Class 8th - GEOGRAPHY Complete Chapter Explanation

Class - VIII
Notes
Complete
Geography
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CLASS 8th - GEOGRAPHY - CHAPTER - AGRICULTURE
Introduction:
Story of Gurpreet, Madha and Tina
World Origin
The word agriculture is derived from
Latin words ager or agri meaning soil
and culture meaning, cultivation.
What We are Going to Study in this Chapter?
❖ Agriculture and primary activities.
Different culture
❖ Farm system Do you know &

Interesting facts
❖ Types of farming. [Subsistence farming and
Commercial farming]
❖ Major crops
❖ Agriculture development
❖ Farms in India
❖ Farms in USA
Agriculture: Primary Activity
Plant Finished Product
Three types of economic activities.

Primary Secondary Tertiary
Extraction and production of Processing of the resources Support primary and secondary
Natural Resources. sector.
Agriculture: Primary Activity
Agriculture is a primary activity
It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestocks.
● 50 percent world's population is engaged in agriculture activity.

● Two-third of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture.
Factors Influencing Agriculture
Soil Climate
Lands on which crops are
grown is known as arable It should be suitable
land.
Different Types of Culture:
Agri
Pisci Seri
Culture
Viti Horti
Different of Culture:
❖ Agriculture -
The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. It is also
called farming.
❖ Sericulture -
Commercial rearing of silkworms. It may supplement the income of the farmer.
❖ Pisciculture -
Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.
❖ Viticulture -
Cultivation of grapes.
❖ Horticulture -
Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use.
Farm System:
❖ Agriculture and farming can be looked at as a system. How?
Input Crops, wood, dairy and

poultry products.
● Seeds
Output
● Fertilizers
● Machinery
● Labour
Types of Farming: Subsistence Farming
❖ Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour and level of
technology, farming can be classified into two main types.
Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

● Intensive subsistence
● Mixed farming
● Primitive subsistence
● Plantation
Shifting cultivation
Nomadic herding
Subsistence Farming
❖ Understand the heading. Practiced to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.
Low level of technology. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture VS Primitive Subsistence Agriculture

Household labour.
Small output is produced. - Small plot of lands are cultivated ● Shifting cultivation
with simple tools and more labour. ● Nomadic herding
- More than one crop are grown
annually. Rice is the main crop.
- It is prevalent in the thickly
populated area.
Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
Shifting cultivation Nomadic herding
1. Practices in the thickly forest areas of 1. Practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of
Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like
southeast Asia and Northeast India. Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir.
2. A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees 2. Herdsmen move from place to place with their
and burning them. The ashes are then animals for fodder and water, along defined
mixed with the soil and crops like maize, routes.
yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. 3. Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly
3. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash reared.
and burn’ agriculture. 4. They provide milk, meat, wool, hides and other
products to the herders and their families.
Shifting Cultivation Nomadic herding
Cassava
Commercial Farming:
Crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market
❖ Huge capital is used on large area under cultivation.

❖ Work is done by machines.
❖ Commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation.
1. Crops are grown for commercial purpose.

2. Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains.
3. Temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia.
4. Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single
crop can be grown.
Commercial Farming:
Mixed Farming
The land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing
livestock. It is practised in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina,
southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
Plantation
❖ A type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee,

sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.
❖ The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby
factories.
❖ Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world.
Commercial Farming:
Rubber in malaysia Coffee in Brazil
Sugarcane in mauritius Tea in India

Major Crops:
Crops
Meet the need of Supply raw material to

??
population. Agro Based Industries.
Major crops which we are going to study:

❖ Wheat
❖ Rice
❖ Maize
❖ Millets
❖ Jute
Fiber crop
❖ Cotton
❖ Tea Beverage crop
❖ Coffee
Major Crops:
Rice
❖ Major food crop of the world.
❖ Staple diet of the tropical and subtropical regions.
❖ Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall.
❖ China leads in the production of rice followed by India,

Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt.
❖ In West Bengal and Bangladesh two to three crops are

grown in a year.
Major Crops:
Wheat
❖ Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall

during growing season and bright sunshine at the
time of harvest.
❖ Wheat is grown extensively in USA, Canada,

Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India.
❖ In India it is grown in winter.

