Parallel structure
ic
● I really enjoy watching plays, writing papers and listening to the school band.
er
● My mother particularly likes to dance, go out to restaurants and spend time with the family.
Am
Sample answer
Q: What do you like most about your hometown?
A: To be honest, I would say I like everything. But what I like the most may be its privilege in natural
landscapes. I mean my city is well-known for having incredible sceneries everywhere from the fine sandy
beaches to the east to green chilling forests to the west.
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Question: Is X popular (in your country)? - Why do some people like X?
Sample question
● Is football popular in your country?
● Are bikes popular in your country?
How to answer
● Yes/No + Reasons/Supporting ideas
● It depends + listing different situations
● Show that you have a balanced answer to this question + Talk about each type of people +
Sample answer
Q: What sports are popular in your country?
A: I think it depends on which group of people you are talking about. As for elderly people, some indoor
dy
sports such as playing chess or card gain popularity simply because they are physically weak and prefer
some sports which require less energy. However, when we consider the young generation, football is a much
u
more common choice since they either watch or play football frequently.
St
an
ic
er
Am
190
Useful language
● Yes, it’s very popular
● The majority of…/most/many/a lot of a large number of/a large proportion of/a large
percentage of/60-70%
● I think/I guess/I could say that…
● account for + %
● Not many/very few/a small number of/a small proportion of/a small percentage of
● nobody/no one/no/hardly ever/rarely
● Well, I think it really depends… It’s not really popular with [type of people], but it’s popular
with [type of people]
dy
● I think it depends on which group of people you are talking about
● As for group 1 + A gains popularity simply because…
u
● However, when we consider + group 2 + B is a much more common choice since
● The young generation >< The elderly

St
● Retired people >< Office workers
an
● Women >< Men
● The rich >< Poor people

ic
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Practice
Am
● Are foreign language films popular in your country?
● Are bikes popular in your country?
● Are zoos popular in your country?
● What sports are popular in your country?
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Vocabulary Discovery: Topic Stage of Life

➢ New words
● Crawl v. bò
● Walk v. đi
● Intimate adj. Gần gũi
● Nostalgic adj. Hoài niệm
● Resent adj. Cảm thấy cay đắng
● Tie a shoelace: buộc dây giày
● Infant n. trẻ sơ sinh (dưới 1 hoặc 2 tuổi)
● Infancy n. thời thơ ấu, tuổi còn ẵm ngửa
● Childhood n. tuổi thơ
dy
● Mimic v. bắt chước
● React v. phản ứng với
u
● Cognitive adj. liên quan đến nhận thức
●
● Adolescence n. thời thanh niên
St
Communicative adj. cở mở, thích chuyện trò
an
● Teenager n. thanh thiếu niên (người từ 13 đến 19 tuổi)
● Peer n. bạn cùng tuổi
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● (Im)mature adj. trưởng thành

● (Ir)responsible adj. có tinh thần trách nhiệm
er
● Adult n. người trưởng thành

Elderly = old people n. người lớn tuổi
Am
●
● Bear in mind: suy nghĩ, xem xét, trăn trở về điều gì
● Put your mind at ease: làm cho ai đó thở phào nhẹ nhõm, trút được gánh nặng
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➢ Collocation
Childhood
1
Ever since he was a newborn baby, Harry’s adoring parents were convinced he was a child prodigy
2 3
and pandered to his every whim , so that he soon grew into a spoiled brat . As a young teenager,
4
he hung around with the rest of the town’s disaffected youth , and was on the verge of becoming a
5
juvenile delinquent . But then a music teacher realized he had a talent for singing and helped him
6
to see the error of his ways . He spent the rest of his teenage years singing for a band which made
a considerable contribution to popular youth culture.
1. Young genius 4. Young people who do not accept
2. Did every little thing that he wanted society’s values
dy
even when it was not appropriate 5. A criminal who is still legally a minor
3. (informal, disapproving) an 6. Understand his mistakes
u
unpleasant child, one who behaves St
badly and whose parents allow to
an
behave as he/she wishes
ic
Middle age
er
1
Amy and Stewart got married young. They had a baby and then another a year later and quickly
Am
fell into the pattern of family life. They concentrated so much on providing a stable environment
for their children that they neglected their relationship and soon began to take each other for
2
granted . The children left home and went off to university and Stewart began to go through a
3
midlife crisis . He said he was bored with his daily routine and he wanted to go off and travel the
4
world while he was still young enough. Amy thought he was just going through a phase but she
felt she had no choice but to respect his wishes. She said nothing to stop him as he bought a red
sports car and set off on a road trip through Europe.
1. NOT got a baby 3. Period of dissatisfaction in the middle of one’s life.
2. Not value each other 4. Going through a period of strange or difficult behavior.
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Old age
1
Louise and John are in their seventies now. They say they don’t feel their age except for ‘the
2 3
occasional twinge ’. They both admit to the occasional ‘senior moment ’ and John can
4
sometimes be a bit of a grumpy old man . They don’t have to support their family anymore, so
5
they live quite a comfortable life . When they were younger, they were quite poor but those days
are only a hazy memory now. At home, they are surrounded by things of great sentimental value
to them and it has become their habit to spend the evenings poring over their photo albums.
6
These are full of pictures that rekindle memories of days gone by. Louise and John are happiest
when their grandchildren come to stay. They give them their undivided attention. In fact, they
don’t let them out of their sight. Sometimes the grandchildren complain about this but Louise
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always explains, ‘We just want to make sure you don’t come to any harm’.
1. Feel as old as they are 4. (informal, uncomplimentary) an old
u
2. A slight ache from time to time St man who is always complaining about
3. Moment of forgetfulness things
5. Note how live often collocates with a

an
life
6. Bring back memories
ic
er
Am
194
➢ Phrasal verb
● Name after: give him/her the same name as someone else
● Take after: has a similar appearance or character as an older member of his family
● Bring up: look after a child and educate them until they are an adult
● Grow up: change from being a child to being an adult
● Carry on: continue
● End up: finally did something, especially without having planned to
● Become of: happen to
● Drop out: stop going to classes before completing a course
Wind up: start to do or take something bad, usually because you are unhappy
dy
●
● Live up to: be as good as he is expected to be
u
● Pass for: appear to be
●
St
Hand down: given or taught, by an older person to a younger person
➢ Practice:
an
3.7 Answer these questions in full sentences using phrasal verbs

ic
1. Were you named after anyone? If so, who were you named after?
2. Who, if anyone, do you take after in appearance?

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3. Who, if anyone, do you take after in character?

Am
4. Do you think that children should be treated as adults while they are growing up?
5. What reason might someone have for dropping out of university?
6. Describe someone you know who could pass for someone older than they really are
7. Do you possess anything that has been handed down from your great-grandparents?
8. Do you think that both parents have an equally important role to play in bringing up
their children?
9. Until what age would you like to carry on working?
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3.8 Correct the collocation errors in these sentences
1. It is all too easy to make your close friends and your family for granted.
2. Liz’s got four children and she’s just bought herself a sports car. Do you think she’s
going against some kind of midlife crisis?
3. My sister got a baby boy last month.
4. You’ll spoil your daughter if you keep on wandering to her every whim.
5. My parents are vegetarians, so I admire their wishes and don’t eat meat in their
house.
6. Sorry, I must be having an elderly moment. I just can’t remember your name!
7. Jacqui insists she has seen the mistake of her ways.
dy
8. Don’t worry about your daughter leaving home. She won’t do any harm.
u
9. Make sure you don’t let the child out of your view.
3.9 Practice speaking

St
Speaking part 2
an
Describe a person who impressed you most when you were in primary school
ic
You should say:
Who he/she is
er
● How you knew him/her

Am
● Why he/she impressed you most
And how you feel about him/her
Vocabulary:
● Fall behind: thua kém ● Ponytail (n): tóc buộc đuôi ngựa
● Adopt a skill: bắt đầu học kỹ năng ● Be intrigued (a): cảm thấy tò mò, thú vị
● Outdoor activities: hoạt động ngoài ● Execute (v): thực hiện
trời ● at the back of my mind: quên đi, không
● Shoulder v. gánh vác thường xuyên nhớ tới
● Burden n. Gánh nặng ● be struck by something (a): bị ấn tượng
● Cherish v.trân trọng mạnh bởi
● First impression: ấn tượng đầu tiên
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Useful sentence structures:
- If I have to think of a particular person, I would think of this girl/boy named …
- I can barely remember the details about …
- My first impression about him/her was …
- He/she caught my attention…
- As a kid, I put that piece of memory at the back of my mind and haven’t thought too
much…
- I tried to reach out and reconnect…
Brainstorm your ideas and make your note:
dy
a person who impressed
u
you most when you St
were in primary school
an
ic
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Speaking part 3
1. Do you think that childhood is very important for the development of one person?
=> suggested answer: childhood is the period when one person forms his characteristics and
prospective career. Indeed, in around more than one first decade of one’s life, he has to … .
Any … can ruin his future forever. Through … and …, he/she may realize his/her passion and
start to…. Therefore, childhood is crucial for …
2. Why do people always miss their childhood?
=> suggested answer: for this question, try to make comparison between life as a kid and as
an adult to show contrast, thereby highlight reason people always miss their childhood
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for a very simple reason I think. Adults have to work, they are normally up to their ears, and I
bet nobody likes that, compared to one’s younger days when there was no …. or …. . It is
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human nature to prefer …. It is reasonable that we are nostalgic of the laid back days and ….
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3. Are kids happier than adults? Why?
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With reference to the previous answer, children are not exposed to …. In the meantime, the
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grown ups are set up against the … and …. The things that the two age groups have to deal
with are so different that they make living much more enjoyable for kids.
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UNIT 12
IELTS Task: Reading - Multiple Choice Practice
12.1
The history of mining in Nevada, nicknamed the ‘Silver State’, is so intertwined with the history of the state
that, at certain points, the two cannot be separated. In fact, were it not for mining, Nevada would probably
not have achieved statehood until decades later than it did. As it was, the Silver State bought its way into the
Union with silver mined in the famous Comstock Lode. In the mid-1800s, the area that would become Nevada
was mostly a highway for those heading to search for gold in California. In 1859, however, the discovery of
massive silver deposits quickly made Virginia City the most famous of all western mining camps. The rapid
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influx of prospectors and settlers resulted in the organization of the Nevada Territory just two years later.
In the east, the American Civil War was brewing. Lincoln, realizing the area’s great mineral wealth could help
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the Union, and needing another state to support his proposed anti-slavery amendment to the Constitution,
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encouraged the territory to seek admission to the Union. Even though Nevada boasted only about one-fifth
of the 127,381 people required for statehood, with the motto ‘Battle Born’, it was admitted as the 36th state
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in 1864. Since then, mining’s impact on Nevada’s economy has remained immense, both in the influx of
money it has brought in boom times and in the noticeable economic downturns during periods of low
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demand.
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1. The writer mentions the Comstock Lode in order to illustrate

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A. the reason that miners began moving westward
B. a unique resource found in the region
C. one of the sources the state used for building infrastructure
D. the importance of mineral wealth in Nevada’s statehood
2. Lincoln encouraged the Nevada territory to join the union in order to
A. gain additional support for his anti-slavery proposals
B. raise more tax revenues for the country
C. create a direct connection to the California gold mines
D. increase the population of the state
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3. According to the writer, since 1864 mining in Nevada
A. has failed to generate money during economic downturns
B. has become the leading employment sector in the state
C. has had a diminished role in the state’s economy
D. has continued to have a significant economic influence
➢ New words:
● Intertwined adj. Đan xen, chồng chéo
● Mining n. Khai thác mỏ
● Influx n. Dòng chảy, đám đông người
● Prospector n. Người đi tìm mỏ/vàng
● Settler n. Người định cư
Brew v. ủ
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●
● Slavery n. Nô lệ
● Amendment n. Tu chính án
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● Territory n. Lãnh thổ
● Economic downturn n. Suy thoái kinh tế
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12.2
Some pet owners claim that, before an earthquake, their pets become restless and agitated, whine for no
reason, or simply try to run away. This has led many people to believe that animals have an additional sense
that warns them of these upcoming events. This, however, is not a new idea. In fact, the belief that animals
can predict earthquakes appears as far as the 4th century B.C., in the historical records of the Greek city of
Helike. These records state that animals abandoned the city all at once just days before a major earthquake
destroyed it, causing people to believe that the animals had been forewarned of the event. Given the
existence of these types of anecdotal stories, one might begin to wonder if animals could possibly have a
sixth sense that helps them predict seismic activity. Well, if we’re to believe the U.S. Geological Survey - the
agency charged with studying Earth - the answer is no. According to their studies, no credible evidence has
been discovered to show that animals are able to predict earthquakes at all. But if this is correct, what
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explains the regular reports of strange behavior before earthquakes? One theory is that animals simply have
more highly effective senses than humans. With their superior hearing, dogs and cats - in addition to other
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animals - can perceive the infrasonic sounds produced by tectonic movement over long distances. However,
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without understanding what the sound is, they simply want to flee from it, causing them to act much
differently than they normally would.

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1. Why does the writer mention the ancien 2. What does the writer suggest about the
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Greek town of Helike? animals and their response to infrasonic

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A. To show how far back the theory stretches sound?
B. To suggest a flaw in a historical record A. They can detect it only from short distances
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C. To provide an example of a documente B. They do not hear it until after an
disaster earthquake begins
D. To explain the source of a common idea C. They want to run away despite not knowing
what it is
D. They alert other animals about the pending
danger
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➢ New words:
● Restless adj. Không yên, bồn chồn ● Abandon v. Loại bỏ
● Agitated adj. Bị kích động, lo âu ● Infrasonic adj. Sóng siêu âm
● Predict v. Dự đoán ● Perceive v. Cảm nhận, cảm giác, nhận ra
● Seismic adj. Địa chấn ● Credible adj. Đáng tin cậy
● Anecdotal adj. Giai thoại, không hoàn ● Theory n. Lý thuyết
toàn đúng
12.3
We often take air travel for granted today, but it is actually the result of centuries of experimentation. Since
our earliest days, people have attempted to fly like the birds that they observed in the sky. These
rudimentary attempts at flight included everything from jumping off ledges with simple feather covered
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wings to elaborate flying machines like the one designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Unfortunately, none of these
were ever able to overcome the inherent problem with flight - getting and keeping an object that is heavier
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than air aloft. This would remain the case until the mid-1800s, when George Cayley ascertained the
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fundamentals of aerodynamics. Using his newfound knowledge, Cayley was able to produce a rudderless
glider that could lift a human 100 feet into the air. Cayley’s work brought about even greater experimentation
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in aerodynamics. Amongst those whose interest was piqued were Orville and Wilbur Wright. These American
brothers used a rudimentary air tunnel to perform tests on model wings. Using this device and Cayley’s
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principles, the Wright brothers observed how winds affected planes and developed accurate mathematical
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formulas for flight. Eventually, they devised a way to change the wing configuration to control the plane’s
balance, in much the way that ailerons do today, and a rudder system, which allowed for lateral steering of
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the vessel. Their main problem was then figuring out a way to power the plane. Although steam engines of
the day could’ve pushed the plane fast enough to provide lift, they were incredibly heavy. Luckily, the internal
combustion engines developed for the burgeoning automobile industry were both powerful and light
enough for the task. The Wright brothers attached one of these engines to a propeller on their aircraft and
made the first controlled, self-propelled flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903. This type of engine configuration
became the standard in the aviation industry until the late 1930s, when the jet engine was developed.
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1. Leonardo da Vinci’s aircraft design was very 2. The writer mentions that George Cayley
complex, but A. invented the first powered aircraft
A. it relied too heavily on the use of feathers B. was inspired by da Vinci’s work
B. it weighed too much to become or remain C. worked with pilots like the Wright
airborne brothers
C. it suffered several problems during its first D. discovered the basics of aerodynamics
flight 3. Experiments by the Wright brothers
D. it did not have enough space to carry carg allowed them to
A. perform the calculations necessary for
flight
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B. develop an engine that could power
aircraft and automobiles
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St C. invalidate some of the theories
presented by Cayley
D. reduce the weight of steam-powered

