1.What are the fundamental rights incarnated in Indian Constitution?

The Indian Constitution, adopted on 26th January 1950, enshrines several fundamental rights that
are considered the bedrock of individual liberties and human rights in India. These fundamental
rights are guaranteed to all citizens of India and are enforceable by the judiciary. The fundamental
rights incorporated in the Indian Constitution are as follows:

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18): This right ensures equality before the law and prohibits
discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It guarantees
equal protection of laws and prohibits untouchability.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): This right provides various freedoms to citizens, including
freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom to form associations or
unions, freedom of movement throughout the country, freedom to reside and settle in any
part of the country, and freedom to practice any profession, occupation, trade, or business.

3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24): This right prohibits human trafficking, forced
labor, and child labor. It also prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in
hazardous occupations.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28): This right guarantees the freedom to profess,
practice, and propagate any religion. It also guarantees the right of individuals and religious
denominations to manage their own religious affairs.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30): These rights protect the interests of
minorities and ensure the preservation of their culture, language, and educational
institutions. It grants minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions
of their choice.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): This right empowers individuals to move to the
Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It ensures that individuals
have access to justice and the ability to seek redress for any violation of their fundamental
rights.

Additionally, the Indian Constitution also includes other provisions that are often considered
fundamental in nature, such as the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21), which has been
interpreted to include several rights not explicitly mentioned, such as the right to privacy, right to
education, and right to a clean environment.

It's important to note that these fundamental rights are not absolute and are subject to certain
reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, morality, and the sovereignty and integrity of
the nation.

2. Evaluate the significance of Preamble of Indian Constitution.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution holds immense significance as it serves as the introductory
statement and the guiding philosophy of the Constitution. It outlines the fundamental values,
aspirations, and objectives of the Constitution and sets the tone for the entire constitutional
framework. Here are the key reasons why the Preamble is significant:

1. Expression of Sovereign Will: The Preamble begins with the powerful words, "We, the
people of India," emphasizing the ultimate sovereignty of the Indian citizens. It signifies that
 the Constitution derives its authority from the people, who are the ultimate source of power
in a democratic nation. The Preamble reflects the collective will and aspirations of the
people, highlighting the democratic foundation of the Indian state.

2. Core Values and Objectives: The Preamble enshrines the core values and principles that the
Constitution seeks to promote and protect. It includes justice (social, economic, and
political), equality, liberty, fraternity, and the dignity of the individual. These values form the
bedrock of the Indian Constitution and guide the interpretation and implementation of its
provisions.

3. Social Contract: The Preamble establishes a social contract between the citizens and the
state. It emphasizes the commitment of the people and the government to uphold justice,
equality, and the dignity of individuals. It sets the expectations and responsibilities of the
state towards its citizens and vice versa.

4. Source of Constitutional Interpretation: The Preamble is often referred to by the courts

while interpreting the Constitution and determining the intent behind its provisions. It
serves as a guiding light for judges in resolving constitutional disputes and ensures that the
spirit and vision of the Constitution are upheld.

5. Reflects India's Pluralistic Society: The Preamble reflects India's diverse and pluralistic
society. It acknowledges the unity and integrity of the nation while recognizing the
importance of maintaining individual and cultural diversity. It promotes a sense of unity in
diversity and envisions a harmonious society.

6. Instrument of Constitutional Amendment: The Preamble has been held by the Supreme
Court to be a part of the Constitution. It acts as a guiding principle in determining the
constitutionality of any constitutional amendment. Any amendment that seeks to destroy or
alter the basic structure or the fundamental principles enshrined in the Preamble can be
declared invalid.