Major Crops:
Millets
❖ Known as coarse grains and can be grown on less

fertile and sandy soils.
Jowar
❖ Needs low rainfall and high to moderate
temperature and adequate rainfall.
❖ Jowar, bajra and ragi are grown in India.

Bajra
❖ Other countries are Nigeria, China and Niger.
Ragi
Major Crops:
Maize
❖ Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and

lots of sunshine.
❖ It needs well-drained fertile soils.
❖ Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China,

Russia, Canada, India, and Mexico.
Major Crops: Fibre Crops
Fibre Crop
Cotton Jute
❖ Cotton requires high temperature, light ❖ Jute was also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free ❖ It grows well on alluvial soil and requires
days and bright sunshine for its growth. high temperature, heavy rainfall and
❖ It grows best on black and alluvial soils. humid climate.
❖ China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and ❖ This crop is grown in the tropical areas.
Egypt are the leading producers of cotton. ❖ India and Bangladesh are the leading
❖ It is one of the main raw materials for the producers of jute.
cotton textile industry.
Major Crops: Fibre Crops
Cotton Cultivation
Jute Cultivation
Major Crops: Beverage Crops
Beverage Crops
Coffee Tea
❖ Coffee requires warm and wet ❖ This requires cool climate and well
climate and well drained loamy soil. distributed high rainfall throughout the
❖ Hill slopes are more suitable for year for the growth of its tender leaves.
growth of this crop. ❖ It needs well-drained loamy soils and
❖ Brazil is the leading producer gentle slopes.
followed by Columbia and India. ❖ Labour in large number is required to pick
the leaves.
❖ Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the
best quality tea in the world.
Major Crops: Beverage Crops
Tea Plantation Coffee Plantation

Agricultural Development:
Explain
Efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing

How?
demand of increasing population is known as agriculture development.
❖ Increasing the cropped area.

❖ Increasing the number of crop grown.
❖ Improving irrigation facilities.
❖ Using fertilisers and high yielding variety of seeds.
❖ Mechanisation of agriculture.
Advantage Food security can be ensured

Modern irrigation facility Harvester in field
Harvester in field Tractor in field

Agricultural development in different part of the world
Developing Countries Developed Countries
Intensive agriculture Commercial Farming
Why? Why?
❖ Large population ❖ Low population

❖ Small land size holding ❖ Large land size holding
❖ Subsistence priority ❖ Profit earning motive
❖ Ex: India ❖ USA, Canada and Australia
Let us see two case studies: India and USA

A Farm in India:
❖ Adilabad, Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh Story of Munna Lal
❖ Small farmer with a farmland of about 1.5 hectares.
❖ Grows two crops in a year with the help of HYV seeds.
❖ Takes advice from his friends, elders and government

agricultural officer on farming practices.
❖ Take tractor on rent for ploughing, though some of his

friends uses traditional practices.
❖ Irrigation his field with the tubewell on rent.
❖ Buffaloes and hens [Dairy products].

A Farm in India:
Story of Munna Lal
❖ He is also a member of co-operative society.
❖ His family members is also help him in farm activity.

Dairy Farm in India
❖ Sells his produce in the Mandi [Lack storage facility]
Analyse
Mandis in India
A Farm in USA:
See with a comparative approach
❖ Larger farm size in USA [250 hectares]
● Farmers generally resides in farm.

● Major crops: Corn, soyabean, wheat, cotton, etc.
Story of Joe Horan ,Iowa, Midwest USA.
❖ Owns 300 hectares of land.