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motors
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➢ New words:
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● Take sth for granted: coi cái gì đó là hiể ● Ascertain v. biết chắc, xác định
nhiên, không trân trọng ● Devise v. nghĩ ra, bày kế, sáng chế, phát
● Experimentation n. Thí nghiệm minh
● Elaborate v. ● Configuration n. Hình thể, cấu hình
● Observe v. quan sát ● Combustion n. Sự đốt cháy
● Attempt v. cố gắng, nỗ lực ● Burgeon v. nảy mầm, phát triển
● Inherent adj. Cố hữu, vốn có ● Aviation n. Hàng không
● Overcome v. vượt qua ● Standard n. Tiêu chuẩn
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IELTS Task: Listening practice

➢ Note/form filling:
Action plan reminder:
- Read the instructions carefully to see how many words you can write
- Look at the form and the information and decide what it is about
- Note the order of the questions
- Look at the gaps and any headings and decide what type of information is required
- Underline or highlight the key words around each gap and use these to help you listen for
the answer
- As you listen, complete the form
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Motor Registry - Telephone messages
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Caller’s name: 8. _______________________

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Date of birth: 9. _______________________

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Telephone: 10. 0412_______________________

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Type of car: 11. _______________________
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➢ Map/Plan/Diagram Labeling
12.5
Before you listen, let’s practice using a map. Look at the picture and answer the following
questions
12. What is the building in the bottom left-hand
corner?
13. Where on the map is St. Mary’s Cathedral?
14. Name two streets that are parallel to Park
Street
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15. What structure is at the top of the map in
the middle?
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Label the street plan below
Write NO MORE THAN THREE words for each answer
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➢ Underline and identify keywords
Action plan reminder:

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- Underline the key idea(s) in each sentence and think what information you need to
complete the sentences
- Listen and write the words when you hear them
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12.7
Work in pairs. You are going to listen to a man at the ticket desk at an exhibition
1. Have you ever been to an exhibition? If so, what did it show, and what did you like and
dislike about it?
2. What sort of exhibitions might interest you? Why?
Look at the Questions 1-6 below
1. How many sections are mentioned?
2. Which questions relate to which sections?
3. Underline they key ideas in each sentence
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Questions 1-6
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Electronics exhibition
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1. The first section deals with electronics designed to ____________ the environment
2. One new device is for checking ____________ temperatures at different levels

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3. The theme of the second section is children and their ____________
4. There are a number of inventions to avoid an ____________ in the home

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5. They demonstrate a device for checking if older children are at ____________
6. The third section contains devices for dealing with ____________

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🎧 Now listen and complete Questions 1-6. Write ONE WORD for each answer
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12.8
Read the sentences carefully. Underline the keywords before and after each gap
1. Anna has got a job as a ____________
2. She has recently completed a course in ____________
3. The new name of the department which sells computers and phone is ____________
4. The Food Photography course takes place on the ____________ September
5. There is a total of ____________ places available on the course
Match questions 1-5 with the type of information you need to listen for, given below. The first one has
been done for you
An area of study _______ a name of a place _______
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A type of job 1 a date _______
A number only _______
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🎧 12.8a - Listen again to Anna talking to the store manager and complete the sentences. Write NO
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MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
1. Anna has got a job as a ____________

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2. She has recently completed a course in ____________
3. The new name of the department which sells computers and phone is ____________
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🎧 12.8b - Listen to the student and the receptionist again and complete the sentences. Write NO
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MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
1. The course take place on the ____________ September.

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2. There are a total of ____________ places available on the course.
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UNIT 13
IELTS Task: Writing - Map
13.1
You should spend 20 minutes on this task.
The plans below show a science park in 2009 and the same science park today.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
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➢ What to do in Task 1 Map
You should You shouldn’t:
● Write a description of what you see ● Speculate about the reasons behind the
● Make connections between different par data
of the data if needed ● Draw inferences
● Recognise broad trends ● Make evaluation
209
➢ Strategies
A. Understanding the data
Read the following statements about the two plans. Which of them report the data correctly? Mark them T
(true) or F (false). Explain why the false statements are wrong and correct them.
1. The plans show that since 2008, the number of roads has been increased.
2. There is now one additional building in the science park aside from the station.
3. A number of major changes have been made to the science park in the period since 2008.
4. Reception is now called offices.
5. There has been no change in the position of the railway line.
6. According to the plans, the area of grassland has expanded significantly.
7. There is now more space devoted to cyber security than in 2008.
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8. The plans show that since 2008, cycle paths have been added.
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B. Decide what you should and shouldn’t include in task 1 answer
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Look at the following sentences. Which of them do you think are valid points to make in a task 1 answer, and
which should you avoid? Why?

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1. The northern part of the area has seen the largest number of changes.
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2. A lot of money must have been spent to bring a railway station to the science park.
3. The reduced number of car-parking spaces will be beneficial for the environment.
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4. The area covered in trees is approximately the same as in 2008.

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5. The reception was probably built near the road in order to facilitate access for disabled
employees.
6. The term Innovation Center is more modern than IT Center.
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TIPS: In 150 words you cannot include a detailed description of all the changes, so you must decide which
parts it is important for the reader to know and in how much detail. Decide which points to summarize, which
to group together and which parts to ignore.
How to write the introduction
The maps show/illustrate/demonstrate how [tên khu vực] change(d) over a [số năm]-year period from___
to___.
Example
The maps illustrate how the Spanish city of Castellon changed(d) over a 10-year period from 2000 to
2010.
The maps show/illustrate/demonstrate the changes of [tên khu vực] over a [số năm]-year period
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between___ and___.
Example
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The maps demonstrate the changes of the Spanish city of Castellon over a 10-year period from 2000 to 2010.
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13.2
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Writing a clear summary
Fill in the spaces in the sample answer with appropriate words from the box.
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Which though same also whole where

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The two plans show changes to a science park since 2008. The most striking alteration has been to the
northern part of the area, 1 ___________ a Research and Development block has been constructed on the
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grassland, 2 ____________ it is noticeable that the area covered by trees has remained approximately the same.
Two buildings have been expanded, most obviously the Cyber Security unit, 3 ____________ has almost
doubled in size. Another important change has been to the transport arrangements. The amount of space for
cars has been significantly reduced, with car parking cut by almost half. At the 4 ____________ time, public
transport links have been increased: a train station has been added and there is now a bus stop opposite the
entrance; a cycling lane has 5 ____________ been introduced. Two buildings have been given different names:
the old Reception block is now called the University Hub and the IT Center has been renamed the Innovation
Center. Taken as a 6 ____________, the Science Park has undergone a number of major alterations since 2008.
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13.3 Verb forms: past simple vs present perfect
Look at the following sentences taken from other IELTS Comparison of plans/ maps tasks.
Underline the time reference and choose which verb form to use in each case.
A. Between 2015 and the beginning of 2017, eight new lecture rooms were/ have been built.
B. The entrance to the research facility has been/ was widened and now extends along the building.
C. Since 2010 a number of changes were/ have been made to the design of the library.
D. In the last decade the amount of land used for wheat has been/ was reduced.
E. After 1960, almost all of the parkland was/ has been built on.
Complete the sentences with a phrase, using past simple or present perfect with the verb in brackets.
A. Since the 1980s, the number of university places for women ___________ (rise)
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B. In the last 50 years there ___________ a massive increase in carbon emissions (be).
C. 27% of the rural population of the region ___________ (move) to urban areas after the drought.
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D. Between 1970 and 2010, virtually one third of the schools in this area ______________ (close).
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➢ Passive Voice in Maps
Example
● A number of important changes have taken place in the last decade.
● The city became much more modern.
● The cinema was knocked down to make way for a new shopping center.
13.4 Complete sentences below using passive voice
1. The city used to be very green, but it ………… much more industrial. (become)
2. A new sports center in the ……….. city center. (construct)
3. The own stadium …………… and replaced by a new one. (demolish)
4. Many significant changes …………. in the city in the last ten years. (take place)
5. The old town hall …………. and replaced by new flats. (knock down)
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6. In the last 15 years, the city ………….. considerably, from a quiet market town into a much busier
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small city. (change)
Language of changes
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A. New additions & removal
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New additions
● build = construct = erect v. xây dựng

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→ building = construction = erection n.

