Chapter i:

Introduction to structural steel

design
CE 321 – Principles of Steel Design /
CE 412 CE Elective 3 (Design of Steel Structures)
Steel as a structural material
• STEEL STRUCTURES are commonly used in the High Rise Buildings,
Bridges, Skypers and even in warehouses. It has become the leading
building material in the construction industry because, depending on
the shape and geometry of the structures, it leverages excellent
durability and endurance in structural design solution.
Advantage of steel as a structural material
• A. Steel is homogeneous and uniform material. The properties of
steel do not change appreciably with time as do those of a reinforced
concrete structure. Hence, structural steel are more durable.
• B. Steel is high strength and lightweight in structure. Steel’s high
strength per unit weight means that structures will be light. This fact
is of great importance for long span bridges, tall buildings, and
structures are more durable.
• C. Structural steels are tough, they have both strength and ductility
• D. Steel can be rolled into a variety of sizes and shapes.
• E. Steel can be fastened together by several simple connection
devices, including welds and bolts.
• F. Greater erection speed results in more cost – effective
structures.
disAdvantage of steel as a structural material
• A. High Maintenance Costs and More Corrosion - most steels can
corrode when exposed to air and water, they need to be repainted on a
regular basis.
• B. Susceptibility to Buckling – the danger of buckling increases as the
length and slenderness of a compression member increases.
• C. Fatigue – strength of steel may be reduced if it is subjected to a large
number of stress reversals or even a large number of variations of tensile
stress.
• D. Brittle Fracture - under certain conditions, steel may lose its
ductility, and brittle fracture may occur at places of stress concentration.
Fatigue-type loadings and very low temperatures aggravate the situation.
Triaxial stress conditions can also be lead to a brittle fracture.
Design philosophies
• The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the required
strength shall not exceed the available strength, that is;
Required Strength < Available Strength
• NSCP 2015 & AISC 14th Edition provide two acceptable methods for
designing structural steel members and their connections. These are
A. Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
B. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Allowable strength design (ASD)
• Allowable Strength Design has been the dominant philosophy used over the last
century it is also known as Allowable Stress Design, in that they are both carried
out at the same load level. A member is selected with cross sectional properties
such as area and moment of inertia large enough to prevent the maximum
applied axial force, shear or bending moment from exceeding an allowable value.
This allowable value is calculated by dividing the nominal/theoretical strength by
a factor of safety.
Allowable strength design (ASD)
• ASD provisions are structed so that the allowable strength must equal
or exceed the required strength. This can be expressed as
Required Strength < Allowable Strength
𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒂 ≤
Ω
where: 𝑹𝒂 = required strength determined by analysis for the ASD load combinations
𝑹𝒏 = nominal strength determine according to the AISC Specification provisions
Ω = resistance factor given by the Specification for a particular limit state.
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
• Load factors are applied to the service loads, and a member with sufficient
strength to resist the factored loads is selected. In addition, the application
of a resistance factor reduces the theoretical strength of the member. LRFD
provisions are structured so that the design strength must equal or exceed
the required strength. This can be expressed as
Factored Load < Factored Strength
𝑹𝒖 ≤ 𝟇𝑹𝒏
where: 𝑹𝒖 = required strength determined by analysis for the LRFD load
combinations
𝑹𝒏 = nominal strength determined according to the AISC
Specification provisions
𝟇 = resistance factor given by the Specification for a particular limit
state.
Relationship between the safety factor, Ω and the resistance factor,
𝟇 is
𝟏. 𝟓
Ω=
𝟇
• Both procedures are based on limit states design principles, which
provide the boundaries of structural usefulness. LIMIT STATE is the
term used to describe a condition at which a structure or part of a
structure ceases to perform its intended function. All limit states
must be prevented and there are two (2) categories of Limit State.
A. Strength Limit State – define load carrying capacity,
including excessive yielding, fracture, buckling,
fatigue and gross rigid body motion.
B. Serviceability Limit State – define performance, including
deflection, cracking, slipping, vibration, and
deterioration.
Design codes and specification on steel
th
structures – nscp 2015 & AISC 14 edition
• Design and construction of buildings are regulated by building codes
to protect the public’s health and safety nationwide. The latest design
specification for the structural steel buildings in the Philippines is the
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 2015 by the
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc (ASEP) as
adapted in American Institute of Steel Construction 14th Edition,
generally referred to as the AISC Code. Minimum design requirements
for various types of Structural Steel members are presented in the
code. It should be realized that codes provide only a general guide for
design.
Design codes and specification on steel
th
structures – nscp 2015 & AISC 14 edition
Design codes and specification on steel
th
structures – nscp 2015 & AISC 14 edition
• Anyone engaged in structural steel design must have access to AISC’s
Steel Construction Manual (AISC, 14th Edition). It contains the AISC
Specification and numerous design aids in the form of tables and
graphs of the most widely available structural shapes. This 14th
edition covers both ASD and LRFD. The LRFD design will eventually be
a little more cost-effective.
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
• Perhaps the most important and most difficult task faced by
the structural designer is the accurate estimation of the loads
that may be applied to a structure during its life. No loads that
may reasonably be expected to occur may be overlooked. After
loads are estimated, the next problem is to decide the worst
possible combination of these loads that might occur at one
time. Loads are classified as being dead, live or environmental.
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
• DEAD LOADS – are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
position. They include the weight of the structure under
consideration as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to
it. For a structural steel building, some dead loads are frames, wall,
floors, ceiling, stairways and roofs.
Unit weight of steel = 7850 kg/m^3 or 78.50 kN/m^3 or 489.84
lb/ft^3
• LIVE LOADS – are loads that can change in magnitude and position.
They include occupancy loads warehouse materials, construction
loads, overhead service cranes, equipment operating loads, ang many
others. In general, they are induced by gravity.
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
• ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS – are loads caused by the environment where
the structure is located. For buildings, they are caused by rain, wind,
temperature change, and earthquake. They do vary with time, they are all
caused by gravity or operating conditions, as is typical with other live loads.
NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.3 presents the load factors and combinations that
are to be used in design of steel structures using ASD or LRFD. The required
strength must at least equal to the largest value obtained by substituting into
NSCP Equations 203-1 to 203-7. On the other hand, NSCP 2015 SECTION
203.4 presents the load factors and combinations using Working Strength
Design (WSD) or ASD and must at least equal to the largest value obtained by
substituting into NSCP Equations 203-8 to 203-12.
LOAD COMBINATIONS USING ASD OR LRFD
(nsCP 2015 SECTION 203.3)
For LRFD, the required strength is determined from the following
factored combinations
LOAD COMBINATIONS USING ASD OR LRFD
(nsCP 2015 SECTION 203.3)
• For ASD, the required strength is determined from the
following factored combinations
EXAMPLE: