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 Pre - Historical Age
Human beings of this age used small hand axes, pole axes and scraping stones. There are
sources that single- faced, dual- faced, side-bordered, straight, slanted, concave, convex, concave-
ls convex tools, drills, awls-borers, single-faced corners, double-faced corners, tail-ended tools
tools,,etc.,
etc.,
vs
VS made
ade of stone flakes were used by the human beings.
beings .
ts
In
1n Important sites relating to this age are found atAppapur, Borapur, Chandraguptapattanam or
as Chakalisila, Saleswaram, Kadalivanam, Medimankal, Kyaturu, Somasila, Dasarapalle, in the Nallamalla
rs forests
·orests of Mahbubnagar district; Yeleswaram, Nagarjunakonda in Nalgonda district; Ganapavaram in
m
In :•:arangal
Varangal district; Asifabad, Pochera, Naspur, Marlavayi inAdilabad district; and Godavarikhani,
lll
1Il 1edipalli, Buchayyapalem, Ramagundam, Malkapuram, etc., in Karimnagar district.
Medipalli,
1e
e
Upper Paleolithic Age- Changes in the Stone Tool Technology
m
Geographically and climatically, this period indicates ending phase of the Pleistocene (Ice
Age) and the beginning of Holocene phase ((warm
warm period). The people of this age used blade tools,
.. de-border blade tools and at some places bone tools. They learnt to draw pictures with colours in
ae stone caves during this age.

The sites and tools used by the people of this age in Telangana were noticed at the lower hilly
regions and in the low-lying regions of the ecological zones of the river valleys. Important sites that
belong to Upper Paleolithic age are found at Vankidi inAdilabad district; Cherla, Bomagudem,
Bornagudem,
Laknavaram, Lingavaram, Peravaram, Rayavaram, Viravaram, Yellavaram in the Godavari valley;
Eturunagaram and Pakala,
Pak.ala, in Warangal district; Yeleswaram, Nagarjunakonda, Chandrguptapattanam,
Kadalivanam, Medimankal and other regions in the Krishna valley.
In
m
:\lesolithic
Mesolithic (Middle)Stone Age-Another step in Progress
da
en Geographically and climatically, the Mesolithic age belongs to the first Holocene age. From
ls hat time onwards more favorable conditions for human progress have come within the reach. During
::at
of his age, human beings used microlith tools and weapons. That is why, this agewas also called as
he ficrolithic age. This age is also the last among those who used only stone weapons. During Neolithic
eIr
eir ge which followed this, besides stone, bone
age bones and weapons and tools made of metals were also used.

In the excavations conducted at the memorial stone that is lying at the main entrance of the
_·niversity of Hyderabad, many microlithic tools made of chert stones were unearthed. Among them,
University
scraping stones, backed blades were important. Though this site is not located on the river side, the
nic
hie
discovery of various stone tools belonging to this age indicate that the people of this age lived in
yof
»of several spacious lands besides the river tracks also.
the
ict. In the colour paintings that are there in the caves belonging to the Mesolithic age, more than
..50
50 figures are seen. Among algebraic specimens of these deer, cat, hyna, dog, fox, and tortoise and
geometrical designs, veiled human figures and hand impressions in red colourare seen chiefly. These
paintings are mostly seen in the limestone or granite and sandstone hill caves .

.•
.· .-�
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-----
 [elangaha llistor\y-Culture
elangata llistor\y[Culture al
al

·. paintings
The first generation ·. ·. ·. to thi sageare
beltongingto
tonging tsageare there in
in �1uiurisdicti•
·. the rockk caves o1o) fS anganonipallf
. -111.urisdicti«
anganonipalf
in Mahbubnagar district. Important among these are of deers. They are of big size. It could be noticed sharpen• sharpern
that the painters brush began from deer's head to the rear parts of its body. This characteristic is als@Progre
als@Progre
seen in the paintings Duppad Gattu, Pothanpalli and Mannemkonda which are located near Sangnonipalli
Paintings of this age are also there in the rock caves at Kokapeta in Ranga Reddy district, Ramagundem,
Ramagundend
in Karimnagar district, Hastalapur in Medak district, Pandavulaguttaand Narsapurin Warangal district 5tones, stones,1
finding
Neolithic Age- Significant Characteristics [Chagat

The age in which human beings used chiselled and then opinion
Mahar
smoothened by repeated rubbing stone tools is known as
Rimm
Neolithic age. In this age, weapons and tools were also made
into Te
of bones. Might bein the later part of this age, they even
sword
learnt to make tools with the metals such as copper and bronze.
With the help ofthese, they learnt to dig the soil, plant saplings,
latatterl
ter l
there t
grow them and raise crops. The process of growing of crops
Age -- Stone Axe
New Stone Age--
has led to three important discoveries.