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● introduce v. đưa vào sử dụng

→ introduction n.
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● set up v. thành lập

● open v. mở cửa
→ opening n.
● occupy v. chiếm chỗ
● add v. thêm vào
→ addition n.
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Removal
● cut down = chop down = clear (trees): chặt cây

→ cutting down = clearance n.
● demolish = pull down v. phá hủy
→ demolition n.
● remove v. loại bỏ
→ removal n.
● flatten v. san bằng
● knock down v. phá bỏ
B. Replacements & Relocation
Replacements
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● convert into = turn into v. chuyển thành
● make into v. làm thành
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● redevelop into v. phát triển lại thành
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● Relocation
move v. di chuyển
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●
● relocate v. di dời
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→ relocation n.
C. Make bigger and smaller
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● Enlarge = expand = widen v. mở rộng

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→ enlargement = expansion n.
● extend v. kéo dài
→ extension n.
● shrink v. co lại
● reduce in size v. giảm kích thước
→ reduction in size
D. No change
● remain unchanged v. không thay đổi

● stay the same v. giữ nguyên
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E. General statements about changes
● industrialize v. công nghiệp hóa
→ industrialization n.
● modernize v. hiện đại hóa
→ modernization n.
● transform v. biến đổi
→ transformation n.
● urbanize v. đô thị hóa
→ urbanization n.
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● pedestrianize v. chuyển thành khu đi bộ
→ pedestrianization n.
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13.5
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1. It is noteworthy that there has been a _____________ of the port area. (redevelop)
2. Another striking change is the _____________ of the university (expand)

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3. A notable change has been the _____________ of the old train station into a police station. (convert)
4. The whole city has experienced a significant _____________ in the last ten years. (modernize)
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5. A remarkable development has been the _____________. of a bike-rental scheme. (introduce)

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6. There did not use to be a cinema or shops near the port, but the last few years have seen the
_____________ of new facilities in the port area. (build)

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➢ Language
Describing Positions
● At the top/ bottom
● On the right/ left side
● in the right/left hand corner
● in the middle
● Along
● Across [from]
● Opposite
● Close to
● Adjacent to
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● Next to
Beside
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●
● 10 miles from St
● 10 miles to the right of
10 miles north of
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●
● … is situated/located/sited/positioned + around/above/below/inside/next to
… … is situated/located/sited/positioned + to the right of/to the north of

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● … is covered with
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● … … is connected to … via/through/by means of …

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➢ Practice
13.6
The map below is of the town of Garlsdon and shows two possible sites for a new supermarket. Summarize
the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
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St
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Model Answer
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The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of
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Hindon, lying 12 kilometers to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to
accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon
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who could travel by car. Since it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cranston (25 km to
the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.
In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town center, which would be good for local residents.
Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon,
but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.
Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cranston, Hindon and Garlsdon, the
out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.
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Vocabulary
● Site = locate v. đặt tại
● In the countryside phr. Vùng quê
● This would make it accessible to phr. Cái gì đó dễ dàng tiếp cận hơn
● Close to adj. Gần với
● A potentially large number of phr. Một lượng lớn của
● In contrast phr. Ngược lại
● In the town center phr. Ở trung tâm thị trấn
● The surrounding towns n. Những thị trấn xung quanh
● The central area n. Khu trung tâm
● No traffic-zone n. Khu vực không cho giao thông qua lại
Offer more advantages phr. Mang lại nhiều sự thuận lợi
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●
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13.7
Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the
nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village. Summarize the information by
selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.
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St
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Model Answer
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The map shows how a village called Chorleywood developed over a period of 126 years.
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From 1868 to 1883 there were only two main roads in the region with Chorleywood covering a small area
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along one of them. Over the next 40 years, the village grew southward alongside the road and a railway was
built in 1909 passing through this part. Chorleywood station is also located in this area of the village.
Over the period between 1922 and 1970, the railway was the line along which Chorleywood expanded, both
towards the east and west. However, a motorway was constructed in 1970 parallel to one of the main roads
and further development of the village occurred around its intersections with the other main road and the
railway between 1970 and 1994. Furthermore, Chorleywood Park and Golf course is now located in an area
enclosed by the two main roads, the railway and this motorway.
Overall, the village saw considerable growth in the development of new inhabited areas during this period
which increased in volume as well as speed towards the end of the 20th century. Furthermore, the
developments, both in the establishment of new populated areas and transportation routes, occurred over
four phases.
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Vocabulary
● Cover a small area phr. Bao phủ một khu vực nhỏ
● Pass through v. vượt qua
● Expand v. mở rộng → expansion n. Sự mở rộng
● Towards the east and west pre. Về hướng đông và tây
● Construct v. xây dựng
→ construction n. Sự xây dựng
● Parallel to pre. Song song

● Intersection n. Nơi giao nhau
● Locate v. đặt tại
→ location n. Địa điểm
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● See considerable growth phr. Có sự thay đổi lớn
● Develop v. phát triển
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→ development n. Sự phát triển
●
● Establish v. thành lập
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Inhabited areas = populated areas n. Khu vực dân cư
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→ establishment n. Sự thành lập
● Transportation routes n. Tuyến đường giao thông

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13.8
The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the school site in 2024.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
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St
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Model Answer
The maps illustrate how a school site is planned to be developed over a 20-year period.
In 2004, there was only one car park to the west of the site where the main entrance to the school was
located. There were also two school buildings, accommodating 600 students altogether, separated by a path
running from the main entrance to the sports field in the east. The school was surrounded by woodland in
the north, south and east.
There are plans to increase the number of students served by the school by 400 in 2024. As a result, a new
school building will replace the old sports field, and the two original buildings are going to be joined
together. The old path will then connect these to the new building number 3, no longer running to the main
entrance. Furthermore, a part of the woodland in the east is planned to be deforested and replaced by a new
car park as well as a new, smaller sports field. Finally, a new road will be paved passing south of the school
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building, which will connect the two car parks.
Overall, there will be extensive developments with regards to construction of buildings, facilities and roads in
u
the school site during these 20 years. St
Vocabulary
The main entrance n. Lối vào chính
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●
● Seperate v. phân chia
● → separation n. Sự phân chia
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● Replace v. thay thế

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● → replacement n. Sự thay thế

● Join together v. kết nối
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● Path n. Con đường nhỏ

● Connect v. kết nối
● → connection n. Sự kết nối
● Deforest v. phá rừng
● → deforestation n. Sự phá rừng
● With regards to phr. Liên quan đến
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13.9
The plans below show the site of an airport now and how it will look after redevelopment last year.
Summarize the information by selecting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
u dy
St
an
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er
Am
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Model answer
The plans illustrate the proposed changes to the SouthWest Airport next year.
Overall, it is clear that the airport will be experiencing striking transformations, with more facilities in the
buildings and roughly twice as many boarding gates.
At present, there are two terminals at the airport, one for departures and the other for arrivals, each with
only one entrance in the South. The future plan proposes that there will be a new entrance added next to
each existing one. Inside the departure concourse, the cafe in the Northeastern corner will have been
relocated to the Southwestern corner. The check-in desk in the Western side will also be moved to the
opposite wall, making way for a bag-drop section. There is not any facility in the arrivals concourse now, but a
cafe, an ATM and a car-hire service are expected to be set up along the Eartern side. While the passport
dy
control and security checkpoint in the departure terminal will remain unchanged, new shops are likely to be
opened in the departure lounge next year.
u
Currently, there are eight boarding gates which can be accessed through walkways, but it is planned that
St
these will have been transformed into eighteen ones, standing in a fan-shaped area. A final development will
be the replacement of the two walkways by sky trains, providing more convenience for passengers.
an
Vocabulary
ic
● boarding gate (n): cổng lên máy bay ● security checkpoint (n): khu vực kiểm tra an
er
● terminal (n): nhà đón khách (ở sân bay) ninh