Overall, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution plays a vital role in providing the constitutional
framework and the vision for a just, equal, and inclusive society. It serves as a moral compass and a
source of inspiration, guiding the interpretation, implementation, and evolution of the Indian
Constitution

3. Write the significance of Directive principles of Indian Constitution

The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Indian
Constitution, hold immense significance in guiding the governance and socio-economic development
of the country. While not legally enforceable, these principles serve as a moral and political compass
for the state and policymakers. Here are the key significances of the Directive Principles of the Indian
Constitution:

1. Socio-Economic Transformation: The Directive Principles aim to promote social justice and
transform the socio-economic conditions of marginalized and disadvantaged sections of
society. They include provisions for securing equal opportunities, promoting the welfare of
weaker sections, eradicating poverty, and ensuring a just and equitable distribution of
resources. These principles provide a roadmap for the state to address issues of social and
economic inequality.
 2. Welfare State: The Directive Principles envision India as a welfare state that takes
responsibility for the well-being and development of its citizens. They emphasize the state's
duty to provide healthcare, education, housing, and social security. These principles
advocate for the state's active intervention in areas like public health, education, and rural
development, promoting social and economic welfare.

3. Balancing Fundamental Rights and Directives: While the fundamental rights ensure
individual liberties, the Directive Principles seek to establish a just and egalitarian society.
The Directive Principles help strike a balance between individual rights and the collective
welfare of society. They guide the state in formulating policies that promote the welfare of
citizens while respecting their fundamental rights.

4. Policy Guidance: The Directive Principles provide guidance to the government and
policymakers in formulating laws and policies. They act as a directive framework, urging the
state to adopt measures for promoting justice, equality, and good governance. These
principles influence legislation and policy decisions in various domains, including education,
health, agriculture, labor, and environment.

5. Social Transformation and Nation Building: The Directive Principles aim to transform social
structures, practices, and institutions to foster an inclusive and harmonious society. They
promote gender equality, prohibition of child labor, protection of the environment,
promotion of cottage industries, and the spread of education. These principles contribute to
nation-building by fostering social cohesion, unity, and progress.

6. Moral Obligation: The Directive Principles serve as a moral compass, reminding the state and
its institutions of their moral obligations towards the people. While they are not enforceable
through the courts, they create a moral obligation for the government to work towards
achieving the goals outlined in the principles. They remind policymakers of their duty to
strive for social justice and a better quality of life for all citizens.

7. Dynamic and Evolving Nature: The Directive Principles are not static principles and have
evolved over time to reflect changing societal needs. They provide flexibility and adaptability
to address emerging challenges and aspirations of the society. The courts and policymakers
interpret and implement these principles in the context of contemporary socio-economic
conditions, ensuring their relevance and effectiveness.

In summary, the Directive Principles of State Policy serve as a guiding framework for the state's
policies and actions in promoting social justice, economic welfare, and inclusive development. While
not legally enforceable, they have a significant impact on shaping India's governance and socio-
economic trajectory.

4. What are the fundamental duties of Indian citizen?

The fundamental duties of Indian citizens are outlined in Part IV-A (Article 51A) of the Indian
Constitution. These duties were added through the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976 and emphasize
the importance of civic responsibilities and active participation in the nation-building process. The
fundamental duties of Indian citizens are as follows:

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.

2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
 3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

4. To defend the country and render national service when required.

5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all citizens,
transcending religious, linguistic, regional, and caste differences.

6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of India's composite culture.

7. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.

8. To develop a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence.

10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.

11. To provide education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years.

12. To promote and safeguard the dignity of women.

13. To uphold and protect the rights and interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and
other weaker sections of society.

14. To protect and improve the environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.

15. To safeguard and preserve the national heritage.

16. To promote the spirit of inquiry, learning, and scientific temper.

17. To protect and preserve the rich cultural heritage of India.

18. To serve in the defense forces, or in any civilian capacity when required for national service.

These fundamental duties are not legally enforceable, meaning that citizens cannot be prosecuted or
penalized for failing to fulfill them. However, they are considered moral and ethical obligations that
citizens are encouraged to voluntarily adhere to in the interest of the nation and its progress.