❖ Modern farming [Adequate irrigation, soil test, pesticides and scientific fertilizers]
❖ He uses tractors, seed drills, leveler, combine harvester and thresher to perform various
agricultural operation.
❖ Grains are stored in the automated grain storage.
❖ A farmer in USA works like a businessman.
A Farm in USA:
Mechanised harvest in the USA Spray of pesticides
Seed drill Combined harvester

Do You Know and Interesting Facts:
Do you know? Interesting Fact:
Maize is also known as corn. Who discovered the Coffee Plant? There are different
Various colourful varieties of versions about the discovery of coffee. In about AD 850,
maize are found across the world Kaldi, an Arab goat-herder, who was puzzled by the queer
antics of his flock, tasted the berries of the evergreen bush
on which the goats were feeding. On experiencing a sense
of exhilaration, he proclaimed his discovery to the world.
Do you know?
Food security exists when all
people, at all times, have access Interesting Fact:
to sufficient, safe and nutritious Organic Farming -
food to meet their dietary needs In this type of farming, organic manure and natural
and food preferences for an pesticides are used instead of chemicals. No genetic
active and healthy life. modification is done to increase the yield of the crop.
Do you know?
Shifting cultivation is known by different
names in different parts of the world.
Jhumming - North-East India
Milpa -Mexico
Roca - Brazil
Ladang - Malaysia
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. Answer the following question:
I. What is agriculture?
Ans. The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock is called
agriculture.
II. Name the factor influencing agriculture.

Ans. Factors influencing agriculture are:
● Topography of soil
● Climate
NCERT Solution:
III. What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Ans. This cultivation is the form of agriculture in which a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees
and by burning them. The ashes are then mixed in the soil and crops are grown. After the soil loses
its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. This is known as slash
and burn agriculture.
The disadvantages of are as follows:

● Large extent of deforestation.
● It leads to soil erosion and soil loss.
● Only practised on small patches of land.
NCERT Solution:
IV. What is plantation agriculture?
Ans. It is a type of commercial farming where a single crop (like tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew,
rubber, banana or cotton) is grown. It is a capital and labour intensive farming.
The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories which highly demands the
development of a good transport network.
NCERT Solution:
V. Name the fibre crops and name the climate conditions required for their growth.
Ans. The fibre crops are cotton and jute.
The favorable climate conditions are as follows:
Cotton -
● It requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its
growth.
● It grows best on black and alluvial soil.
Jute -
● It requires high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate.
● It grows well on alluvial soil.
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. Tick the correct answer.
I. Horticulture means: III. Leading producer of coffee is -
a. Growing of fruits and vegetables a. Brazil
b. Primitive farming b. India
c. Growing of wheat c. Russia
II. Golden fibres refers to:

a. Tea
b. Jute
c. Cotton
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. Give reasons
I. In India agriculture is a primary activity.
Ans. In India agriculture is a primary activity, because two third of India’s population still depends
on agriculture. It is concerned with extraction and production of natural resources. We all know
that agriculture include growing of crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing livestocks.
II. Different crops are grown in different region.

Ans. Different crops are grown in different region because growing of crops depends upon the
geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour and level of technology.
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. Distinguish between the following.
I. Primary activities and Tertiary activities.
Primary activities Tertiary activities
● Primary activities are those activities ● Tertiary activities are those activities
which are associated with the extraction which provide support to primary and
and production of natural resources. secondary activities through services.
NCERT Solution:
II. Subsistence and Intensive farming
Subsistence Farming Intensive Farming
● This type of farming is practiced to meet ● It is a kind of subsistence farming only

the needs of the farmer’s family. where a farmer cultivates a small plot of
● It is done generally on a traditional basis land using simple tools and more labours.
using low level of technology and ● This type of farming is common in the
household labour. thickly populated areas of the monsoon
● A variety of crops are raised in small regions of South, South-East and East-Asia.
quantity on a small plot of land.
CLASS 8th - GEOGRAPHY - CHAPTER - INDUSTRIES
Introduction:
❖ Journey of Paper
Role of Industries
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?
❖ Industries: Second activities

❖ Classification of industries
➢ On the basis of raw material, size and ownership.
❖ Factors affecting location of industries
❖ Industrial system
❖ Industrial regions
❖ Industrial disaster
❖ Distribution of major industries
➢ Iron and Steel: Jamshedpur, Pittsburgh
➢ Cotton textile industries: Ahmedabad, Osaka
➢ Information Technology
Industries: Secondary Activities
❖ Secondary activities Is also known as manufacturing activities.
Changes raw material into products of more value to people.