● arrival (n): sự đến ● lounge (n): buồng đợi, phòng khách
Am
● existing (adj): đang có sẵn ● walkway (n): lối đi dành cho người đi bộ
● concourse (n): khu đại sảnh ● sky train (n): tàu vận chuyển hành khách
● bag-drop section (n): nơi để giỏ đồ đến các cổng lên máy bay
● passport control (n): khu vực kiểm soát hộ ● passenger (n): hành khách
chiếu
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Question: What is the best time (of year) to do X?
Sample question
● What is the best time of the year for traveling in your country?
How to answer
● Tell the examiner which time is best for X
● Describe what the conditions at that time are (i.e. weather, social conditions)
● Explain why that is the best time
Sample answer
Q: What time of the year is best for outdoor activities?
A: I think the best time of year to do outdoor activities is either in the summer or in the winter, because it
dy
depends on what activities you would like to do. The weather between June and early September provides
the best conditions for rock climbing, boating, mountain biking and playing sports like tennis and football
u
because it’s warm, sunny and bright. However, if you are into winter activities like ice-skating, sledging and
St
figure-skating then the depth of winter is the best time to do them.
an
Useful language
… is the best time for/to …

ic
● … is the greatest time for/to…

er
● … is the perfect time for/to…
… is the ideal time for/to …

Am
● The best time for/to … is …
● We should/can do X + time
Practice
● What is the best time of day to work out?
● What is the best time of year to travel in your country?
● What is the best time of year to find a good job in your country?
● What is the best time for rock climbing or mountain biking?
225
Question: What do you want/hope to do (in the future)?
Sample question
● Do you hope to do the same job in the future?
● What do you want to do when you finish university?
● What kind of job would you like to do when you finish your studies?
Exam tip
● Use various forms of hope and would like structure together with emphatic sentence
structure
● Make use of Future ambition phrase
Anticipate the result by using conditions
dy
●
Grammar Point: Like, Hope, Wish
u
Like St
I would like to do something
an
Example
I would like to have an opportunity to study overseas

ic
Hope
er
● I hope to be able
I hope that something happens

Am
● What I really hope to do is + verb
● I hope I can do sth
Note: We use hope, not wish, when we want something to happen in the future or when we
want something to have happened in the past:
I hope the weather’s fine tomorrow.
Not: I wish the weather’s fine tomorrow.
I hope they didn’t miss their flight.
Not: I wish they didn’t miss their flight.
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Wish
Future wish
Subject + wish(es) + Subject + Would (not) + Verb (bare-inf)
Example
I wish you would stop smoking
I wish I could attend your wedding next week
Present wish
Subject + wish(es) + Subject + Verb (past simple)
Example
I wish I was rich
I wish I could swim
u dy
Useful sentence structure
St
● I really hope that I will be able to… ● I long to + verb
an
● It would really be a dream come ● I strive to be + adj
true if I could… I dream of being + adj

ic
● I have always wanted to… ● I dream about + V-ing

er
● … is what I find intriguing and ● I am ambitious to +verb

Am
fascinating ● I am planning on + V-ing
● I’d say … is the … that I’d love to do ● I’m looking forward to V-ing
● I would love to be/to do… ● Once I have + past participle, I
● I have an aspiration to do will + verb
something ● I’m counting down the days
● I want to be + adj until…
● I want to + verb ● I can’t wait to + verb
● I have the ambition to + verb
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Practice:
● Do you hope to do the same job in the future?
● What do you want to do when you finish university?
● What kind of job would you like to do when you finish your studies?
● What kind of sports would you like to try in the future?
● Will you take singing lessons in the future?
● What kind of houses do you want to live in the future?
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
228
Vocabulary Discovery: History
➢ New words
● Ancient adj. cổ
● Antique n. đồ cổ
● Artefacts n. đồ tạo tác
● Archaeologist n. nhà khảo cổ học
● Ancestor n. tổ tiên
● Burial n. mai táng, chôn cất
● Frenzy n. sự điên cuồng, giận điên người
● Chronology n. bảng niên đại, sắp xếp theo trình tự thời gian
● Prehistoric adj. thời tiền sử
dy
● Preserve v. bảo tồn
● Erode v. xói mòn
u
● Excavate v. khai quật
● Era n. kỷ nguyên
St
● Historian n. sử gia
an
● Historic adj. những sự kiện/nhân vật có tính chất quan trọng trong lịch sử
● Historical adj. những gì đã xảy ra hoặc thuộc về quá khứ
ic
● Interval n. khoảng (thời gian, không gian), khoảng cách

● The Middle Ages: thời trung cổ
er
● Remains n. phế tích, tàn tích

Am
● Ruins n. đống đổ nát

● Shipwreck n. sự đắm tàu
● Fossil n. hóa thạch
● Sediment n. cặn, trầm
● Downfall n. sự sa sút
● Geographical adj. thuộc về địa lý
● Feudal age/system: chế độ/thời đại phong kiến
● Dynasty n. triều đại
● First-hand experience: kinh nghiệm thực tế
● Glory n. sự vẻ vang, vinh quang
● Descendant n. con cháu, hậu duệ, người nối dõi
● Custom n. phong tục
229
● Patriotism n. lòng yêu nước

● Instil in sb v. khắc sâu vào tâm trí ai
● Triumph v. giành chiến thắng
● Independence n. độc lập
● Historical highlight n. sự kiện lịch sử nổi bật
● Colonization n. thuộc địa hóa
● Defeat v. đánh bại
● Sacrifice v. hi sinh
➢ Phrasal verb
● Take you back: make you remember a period or an event in the past
● Think back: think about things that happened in the past
dy
● Date back: have existed since a particular time
● Leftover n.: something which exists from an earlier time
u
● Bygone adj. from a time which does not exist any more
● Hold you up: delay you St
● Hold-up n.: delay
● Hurry someone up: make them act more quickly
an
● Keep up with: go at the same speed as someone

● Drag on: continue for too long
ic
● Run on: continue for longer than expected

er
● Pass by: go past

● Lie ahead: will happen in the future
Am
➢ Collocation/Idiom:
● Go down in history = to become famous
● Make history
● He is history = he is finished (end of their career)
● Could put the clock back = turn back in time
● Many moons ago = a long time ago
● Left his/her mark on society = had an impact
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● Practice
Speaking part 1
1. Do you like to learn about history?
(1) to be honest/well, I don’t take a keen interest in history/I’m not passionate about… I think
most of the historical knowledge just goes over my head, and I think I’m more of an ….
Person.
(2) I think history is an area of my interest. I love to learn about historical figures and
historical events. So learning history can give me ….
2. What historical event do you find interesting?
dy
=> suggested answer: Don’t hesitate to use some useful expression to give you time to think,
u
look at the following suggestion:
St
I think this question is really putting me on the spot because my recollections about
historical events are pretty hazy. Having said that, I think the first event that springs to
an
mind/comes to mind is probably …., which is … . Because it marks the day when …
ic
3. Do you think history is important?
=> suggested answer: Definitely. History is the backbone of any society. Because it helps
er
instill in every citizen a sense of patriotism. And we can acquire a deeper understanding ….
Am
We can learn …
4. Where do you study history?
As a student, I studied history mainly/largely at school. But learning about important events
in history through textbooks is really monotonous. I believe that ….. or ….. is far more
fascinating
5. Did you like history when you were young?
6. Do you like TV programmes about history?
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Speaking Part 2
Task card #1: Describe an important historical event
You should say:
● What event it is
● When it happened
● Who or what was involved in it
And explain why you think it is an important historical event
Vocabulary:
● with the wisdom of hindsight: với ● colonization n. sự xâm lược
kiến thức có được từ kinh nghiệm ● sovereign adj. (quốc gia) độc lập, có
dy
● to tend to: có khuynh hướng làm gì chủ quyền
● to take sth for granted: cho điều gì là ● to usher in: định hướng, dẫn dắt, bắt
u
điều đương nhiên đầu
● austerity n. sự chặt chẽ
St ● to give someone a hard time: khiến
● to cripple (nghĩa bóng) làm méo mó ai gặp khó khăn
an
● content adj. vui vẻ, hạnh phúc ● to go over one’s head: (cái gì) lướt
● Independence Day n. Ngày lễ độc lập qua trí não ai (không thể nhớ được)
ic
● to be under the oppression of : chịu ● recollection n. sự hồi tưởng, kí ức

er
sự áp bức của ● economic prosperity: sự phát

● colonial empire: đế chế đô hộ triển/thịnh vượng của nền kinh tế
Am
● to break the shackle: phá tan xiềng ● to give an appreciation for: khiến ai
xích trân trọng
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Work in pairs. Make note and give a talk to the following topic:
an important
historical event
Task card #2: Describe a historical figure that you find the most impressive
You should say:
dy
● Who he/she is
● How you know him/her
u
● His/her achievement St
And explain why you think he/she is impressive
an
Speaking Part 3:
1. How is history taught in Vietnam?