It is worth noting that while the Constitution of India does not provide for legal consequences for
non-compliance with fundamental duties, some legislations may prescribe certain duties that carry
legal obligations. For instance, laws related to protection of the environment or prevention of
atrocities against marginalized communities may impose specific duties on citizens and provide for
corresponding legal consequences for non-compliance.

5. Write a note on constitutional values and features of Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution reflects a set of constitutional values and features that form the foundation
of India's democratic and pluralistic society. These values and features are essential to the
functioning of the Indian political system and the protection of individual rights. Here is a note on
the constitutional values and features of the Indian Constitution:

1. Sovereignty: The Indian Constitution establishes the sovereignty of the people, who are
considered the ultimate source of power in the democratic system. The power to govern is
derived from the people, and they exercise it through their elected representatives.
 2. Socialism: The Indian Constitution incorporates the value of socialism, which seeks to
achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources. It aims to eliminate poverty
and reduce economic inequalities through state intervention and welfare measures.

3. Secularism: Secularism is a fundamental feature of the Indian Constitution. It ensures that

the state remains neutral and treats all religions and religious communities equally. The
state does not endorse or promote any particular religion and respects the freedom of
individuals to practice and propagate their faith.

4. Democracy: The Indian Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, where the
people have the right to choose their representatives through free and fair elections. It
guarantees political and civil liberties, including the right to vote, freedom of speech and
expression, and the right to form associations and unions.

5. Federalism: India follows a federal system of governance where powers are divided between
the central government and the state governments. The Constitution delineates the powers
and responsibilities of each level of government, ensuring a balance between centralized
authority and regional autonomy.

6. Rule of Law: The principle of the rule of law ensures that all individuals, including the
government, are subject to the law. It guarantees equality before the law, protection of
fundamental rights, and access to justice. No one is above the law, and all are equal in the
eyes of the law.

7. Fundamental Rights: The Indian Constitution includes a comprehensive list of fundamental

rights that protect individual liberties and freedoms. These rights are essential for the
preservation of human dignity, equality, and justice. They include the right to life and
personal liberty, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and the right to
equality.

8. Judicial Review: The Indian Constitution provides for an independent judiciary and the
power of judicial review. The judiciary has the authority to interpret the Constitution,
protect fundamental rights, and strike down laws and actions that are unconstitutional.

9. Social Justice: The Indian Constitution emphasizes social justice and equality. It includes
provisions to uplift marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society, such as scheduled
castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes. It seeks to eliminate discrimination
and ensure equal opportunities for all citizens.

10. Fundamental Duties: The Indian Constitution incorporates fundamental duties that
emphasize the responsibilities and obligations of citizens towards the nation. While not
legally enforceable, these duties promote a sense of civic consciousness and encourage
active participation in the nation-building process.

These constitutional values and features of the Indian Constitution shape India's democratic
governance, promote social justice, and safeguard individual rights and freedoms. They reflect the
aspirations of the Indian people and provide a framework for a just and inclusive society.
6. Compare and contrast human rights in Universal declaration and in Indian fundamental rights in
Indian constitution.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the fundamental rights enshrined in the
Indian Constitution share a common goal of protecting and promoting human rights. However, there
are certain similarities and differences between the two. Let's compare and contrast human rights in
the Universal Declaration and the Indian Constitution's fundamental rights:

Similarities:

1. Scope of Rights: Both the UDHR and the Indian Constitution's fundamental rights recognize a
broad range of human rights, including civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
They encompass rights such as the right to life, liberty, equality, freedom of speech, religion,
and the right to education.

2. Universal Applicability: The UDHR declares that all human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights, and that human rights are universally applicable to all individuals,
regardless of their race, religion, sex, or nationality. Similarly, the fundamental rights in the
Indian Constitution are applicable to all citizens of India without discrimination.

Differences:

1. Legal Enforceability: The UDHR is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly. While it carries moral and political weight, it is not legally binding. On the
other hand, the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution are legally enforceable rights
that can be protected and upheld through judicial remedies.