Ex. Pulp = Paper Manufacturing adds
Cotton = Cloth value to the products
How?
Paper Industry
Industry
Industry refer to an economic activity that is concerned

with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the
provision of services.
Industries: Secondary Activities
Classification of Industries: Raw Materials
On the basis of raw material industries can be classified as:
Agro Based Industry Mineral based Industry Marine based Industry Forest based Industry
- Use plant and animal - Primary industries that - Use products from the - Utilise forest produce
based products as their use mineral ores as their sea and oceans as raw as raw materials. The
raw materials. raw materials. The materials. Industries industries associated
- Food processing, products of these processing seafood or with forests are pulp and
vegetable oil, cotton industries feed other manufacturing fish oil paper, pharmaceuticals,
textile, dairy products industries. are some examples. furniture and buildings.
and leather industries are - Used as raw material for
examples. the manufacture of a
number of other
products, such as heavy
machinery, building
materials and railway.
Classification of Industries: Raw Materials
Agro based Industry Mineral based Industry
Marine based Industry Forest based Industry

Classification of Industries: Size
Number of people employed and the volume of production.
On the basis of size industries can be classified as:
Small Scale Industries Large Scale Industries
❖ Cottage or household industries are a type of ❖ Produce large volumes of products.

small scale industry where the products are Investment of capital is higher and the
manufactured by hand, by the artisans. technology used is superior in large scale
industries.
❖ Basket weaving, pottery and other
handicrafts are examples of cottage industry. ❖ Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.
❖ Small scale industries use lesser amount of
capital and technology.
Classification of Industries: Size
Small scale industry Large scale industry

Classification of Industries: Ownership
On the basis of ownership industries can be classified as:
Private sector industries Public sector industries Joint sector industries Co-operative sector
- Owned and operated by - The public sector - Owned and operated by - Owned and operated by
individuals or a group of industries are owned and the state and individuals the producers or
individuals. operated by the or a group of individuals. - suppliers of raw
Ex. TATA government, such as - Maruti Udyog Limited is materials, workers or
Hindustan Aeronautics an example of joint sector both.
Limited and Steel industry. - Anand Milk Union
Authority of India Limited. Limited and Sudha Dairy
are a success stories of a
co-operative venture.
Factor Affecting Location of Industries:
❖ Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.
❖ Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost
and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas.
❖ Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

Industrial System:
Input Processes Output
Industrial System
Ex. A cotton industry
Input Process Output
Raw material, labour and cost Activities that convert raw End product and income
of land transport, power. material into finished earned.
product.
Industrial System:
Industrial Regions:
❖ When in any region a number of industries locate close to each other to share the benefit of
their closeness.
Industrial Region
❖ Major industrial region of the world

➢ Eastern North America
➢ Western and Central Europe
➢ Eastern Europe
➢ Eastern Asia
❖ Industrial region tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially
near coal fields.
Industrial Regions:
❖ Industrial region in India
➢ Mumbai Pune cluster
➢ Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
➢ Hugli region
➢ Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chota Nagpur
industrial belt
➢ Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt
➢ Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
➢ Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.
Industrial Disaster:
❖ In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible
handling of hazardous material.
➔ Some of the worst industrial disaster are: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Gas well blowout in Gao Qiao
Bhopal Gas Tragedy

❖ On 3 December 1984, around 00:30 A.M. a technologies accident occured in Bhopal.
❖ Highly poisonous Methyl Isocyanate [MIC] gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other
reaction products leaked out of the pesticides factory of Union Carbide.
❖ The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989.
❖ Thousands, who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness, impaired
immune system, gastrointestinal disorders etc.
Gas well blowout in Gao Qiao
❖ On 23 December, 2005, a gas well blowout in Gao Qiao, chongging, China.

❖ 243 people died, 9,000 were injured and 64,000 were evacuated.
❖ Many people died because they were unable to run after the explosion.
❖ Those who could not escape in time suffered burns to their eyes, skin and lungs from the gas.
Risk reduction measures
1. Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the
industrial areas.
2. People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of

toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effects in case if an accident
occurs.
3. Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
4. Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
5. Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.