1. As the agriculturists have to stay near the crops until they are harvested they are made to build
houses and stay permanently there. This, in turn, led to the emergence of family, society and
village.

2. For storing the crop yield, containers became necessary. This necessity led to the manufacturing
of pots and big containers. In the beginning, pots were made of clay, burnt and were made
solid. Later, potters' wheel was discovered and on it, it was learnt to prepare smooth pottery.
With the manufacturing of pottery the idea of storage has grown and with it, the idea of
'individual property' has taken birth, which in turn, has resulted in the obliteration of the idea
of equality and the development of rich and poor classes in the society.

3. For growing crops on a large scale, domestication of cattle was resorted to. For transporting
crop yields, wheeled carts came into use, which led to the birth of trade. In this way, human
beingsduring this age, have moved from food-gathering stage to food production stage, This
lig
development has been regarded by Gordon Childe as 'New Stone Age Revolution'.

The first stage settlements of the Neolithic age used to be there either on granite hills, or on the
P
P
flat surfaces on the hills, or in the lower parts of the valleys. In the Godavari valley area and in the
coast of flowing Maneru river in Karirnnagar
Karimnagar district there were many settlements such as Togarai,
Kadambapur and Pedabankur. In the same area, on the coast of flowing Peddavagu, there are
settlements of this new stone age at places such as Budigepalli, Polakonda, Kolakonda and Devarapalli.
At Togarai settlements near the granite hills that looked rising straight, place or industry where tools
were manufactured, was seen. In Kadambapur and atAija in Mahbubnagar district stones on which
axes were sharpened are seen. Such sharpened stones are there on a hillock which is there in the

---�---J
------------9>------------""!!II
 Pre - Historical Age
sdiction
.sdiction of Pedda Revalla village in Mahbubnagar district. There is a village with the
the''Sanabanda'
Sanabanda'
rpener stone) in Vellaturmandal
sharpener Vellatunnandal of Karimnagar district.
ofKarirnnagar

Progress in Tool Technology

During the Neolithic age, triangular axes, adzes, slings used for pelting stones, supporting
nes, rollers or pestles, blades and crescent-shaped implements made of chertz were in use. The
finding of articles made of copper and bronze, along with the blade tool industry at Chinnamarur and
Cagatur
hagatur in Mahbubnagar district belonged to the ending phase ofthis
this age. Some historians are of the
inion that, the finding of metal tools mightbe due to their contacts with Chalcolithic cultures in
Maharashtra and in Central India and north Harappa.Twisted copper swords were found at
Rimmanagudem in Medak district. Historians are believing that this Copper Hoard Culture had spread
ito Telangana from the coastal area of river Ganges. As there was resemblance between these copper
mu
ords and copper swords found in Iran, All chin, the historian has stated that the people form the
Allchin,
irter have come here. He has also mentioned that in respect of objects-culture and cremation-culture,
darter
ere are similarities between these two regions.
here

t
f

Microlithic
Microlithie Stone Implements

In the Neolithic period, earthenware vessels were chiefly made with hand only. Ash colour or
ght brown colour vessels used to be there. These pots seem to have smeared with black or red
ight
polish.
:,olish. These used to have black or red colour layer. Mostly red colour decoration used to be there.
Perforated earthen jars and pots were also in use during this age. Their surfaces used to be coarse.
These pots have close similarity with the pottery belonging to early Indus civilisation. In the same way,
hey also had resemblance with the pottery belonging to Baluchistan and early Harappan civilisation.
At some places, ash-colour pots and light yellowish-coloured vessels were made on the wheel. They
had resemblance with the pottery belonging to the Jorve Chalcolithic age, in Maharashtra. Jorvepottery
belonged to the period between 1400 and 1050 BCE.
[elangana History -Culture al