2. Specificity and Detail: The Indian Constitution provides a more detailed and specific
framework of fundamental rights compared to the UDHR. The Indian Constitution explicitly
enumerates a comprehensive list of specific rights and elaborates on their scope and
limitations, while the UDHR provides a more general overview of human rights principles.

3. Cultural and Socio-Economic Context: The Indian Constitution's fundamental rights take into
account the socio-economic context of India. They include provisions for social justice,
affirmative action, and protection of marginalized communities. The UDHR, being a global
document, does not specifically address these contextual aspects.

4. Limitations and Restrictions: While both the UDHR and the Indian Constitution's
fundamental rights recognize the importance of human rights, they differ in the scope of
limitations and restrictions. The Indian Constitution allows for reasonable restrictions on
certain rights in the interest of public order, morality, and security of the state, whereas the
UDHR does not explicitly mention such limitations.

5. Cultural Relativism: The UDHR reflects a universalist perspective on human rights,

emphasizing the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals. In contrast, the Indian
Constitution's fundamental rights acknowledge the principle of cultural relativism to some
extent, recognizing the rights of different cultural and religious communities to protect and
preserve their distinct identities.

In summary, the UDHR and the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution share common
principles of protecting human rights, but they differ in terms of legal enforceability, specificity,
contextual considerations, limitations, and cultural relativism. The Indian Constitution's fundamental
rights provide a more comprehensive and specific framework for human rights protection, tailored
to the Indian context.

7. How are human rights defined in the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993?

The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 is an Indian legislation that provides for the establishment
of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) to
protect and promote human rights in the country. While the Act itself does not provide a specific
definition of human rights, it outlines the scope of human rights that fall within its purview. Here are
the key provisions regarding human rights in the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993:

1. Definition of Human Rights: Section 2(d) of the Act defines human rights as the rights
relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of individuals guaranteed by the Constitution of
India or embodied in international treaties and conventions to which India is a party.

2. Protection and Promotion of Human Rights: The Act empowers the NHRC and SHRCs to
inquire into complaints of human rights violations, recommend remedial measures, and
monitor the implementation of human rights safeguards. They have the authority to
intervene in cases of violation of human rights by the state or its agencies, as well as by
private individuals or organizations.

3. Human Rights Violations: The Act recognizes a wide range of human rights violations that fall
within its purview. These include, but are not limited to, torture, custodial deaths, police
atrocities, unlawful arrests, forced disappearances, discrimination, denial of fair trial, sexual
harassment, violation of women's rights, child rights violations, and violations of rights of
persons with disabilities.

4. Powers and Functions of Commissions: The Act defines the powers and functions of the
NHRC and SHRCs in addressing human rights violations. These include the power to receive
complaints, initiate investigations, summon witnesses, examine documents, conduct
inquiries, visit places of detention, recommend compensation to victims, and make
recommendations for legal and policy reforms.

5. Interaction with Other Authorities: The Act provides for the cooperation and coordination of
the NHRC and SHRCs with various authorities, such as courts, statutory bodies, and
government agencies, to effectively protect and promote human rights.

6. Human Rights Education and Awareness: The Act emphasizes the importance of promoting
human rights education and awareness among the public, government officials, and law
enforcement agencies. It mandates the NHRC and SHRCs to undertake activities to create
awareness about human rights and disseminate information regarding human rights
safeguards.

It is important to note that the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 primarily focuses on the
establishment and functioning of the NHRC and SHRCs and their role in protecting and promoting
human rights in India. While it does not provide an exhaustive definition of human rights, it
encompasses a broad range of rights guaranteed by the Constitution and international treaties.
8. Write the structure and function of NHRC and SHRC in India

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) in
India are statutory bodies established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. These
commissions are entrusted with the responsibility of protecting and promoting human rights in the
country at the national and state levels, respectively. Let's examine the structure and functions of
the NHRC and SHRCs:

1. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):

Structure:

 Composition: The NHRC consists of a chairperson and four members appointed by the
President of India. The chairperson should be a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
India, and the members must have expertise and experience in human rights matters.