Distribution of Major Industries:
The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the
textile industry and the information technology industry.
Major distribution
❖ Iron and Steel Industry: Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia.
❖ Textile Industry: India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
❖ Information Technology: Silicon valley of central california and Bangalore region.
Iron and Steel industry Cotton textile industry Information technology [IT]
- Jamshedpur - Ahmedabad - Bengaluru

- Pittsburg - Osaka - California
Distribution of Major Industries:
Iron and Steel Industry:
Feeder Industry
Input Processes Output
Coal + iron ore + limestone
Steel
Importance of steel
❖ Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.
➢ Pin to ship, everything is made up of steel.

➢ Dependence of other industries. Ex. Oil production.
➢ Farm and other primary sector.
❖ Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire.
❖ Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as
aluminium, nickel, and copper.
❖ The changing location of Steel and Iron industry
Before 1800 AD
● Iron and steel industry was located where raw materials,

power supply and running water were easily available.
1800 - 1950
● The ideal location for the industry was near coal fields
and close to canals and railways.
After 1950
● Iron and steel industry began to be located on large
areas of flat land near sea ports.
Jamshedpur:
Tata Iron and steel Company Limited (TISCO)
❖ Started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of river

Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.
❖ It was the only Iron and Steel plant in country before 1947.
jamshedji tata
❖ Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently

situated iron and steel centre in the country.
How?
Jamshedpur:
Why only this place?
● Good transportation - Only 32 km away from kalimati

station.
● Availability of raw material - Close to the iron ore, coal

and manganese deposits.
● Near Kolkata market
● Sufficient water supply from subarnarekha and kharkai
The development of the iron and steel industry opened

the doors to rapid industrial development in India.
Pittsburgh:
Steel city of United States of America
The steel industry of Pittsburgh enjoy locational advantages.
● Raw material such as coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron
mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
● World’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply - The famous Great Lakes waterway.
● The Ohio, the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.
❖ Change in the location of Iron and Steel industry from Pittsburgh to valleys of Monongahela
and Allegheny river and Ohio river. Why?
❖ Iron and Steel industry in Pittsburgh support many different industries.

Cotton Textile Industry:
Textile Industries
Natural raw material Man made raw material
● Wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute. ● Nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon.
❖ The cotton textile industries is one of the oldest industries in the world.
Evolution Spinning wheel Power looms
❖ Glorious tradition of Indian hand spun and hand woven cloths.
[Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicas of Calicut,

Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara]
Cotton Textile Industry:
❖ Traditional Cotton textile industry faced a tough competition from the new textile mill.
How?
❖ First mechanized textile mill Mumbai, 1854.
Industries flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Because of the favourable humid climate, the port

facilities availability of raw material and skilled labour.
Gradually industries flourished in other part of India: Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai,

Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana etc.
Cotton Textile Industry: Ahmedabad
❖ In Ahmedabad the industries are located on the banks of the
Sabarmati river.
● The first mill was established in 1859.

● Second largest textile city in India.
● Also known as ‘Manchester of India’
● Locational advantages. How?
❖ Challenges faced by the Ahmedabad textile mills in recent years.
Emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as non

upgradation of machines and technology in the mills of
Ahmedabad.
Cotton Textile Industry: Osaka
❖ Manchester of Japan
The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several
geographical factors.
➔ Extensive plain ensured growth of cotton mills.

➔ Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving.
➔ River Yodo provides sufficient water.
➔ Labours are available easily.
➔ Port facility supports easy import and export.
❖ The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported

raw materials.
Information Technology:
❖ Imagine a situation where a company operates for twenty-four
hours workday.
Story of Danny and Smitha
❖ The information technology industry deals in the storage,

processing and distribution of information.
❖ The major factor guiding the location of these industries are
resources availability, cost and infrastructure.
Bengaluru Silicon Valley
Deccan plateau, Bengaluru Part of Santa Clara valley located next