ic
=> suggested answer: not very effectively, only introduce some very common heroes in
er
Vietnamese history, boring, tiresome
2. Why are there many children who do not like to learn history?
Am
=> suggested answer: most of them are not mature enough to feel interested in battles and
wars that happened in the past, they prefer … or Due to teaching method, they way teachers
deliver their lesson/facts
3. What important events do you think might take place in the future?
Anything is possible. But if I were to speculate, I’d say the world is going to be even more
integrated/…. We are seeing signs of …. and countries/people/international communities
being … in terms of …, but I am willing to bet that eventually the world will evolve to a point
where …. . Technologies will obviously be more advanced and …. Our life…
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UNIT 14
IELTS Task: Writing - Maps Practice
14.1 The maps below show changes that took place in Youngsville in New Zealand over a 20-year period
from 1990 to 2010.
Answer the questions a-g about the maps, using the phrases in the box.
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St
an
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er
Am
● South of the river ● To the south of the golf course
● In the south-west of the town ● South west of the stadium
● North of the skyscrapers ● In the north-east of the town
● Just to the north of the river mouth
a. Where is the lake? e. Where is the school?
b. Where is the hospital? f. Where is the stadium?
c. Where is the railway station? g. Where is the marina?
d. Where is the airport?
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14.2 Match the verbs in the box to definitions 1-10
Add Extend Expand Reduce
Remover Replace Improve Develop
Modernize reconstruct renovate
1. Make something bigger: 6. Make something better:
2. Make something new again: 7. Make something smaller:
3. Make something modern: 8. Build several buildings in an area where
4. Take something away and put something there was nothing:
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else in its places: 9. Put in something totally new:
5. Build something again: 10. Take something away:
u
St
an
ic
er
Am
235
14.3 Look at the following maps
u dy
A. Complete the sentences with the correct feature
St
1. The ___________, which is right in the center of the town, has not changed in 300 years
2. According to the 1700s map, there was a ___________ in the bottom right-hand corner
an
3. Another feature that has remained the same is the ___________, located in the center, to the right
of the market square

ic
4. The row of ___________ that can be seen in the bottom center of both maps, has changed little over
er
the years
B. Complete the sentences with the correct location

Am
1. Steggle Farm, which can be seen ___________ of the 1700s map, is no longer there
2. To ___________ the market square is the hotel, which has changed considerably over the years
3. In the ___________ both maps, there is a bridge
4. In the 1700s, there were stables located ___________ the church
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14.4
Supply the correct verb forms
The maps below show changes in the Spanish city of Castellon in recent times. Summarize the
information by selecting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
udy
St
an
ic
er
Am
237
The two maps ________ (show) the main changes which ________ (take) place in the town of Castellion between
the year 2000 and today.
In general, it appears that Castellion has ________ (undergo) a major modernization, with heavy investment in
shopping and transport facilities.
The North of the city has become more built-up, experiencing substantial reduction in open space. One
remarkable change is that a new tram line ________ (build) to connect the university with the town center.
Meanwhile, the train station ________ (relocate) eastwards, making way for a police station. In 2000, there was
not any accommodation for students, but a hall of residence was built near the university. The Northeastern
corner of the city used to be a green area, with a lot of trees, but they ________ (cut) down, and a new
shopping complex ________ (construct). A new airport, which is located next to the tram line, has also been
under construction.
dy
There ________ (be) a complete change to the South of the city. A striking transformation ________ (be) that the
old market in the West of the city ________ (knock down) to make way for new shops. A completely new
u
covered market ________ (open) on the other side of the town. If we look at the port area, it ________
St
(pedestrianize) since 2000, and a range of entertainment facilities have been built, namely cinemas, bars and
clubs. A final development ________ (be) the introduction of a bike-rental scheme in the city center.
an
ic
er
Am
238
14.5
Choose the correct words from the box and fill in the gaps
u dy
St
an
Illustrate Addition Communal

ic
Transformation Located Western

er
Renovation Replaced Boundary

Am
239
The given maps (1) __________ the future plans for the (2) __________ of an industrial area into a new
residential area.
Overall, the industrial area will undergo several major changes, with the (3) __________ and (4)
__________ of several buildings and facilities.
At present, an entrance and reception building are (5) __________ on the northern boundary of the
site. The future plans show that this will be (6) __________ by a much larger building, housing three
2-bedroom homes and a large (7) __________ garden area. Meanwhile, the factory which currently
sits on the eastern side of the block will be replaced by an apartment building and parking area.
dy
On the (8) __________ side of the site, the future plans show a 3-bedroom and a 4-bedroom house to
be built where the packing and storage buildings currently stand. Additionally, the large office block
u
and canteen building on the southern (9) __________ of the site will be replaced by parking garages.
St
an
ic
er
Am
240
14.5
The maps below show Thunderstone town at present and a proposed plan for it
u dy
St
an
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ic
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
er
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Am
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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➢ Listen for Time:
Listening for time is a very important skill. You must know when something happened. You
must listen for a date, a day, a month, a year, or a time
You will hear: The train was almost thirty minutes late. It didn’t arrive until five o’clock
You will see: Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C: A
u dy
Practice St
🎧14.6
an
Questions 1 and 2
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

ic
1. What time does the class usually 2. What time will the final exam begin?
er
begin? A. 1.45
A. 2.00 B. 3.15
Am
B. 2.30 C. 4.05
C. 4.00
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Questions 3 and 4
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C
3. What time will the next train leave for Chicago?
A. B. C.
dy
4. What time will it arrive in Chicago?
u
St
an
A. B. C.
ic
er
Questions 5 and 6
Complete the schedule with the correct times
Am
Cindy’s Schedule
Monday
9:00 Spanish class
11:30 haircut
5. ___________ lunch with Jeannine
1:30 job interview
6. ___________ exercise class
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➢ Sentence completion practice

1. The tutor said they should begin with a _____________ of the problem.
2. The primary reason for the decline in tourism is _____________ .
3. The students will need three or four _____________ of how to make the town more welcoming
for tourists.
4. The strongest point will be explained in _____________ of the presentation.
5. When they give the presentation in class, the students plan to _____________.
dy
Questions 6-10
u
Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 6-10
St
A. install baby changing facilities
an
B. close the gates at sunset
C. improve road signs

ic
D. add more toilets

er
E. clean thoroughly at night
F. add more lighting

Am
G. collect rubbish once per week
H. eliminate entry fee
6. the old pier ________
7. Abbey Park ________
8. the beach ________
9. shops on The Strand ________
10. Royal Art Gallery ________
244

1. The Bell Rock lighthouse was built almost _________________ ago
2. The tower is made of _________________
3. The reef is dangerous to ships because it is _________________
4. Initial construction took place during the _________________
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
245
UNIT 15
Vocabulary Discovery: Technology
➢ New words
● Adapt v. Thích nghi
● Adjust v. Thay đổi, điều chỉnh
● Automatic adj. Tự động
● Alternate v./adj. Luân phiên
● Amend v. sửa đổi
● Decay v./n. Đổ nát, tiêu tan
dy
● Distort v. bóp méo
● Breakthrough n. Đột phá
u
● Complex adj. Phức tạp
● Consumer electronics nphr. Điện tử tiêu dùng
St
● Craft v./n. Thủ công
● Data n. Dữ liệu
an
● Download v./n. Tải xuống