 Term of Office: The chairperson and members serve a term of five years or until they reach
the age of 70, whichever is earlier.

 Independence: The NHRC is an independent body and exercises its functions without being
subject to the control of any other authority.

Functions:

 Inquiry and Investigation: The NHRC has the power to inquire into complaints of human
rights violations either suo moto (on its own) or based on complaints filed by individuals or
organizations.

 Recommendations: After conducting an inquiry, the NHRC may recommend appropriate

remedial measures to the concerned authorities to provide justice, compensation, and
rehabilitation to victims of human rights violations.

 Research and Promotion: The NHRC engages in research and promotes human rights
education, awareness, and training programs for various stakeholders, including government
agencies, law enforcement officials, and the public.

 Monitoring and Reporting: The NHRC monitors the implementation of human rights
safeguards and periodically submits reports to the government on the status of human
rights in the country.

 Intervention in Court Proceedings: The NHRC has the authority to intervene in ongoing court
proceedings relating to human rights violations, either on its own or upon the request of the
court.

2. State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs):

Structure:

 Composition: Each state in India can establish a SHRC consisting of a chairperson and
members appointed by the Governor of the respective state. The chairperson should be a
retired Chief Justice of a High Court, and the members must have expertise and experience
in human rights matters.

 Independence: Similar to the NHRC, the SHRCs are independent bodies and function
autonomously.
Functions:

 Inquiry and Investigation: The SHRCs have the power to inquire into complaints of human
rights violations that occur within their respective states.

 Recommendations: After conducting an inquiry, the SHRCs may recommend appropriate

measures to address human rights violations, such as providing compensation to victims and
taking disciplinary action against the perpetrators.

 Monitoring and Reporting: The SHRCs monitor the implementation of human rights
safeguards at the state level and submit reports to the state government on the status of
human rights in their respective states.

 Public Awareness: The SHRCs engage in activities to create awareness about human rights,
including conducting seminars, workshops, and campaigns to educate the public about their
rights and remedies available.

Both the NHRC and SHRCs have the authority to summon witnesses, require the production of
documents, conduct visits to places of detention, and undertake any other necessary action to fulfill
their functions effectively.

In summary, the NHRC and SHRCs play a crucial role in protecting and promoting human rights in
India. They inquire into complaints of human rights violations, make recommendations, promote
awareness, and monitor the implementation of human rights safeguards at the national and state
levels, respectively. These commissions serve as vital institutions for ensuring accountability and
upholding human rights in the country.

9. What are major issues faced and handled by National Human Rights Commission.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India deals with a wide range of human rights
issues. Over the years, the NHRC has addressed and handled numerous cases and concerns related
to human rights violations. Here are some of the major issues faced and handled by the NHRC:

1. Police Brutality and Custodial Deaths: The NHRC receives complaints and takes action
against cases of police brutality, custodial torture, and deaths in custody. It investigates
allegations of human rights violations by law enforcement agencies and recommends
appropriate action against the perpetrators.

2. Prison Conditions: The NHRC focuses on improving prison conditions and ensuring the rights
and dignity of prisoners. It investigates complaints related to overcrowding, inadequate
facilities, lack of medical care, and cases of torture or ill-treatment in prisons.

3. Violence Against Women: The NHRC plays a crucial role in addressing cases of violence
against women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, harassment, and dowry-related
crimes. It takes up investigations, makes recommendations for justice, and monitors the
implementation of measures to prevent and address such violence.

4. Rights of Marginalized and Vulnerable Communities: The NHRC works to protect the rights
of marginalized and vulnerable communities, including scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
minorities, and persons with disabilities. It addresses issues of discrimination, atrocities,
displacement, and lack of access to basic services and entitlements.
 5. Human Rights Violations in Armed Conflicts: The NHRC takes cognizance of human rights
violations in areas affected by armed conflicts, insurgency, or terrorism. It investigates cases
of extrajudicial killings, disappearances, illegal detentions, and other abuses, and makes
recommendations for justice and accountability.