Features of Economy only, tl

The economy ofNeolithic age depended on inapo
animal husbandry and agriculture. Ash heaps that we deadp
found in places like Utnoor in Mahbubnagar district world,
are considered as indications of the sheds for some are see
forest animals or cattlesheds. Allchin has stated that found
ash mounds got formed because of burning dung of resear
cattle in a regular manner. It is learnt on the basis of Unive
the remnants found in the excavations that human belong
.��, .
beings of those days have domesticated animals like •2 death «
cows, buffaloes,sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and Cave Paintings -- Rachakonda,
family
sparrows. In some Neolithic age sites, terracotta Nalgonda District
(baked earth) figures, stone figures and stone paintings
of humped bulls have come into light indicating the importance that was given for animal husbandry
Colour paintings and line drawings of this age are found at places, such as Budagavi in Karimnagar
district, Pandavulagutta in Warangal district, Rachakonda in Nalgonda district, Nallamudi in Khammam
district, and Duppadgattu and Dongalagattu in Mahbubnagar district. Bull paintings of this age looked
very beautiful with curved horns, humps, hanging skin below the neck and long and bodies. Men
holding arrows are seen beside them. At'some places, humped bulls were painted as though the)
were fighting. From the remnant grains that are found in some settlements of the New Stone age, it is
learnt the people of those days grew crops like jowar, paddy, millets (Ragi) and pulses (like green
gram, black gram and horse gram). Crops used to be raised mainly basing on rains.

System of Burial Culture

In the Neolithic age, the dead bodies were buried by placing the head towards the north. At
Nagarjunakonda, sources are there, stating that two children buried in the pots werefound. In Telangana, DerSOI

at several places areas ofNew Stone age got entered into Iron age. bodie:
type b
Megalithic Age: Changes witnessed in the Evolutionary Process They :
Between 1500 BCE and 300 BCE, the people ofTelangana used to keep the skeletons f the
1.
in an earthenware box or stone nest and erect big stones in rounc shape around the stone nest.
dead
At some places, stones used for constructing the nest were also in big size. Hence this age was called 2.

,
as Rakshasagullu age or big stone age.As iron objects were, for the first time, extensively used during

'Veeralapadulu'.
�
-
age, it is called as Iron age. Local people called these nests also as 'Pandavulagoollu' and
this
4

Megalithic Burials, Types And Uses

As it was believed that even though man dies, his soul remains alive, and in order to see that it
.I
does not come into the village and does not harm the people and keeps itself confined to the buried
 Pre - Historical Age
... the tools that the dead person used when he was alive and the food articles that he liked, are kept
pot and it was kept in the burial. On many occasions, even the pet animals that were dear to the
person, were also buried along with him. Though these Megalithic burials are found all over the
d, they are found in larger number in Europe and Asia. Though these are found all over India, they
seen in greater number in Deccan only. In Telangana, they are still more numerous. These are
mad
md in greater number on the flat areas on hillocks, in valleys and near the water points. As per the
ches done so far, one Megalithic burial which is found in the compound ofHyderabad
of Hyderabad Central
versity has been regarded as the first one in the country. Scientific tests have established that it
onged to 4,250 years ago. While some of the megaliths were constructed on the spot after the
death of a person, some others were built when a person was alive. Further, while some burials were
icily burials, others appeared to be community burials.
fily

Megalithic Burials on Mallur Hillock, Warangal District

The burials of this age could be divided as first type burials and second type burials. If dead
ersons are buried as it is, such burials are called as first type burials. On the other hand, if the dead
esons
bodies are burnt or cremated and after this, if the remnants (bones) are buried, these are called second
pe burials. Megalithic burials on the basis of their constructions could be divided into four types.
They are:

1. Pit burials or cairns

t.t
d 2.
2. Cist burials
g
3. Dolmens
3.
d
4. Rock-cut burials

Pit burials are those in which a pit is dug, and the skeleton is put in an earthenware box, or in
it a rectangular stone slabs room, and after closing the pit, big stones are erected around it in a circular
form. If the rectangular stone slabs room is not closed completely, but one hand's height of it is
:d