● Games console nphr. Máy chơi game
ic
● Manual adj./n. Làm bằng tay

er
● Network v./n. Mạng lưới

● Nuclear adj. Hạt nhân
Am
● Primitive adj. Nguyên thủy, ban sơ

● Programmer n. Nhà lập trình
● Privacy n. Sự riêng tư, cá nhân
● Unlimited adj. Không giới hạn
● Virtual adj. Ảo
● Reveal v. tiết lộ
● Exploit v. khai thác
● Efficiency n. Chất lượng, sự hiệu quả
● E-commerce n. Thương mại điện tử
● Vulnerable adj. Dễ bị tổn thương
● Purchase v. mua
246
● Resource n. Nguồn
● Technique n. Kỹ xảo, kỹ thuật
● Mechanisation n. Cơ giới hóa
● Unprecedented adj. Chưa từng có
● Eschewing adj. Trốn tránh
● Utilize v. dùng, tận dụng
● Redundant adj. Dư thừa, không cần thiết
● Labour-saving adj. Tiết kiệm sức lao động
● Face recognition n. Nhận diện khuôn mặt
● Smart home: nhà thông minh
● Ubiquity n. Có mặt ở khắp mọi nơi
➢ Phrasal verb
dy
● Back up: make a copy of information on your computer; give support to someone by telling other
people that you agree with them backup (n)
u
● Change around: move things so that they are in different places or positions
●
St
Change into: stop being in one state, condition or form and start being in another, or make
something do this; take off the clothes or a piece of clothing and put on different ones
an
● Change out of: take off the clothes or a piece of clothing you are wearing and put on different ones
● Do away with: get rid of
ic
● Do up: repair, paint and improve an old building, car, boat, etc; fasten (an item of clothing)
er
● Fade away: disappear slowly

● Key in: put information into a computer or other electronic machine using keys or a keyboard
Am
● Make into: change someone or something so that they become something else
● Mix up: put things together without any order, think that one person or thing is another person or
thing mix-up (n)
● Switch on/off: start/stop a machine/light/etc working
● Take apart: separate an object into pieces
● Test out: try using something such as a machine or product to find out whether it works correctly
or is satisfactory
● Turn into: change or develop into something different; make someone or something change or
develop into something different
● Use up: use all of a supply of something
● Wear out: use something a lot so that it no longer works or can no longer be used.
247
➢ Phrases, patterns and collocations

● Access (have/gain/provide) access to, internet access, wheelchair access
● Break: break a habit, break with tradition, make the break, take/have/need a break, a welcome
break from, lunch/tea/coffee break
● Change: change from sth to, change sth into, change sth for, change for the better/worse, change
your mind, change the subject, make a change, undergo a change
● Date: date from, date back to, keep sth up to date, set/fix a date
● Purpose: serve a purpose, the purpose of doing, a sense of purpose
● Tool: a tool for (doing sth), a tool of, toolbar, tool kit, tool box
● Web: surf the Web, on the Web, website, web page, webcam, world wide web, webmaster
➢ Practice
15.1 Complete using the correct form of the words in the box
dy
click complex download electronics file manual offline online programmer upload
u
St
WANTED: COMPUTER GEEK
Some people think ‘geek’ is a negative term for someone who spends all their time on
an
computers. Well, we at Compulearn think it’s a positive thing! If you’re interested in

ic
becoming a computer (1) ________, if you enjoy reading the (2) ________ to find out what’s really
going on inside consumer (3) ________ like the latest plasma TV, then we want to hear from
er
you.
Am
Our six-week course covers everything from (4) ________ music (5) ________ from the Internet
to writing your own games. You’ll learn how to (6) ________ your own website to the Internet
and how to solve (7) ________ problems in the latest programming languages. Go (8) ________
now and visit us on the net. (9) ________ on ‘Opportunities’ and start your future now.
(If for any reason our website is (10) ________, or you are unable to connect to the Internet,
call us on 0800-COMPULEARN.)
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15.2 If the word in bold is correct, put a tick. If it is incorrect, replace it with one of the words in bold
from the other sentences
1. The Internet is really a vast console of computers, all connected together. ______
2. Since we got resource, we’ve been watching music videos online. ______
3. Early computer games seem quite nuclear compared to today’s games. ______
4. It seems to me that primitive power is far cleaner than oil. ______
5. These ancient tools have been crafted with an enormous amount of skill. ______
6. The next generation of game technique will have better graphics. ______
7. There’s a network in computing called ‘beta testing’, which means you test something to see if it
works properly before it becomes official. ______
8. This latest breakthrough will mean cheaper, faster internet access for all. ______
dy
9. The computer has finished analysing all the broadband. ______
10. The sea is a great natural source of data but we need the right technology to use it. ______
u
St
15.3 Translate the sentences below into English. Remember to use the new vocabulary you have
acquired
an
1. Những tiến bộ công nghệ trong giao tiếp có thể dẫn đến sự cô lập xã hội và chứng trầm
cảm.
ic
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er
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2. Những người dành quá nhiều thời gian trò chuyện trực tuyến thay vì tương tác trực tiếp
với gia đình hoặc bạn bè của họ đang tách mình khỏi thế giới thực.
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3. Một mặt, chơi trò chơi điện tử có thể giúp cải thiện khả năng nhận thức của mọi người. Ví
dụ, những người chơi phải ghi nhớ địa điểm, sự kiện hoặc tên để chuyển sang cấp độ tiếp
theo. Điều này có lợi cho chức năng não và phát triển trí nhớ.
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4. Internet đã cách mạng hóa cách chúng ta tương tác và giữ liên lạc với nhau. Thay vì chờ
dy
đợi hàng tuần để nhận thư của người thân, giờ đây, chúng ta có thể giữ liên lạc tức thì với
học qua email hoặc cuộc gọi điện video.
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u
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an
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ic
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er
Am
5. Sự phát triển của công nghệ và Internet có thể mang đến những thay đổi đáng kể nơi
công sở. Ở một số công ty, nhân viên không cần phải đến chỗ làm mà có thể làm việc từ
xa. Ví dụ, họ có thể tham gia họp hoặc hội thảo thông qua các phần mềm như Google
Meet, hay Zoom. Điều này sẽ giúp tiết kiệm chi phí đi lại rất nhiều.
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250
6. Quả thật robot đang đặt ra nhiều thách thức cho xã hội. Đơn cử, robot đang được sử dụng
ngày càng phổ biến trong các nhà máy sản xuất, khiến cho công nhân mất việc làm và từ
đó làm gia tăng tỷ lệ thất nghiệp. Về lâu dài, điều này có thể là gánh nặng cho chính phủ
các nước.
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dy
15.4 Make outlines and write your essays about the following topics
Topic 1
u
Many people believe that social networking sites (such as Facebook) have a huge negative impact on both
St
individuals and society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
an
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ic
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er
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Am
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251
Topic 2
Some people believe that robots will play an important role in future societies, while others argue that robots
might have negative effects on society. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
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an
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ic
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252
Topic 3
Online shopping is becoming more common these days. What effect would this have on the environment
and the types of jobs required?
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an
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Question: Is X suitable for (types of people)?
Sample question
● Is your hometown suitable for young people to live in?
● Are computers suitable for young children?
How to answer
● Yes/No + reasons
● It depends + situations
Sample answer
Q: Do you think it’s appropriate for museums to sell things to visitors?
A: Yes, it would be a great idea because museums need money for their operation and maintenance. Plus,
dy
many people want to buy something at the places they visit to give their loved ones as a gift.
u
St
Useful language
● It’s very suitable

an
● It would be a great idea…
I don’t think it’s a good idea…

ic
●
er
Practice
Am
● Is your hometown suitable for young people to live in?
● Are computers suitable for young children?
● Do you think bicycles are suitable for people of all ages??
● Do you think it’s appropriate for museums to sell things to visitors?
254
Question: How important is X?
Exam tip: When the examiner asks you how important is something type questions, you
must:
● State the degree of importance
● Make a use of positive or negative expression
● Use some adjectives of feeling
Sample question
● How important do you think it is to have free time?
● Do you think that it is important to have festivals?
How important is friendship to you?
dy
●
u
Language of different level of importance
St
Moderately important
an
● X is fairly important
● To some extent, X is important

ic
● X is important to a point, but…

er
Very important
Am
● X is considerably important
● X is incredibly important
● X is very important
● I think that X is very important
● I don’t think X is terribly important for …
● X is essentially/particularly important in …
255
Synonyms of “important”
● Essential ● Consequential
● Pivotal ● Paramount
● Vital ● Momentous
● Significant ● Meaningful
● Necessary ● Indispensable
● Valuable ● Critical
Example:
Examiner: Is it important to travel?
Candidate: I believe it is rather significant to travel since it helps us to broaden our
dy
horizons OR Well, it is essential to travel as it would help us to broaden our
horizons
u
St
Adjectives of feeling
an
Positive Negative
ic
● Amusing ● Pretentious
er
● Inspiring ● Tedious
Enriching Unnecessary
Am
● ●
● Creative ● Wasteful
● Expressive ● Pathetic
● Worthy ● Annoyed
● Marvelous ● Dull
256
➢ Practice
1. Do you think it is important to play sports or do physical exercise?
2. Is healthy eating important?
3. Do you think it is important for children to play a musical instrument?
4. Is it important to have a hobby?
5. How important is the Internet to you?
6. How important are clothes and fashion to you?
u dy
St
an
ic
er
Am
257
Vocabulary Discovery: Career
➢ New words
● Director n. Giám đốc
● Executive adj. Chấp hành
● Administrator n. Người quản trị
● Skilled worker n. Người làm công có kỹ năng
● Receptionist n. Lễ tân
● Supervisor n. Giám sát
● Workaholic n. Người nghiện công việc
● Promote v./n. Thúc đẩy
● Apply v. ứng tuyển
dy
● To be on maternity leave: nghỉ thai sản
● Workload n. Lượng công việc
u
● Retirement n. Tuổi về hưu
● Retirement package: chế độ hưu trí
St
● Holiday entitlement: số ngày nghỉ phép
an
● Brain drain: chảy máu chất xám
● Workplace n. Nơi làm việc
ic
● Accumulate v. tích lũy

● Major n. Chuyên ngành
er
● Freelance n. Làm tự do
Am
● Dull adj. Tù mù, chán nản
258
➢ Collocations
A fulfilling job To carry out To wreck/ruin someone’s
work career
A To complete To embark on a career
high-powered work
job
A demanding Available to start At the height/peak of your

JOB job WORK work CAREER career
A steady job To supervise Her career lasted
dy
work
u
To offer To work closely To climb the career ladder
someone a job
Stwith
A To take on work A promising career

an
high-powered
job
ic
er
To apply for a A career takes off
job
Am
A permanent A brilliant career
job
259
➢ Phrasal verb
● Call off: cancel
● Give back: return sth you have taken/borrowed
● Go on: happen
● Put off: delay to a later time
● Set up: start (a business, organization, etc)
● Stay up: go to bed late
● Take away: remove
● Take over: take control of (a business, etc)
➢ Practice
dy
Speaking Part 1
u
1. How do you spend your work day?
St
2. Is it better to work in the morning or in the afternoon?
3. What do you do to improve your productivity?

an
4. Why did you choose to do that kind of work?

ic
5. Is that a popular job in your country?
6. Is there anything special about your job?

er
7. Is there another type of job you would like to do?

Am
8. Would you recommend your current job to other people?
9. Where do you want to see yourself in 10 years?
10. What do you do after work?
260
Speaking Part 2
Task card #1: Describe your dream job
You should say:
● What the job would involve
● What qualification or experience you would need for this job
● What do you think the most difficult thing about the job would be
And explain why it is your dream job.
Suggestion: teacher, educational consultant, salesman, singer, fashion designer, food
blogger, beauty guru, football player, computer programmer, marketer
Vocabulary:
dy
- cubicles: chỗ làm việc (chia ngăn) - suffice it to say: đủ để nói rằng
- restlessly (adv): không ngừng nghỉ - function (v): vận hành/ hoạt động
u
- occupation (v): nghề nghiệp St - be hindered: bị cản trở
- component (n): thành tố - come across (phrasal verb): lướt
- provide for sb (v): duy trì cuộc sống qua
an
- nurture (v): nuôi dưỡng - paper (n): tài liệu nghiên cứu
- aspect (n): khía cạnh - facet (n): khía cạnh
- pay (n): tiền lương - core value (n): giá trị cốt lõi
ic
- job offer (n): lời mời làm việc - repetitive: lặp đi lặp lại
er
- materialistic (v): trọng vật chất - progress the corporate ladder:

- be tasked with: được giao nhiệm vụ thăng tiến trong công việc
Am
gì đó - go hand in hand (idm): quan hệ mật

- dimly lit: tù mù thiết
Useful sentence structure:

● I have always wanted to become………….: tôi đã luôn muốn trở thành…
● This job is what I find intriguing and fascinating: công việc này là công việc mà
tôi thấy rất hấp dẫn và thú vị
● I’d say ABC is the company that I’d love to work for: Tôi muốn nói rằng ABC là
công ty mà tôi muốn làm việc cùng.
● To be able to be …………., I need…………..: Để có thể trở thành… tôi phải…
261
Brainstorm ideas and make your own note:
think about salary, colleagues, workplace, location, etc.
Dream job
Speaking Part 3
dy
1. Which do you think is more important, colleagues or work itself?
=> suggested answer: both are equally important. If you get along really well with your
u
coworkers but …., it’s going to be really hard to … And if you are doing your dream job, but
St
you can’t …., it’s also going to be very stressful.
an
2. Which jobs would you say are most respected in your country?
=> suggested answer: I reckon that professional careers such as the fields of …, … and … may
ic
be the most highly-acclaimed ones. It is mainly because of the fact that people working in
er
these fields can easily earn lucrative income compared to others/…
3. Some people say it’s better to work for yourself than to be employed by a company.
Am
What’s your opinion?
Work for yourself => start-up/set up/run your own company/business: easier to seize
opportunities, take initiatives, challenging, no pain no gain
Full-time employee: hectic schedule, up to ears, heavy workload, deadlines, flexible
262
PRE INTERMEDIATE
4.0 - 4.5
Please contact daotao.sg@americanstudy.edu.vn

for additional copies
info@americanstudy.edu.vn

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IELTS

UNIT 2 Language Study: Comparatives Practice

UNIT 3 Language Study: Relative Clause

UNIT 4 Language Study: Passive Voice

UNIT 5 Language Study: Grammar Practice

UNIT 6 Reading: Yes/No/Not Given and True/False/Not Given

IELTS Task: Writing Task 1: Line Graph/Bar Chart/Pie

UNIT 10 Vocabulary Discovery: Education

UNIT 12 IELTS Task: Reading: Multiple Choice Questions (Practice)

UNIT 13 Writing Task 1: Map

UNIT 14 Writing Task 1: Maps (Practice)

UNIT 15 Vocabulary Discovery: Technology

introduced by THAN (majority or minority) or AS (equality).

Big → bigger small → smaller Boring → boring tired → tired

pretty → prettier lovely → lovelier - ple may take both - er or more:

● one-syllable adjectives with final -y: ● Shallow → shallower/ more shallow

structure is as + adj/adv + as: when comparing plural nouns we use fewer

Rebecca studied the hardest in high school.

He's the cleverest boy in the class.

OR: He's the cleverest of the students.

● Superlatives with the least are not used very frequently:

It's the least interesting film of all.

COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES: SPECIAL FORMS

Is Sydney the farthest city you’ve been to?

MODIFIERS OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

● We use intensifiers or mitigators to emphasize or reduce the difference expressed by

comparatives and superlatives.

That was by far the best holiday I'd ever had.

He's feeling slightly better than yesterday.

not nearly as is used to intensify a difference expressed by the comparative of equality:

I think men talk just as much as women. (exactly like)

MORE AND MORE... / LESS AND LESS...

THE + COMPARATIVE... THE + COMPARATIVE

● The change may be parallel or inversely related:

Busy bad early far fluently heavy

hard interesting popular softly well wide

● Lead is ______ silver.

● Rivers are _______ creeks.

● He used to be lazy, but he works ____ now.

● I usually get up at 7, but tomorrow I’ll get up ____.

● Which one is _____: Australia or Japan?

● We speak English _____ Spanish.

● Unfortunately, I’m ______ at Science ____ her.

● Sheila’s ____ she used to be as a student.

● I liked ‘it’ but I found ‘Doroles Claiborne’ ______.

● Can you speak ___? The children are sleeping.

1.2 Use words to make comparisons

expensive high popular successful

1. Cake sales at Lovely Loaves

2. Rolls sold in Bernie’s Buns

3. Cookies bought in Bernie’s Buns

IELTS Task: Speaking - Introduction

Speaking test is recorded.

The following table is the format of the IELTS Speaking test

Task Task Description Time

Part 1 The examiner introduces himself/herself and confirms 4-5 minutes

Introduction and the candidate’s identity by asking questions about the

● Unfortunately, I’m __ at Science her.