6. Environmental and Occupational Health: The NHRC addresses issues related to

environmental degradation, pollution, and occupational health hazards. It investigates cases
of industrial accidents, toxic waste disposal, and violation of environmental norms, with a
focus on protecting the rights of affected communities and ensuring a safe and healthy
environment.

7. Bonded Labor and Child Labor: The NHRC addresses issues related to bonded labor and child
labor. It takes action against cases of forced labor, trafficking, and exploitation of children,
and recommends measures for their rehabilitation and welfare.

8. Right to Education: The NHRC monitors the implementation of the right to education,
ensuring access to quality education for all children. It investigates complaints of denial of
education, discrimination in schools, and lack of infrastructure and resources.

9. Human Rights Education and Awareness: The NHRC promotes human rights education and
awareness among various stakeholders, including government officials, law enforcement
agencies, civil society organizations, and the public. It conducts training programs,
workshops, and campaigns to enhance understanding and respect for human rights.

These are some of the major issues that the NHRC tackles, demonstrating its commitment to
safeguarding human rights and ensuring justice for victims of violations. The NHRC plays a crucial
role in investigating complaints, making recommendations, and monitoring the implementation of
human rights safeguards in India.

10.Discuss National and State human rights commissions in India

In India, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions
(SHRCs) are independent statutory bodies established under the Protection of Human Rights Act,
1993. Both the NHRC and SHRCs have the mandate to protect and promote human rights in the
country, but they operate at different levels and have distinct functions. Let's discuss the NHRC and
SHRCs in India:

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):

 Composition: The NHRC consists of a chairperson and four members appointed by the
President of India. The chairperson is a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India,
and the members are selected based on their expertise and experience in human rights
matters.

 Jurisdiction: The NHRC has jurisdiction over the entire country, including Union Territories. It
can inquire into human rights violations that occur within the country's borders.

 Powers and Functions: The NHRC has the power to inquire into complaints of human rights
violations, either suo moto (on its own) or based on complaints filed by individuals or
organizations. It can summon witnesses, require the production of documents, visit places of
detention, and conduct investigations. The NHRC can recommend remedial measures,
 initiate legal proceedings, intervene in court cases, and submit reports to the government on
human rights issues. It also undertakes research, awareness campaigns, and educational
programs to promote human rights.

State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs):

 Composition: Each state in India can establish an SHRC consisting of a chairperson and
members appointed by the Governor of the respective state. The chairperson is a retired
Chief Justice of a High Court, and the members are chosen based on their expertise and
experience in human rights matters.

 Jurisdiction: The SHRCs have jurisdiction over the respective states in which they are
established. They can inquire into human rights violations occurring within their state's
boundaries.

 Powers and Functions: The SHRCs have powers and functions similar to the NHRC but are
limited to their respective states. They can inquire into complaints of human rights
violations, summon witnesses, conduct investigations, and make recommendations for
remedial measures. The SHRCs also have the authority to intervene in court proceedings
related to human rights violations and submit reports to the state government on human
rights issues within their state. They undertake activities to create awareness about human
rights and promote education and training programs.

The NHRC and SHRCs work independently of each other but maintain a cooperative relationship.
They collaborate on matters of mutual interest, share information and experiences, and coordinate
efforts to protect and promote human rights effectively. While the NHRC focuses on national-level
issues and handles cases of larger significance, the SHRCs cater to human rights concerns at the state
level and play a vital role in addressing local issues.

Both the NHRC and SHRCs are crucial institutions in safeguarding human rights in India. They serve
as avenues for individuals to seek justice and remedies for human rights violations, and they play an
essential role in promoting awareness, monitoring human rights conditions, and recommending
measures for improvement.