to the rocky mountains USA.
❖ Emergence of new information technology hub in the country.
Information Technology:
Do You Know and Interesting Facts: Industries
Do you know?
Emerging industries are also known
as ‘Sunrise Industries’.These include
Information technology, Wellness,
Hospitality and Knowledge.
Do you know?
The names of Great Lakes are
Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan
and Erie. Lake Superior is the largest
of these five lakes. It lies higher
upstream than others.
Do You Know and Interesting Facts: Industries
Do you know?
The first textile mill in the country was
established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in
1818 but it closed down after some time.
Do you know?
About one-third of the Indian textile industry’s
total production is exported.
Do you know?
Why do high technology industries group together?
● They can be located near main road/ highways for an easy access.
● Firms can benefit from exchange of knowledge.
● Services and facilities such as roads, car parks and waste disposal can be
organised efficiently
NCERT Solutions:
I. What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Ans. Industry means an economic activity that is related to production of goods, extraction of
minerals and the provision of services.
Examples of the above are - Iron and steel industry, coal mining industry and tourism industry,
respectively.
II. What are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?
Ans. Main actors which influence the location of an industry are:
● Availability if raw material
● Transportation and communication ● Power
● Land ● Labour
● Capital
● Market
NCERT Solutions:
III. Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry and why?
Ans. Iron and steel industry is referred to as the backbone of the modern industry. This is because
almost everything is either made from iron or steel or has been made using tools and machineries
of these metals.
There are plenty of examples like ships, trains, vehicles; all are made largely of steel. Material of
our day - to - day use starting from safety pin to our building in which we live, are made from steel.
Without the use of iron no industry can run.
IV. Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

Ans. Cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai because of its warm, moist climate,
facility port of port for importing of machinery and above all because of the easy availability of
skilled labour.
NCERT Solutions:
V. What are the similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California?
Ans. Similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California:
● Both have clear environment.
● Pleasant climate throughout the year.
● In the vicinity of educational, scientific and technological centres.
● Close to major roads and airports.
● Good access to markets.
● Both have skilled workforce.
● Low or affordable cost of living.
NCERT Solutions:
Que 2. Tick the correct answer:
I. Silicon Valley is located in III. Which one is the following is a natural
a. Bangalore fibre?
b. California a. Nylon
c. Ahmedabad b. Acrylic
c. Jute
II. Which of the following industry is known as
sunrise industry?
a. Iron and Steel Industry
b. Cotton Industry
c. Information Technology Industry
NCERT Solutions:
Que 3. Distinguish between the following:
I. Agro-based and Mineral based industry.
Agro-Based Industry Mineral-Based Industry
1. Agro-based industries use plant and 1. Mineral-based industries are those that use
animal based product as raw material. mineral ores as their raw materials.
2. These industry provide employment in 2. They provide employment to both rural and
rural areas. urban area.
3. Agro-based industry are mostly in 3. These industries are mostly in public sector
private or co-operative sectors. because of their large investment requirement.
4. Examples of such industries are jute, 4. Examples of such industries are iron and steel,
cotton textile, dairy product, leather capital goods, etc.
industries etc.
NCERT Solutions:
II. Public sector and Joint sector industry.
Public Sector Industries Joint Sector Industries
1. The industries which are owned and 1. The industries which are owned and
operate by state government and central operate by government and an individual
government are called public sector or a group of individuals are called joint
industries. sector industries.
2. They involve huge capital investment. 2. Capital investment are generally less than
3. These industries are managed and run by the public sector industries.
workforce appointed by government. 3. Both government servant and private
4. For example Steel authority of India employ run these industries.
Limited (SAIL), Hindustan Aeronautics 4. For example Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL)
Limited (HAL)m etc.
CLASS 8th - GEOGRAPHY - CHAPTER - HUMAN RESOURCES
Introduction:
Human Resources is ultimate resource
❖ Healthy, educated and motivated people develop other

resources [land, labour, capital] into productive resources.
Human resources like other resources are not equally

distributed over the world.
They differ in their educational levels, age and sex.
Their numbers and characteristics also keep changing.

Introduction:
❖ What we are going to study in this chapter?
➢ Distribution of population Do you know?
➢ Density of population
➢ Factors affecting distribution of population
➢ Population change
➢ Patterns of Population change
➢ Population composition
➢ NCERT solution
Distribution of Population:
❖ The pattern in which the population of the world is distributed is known as the pattern of
population distribution.
More than 90 per cent of the world’s

population lives in about 30 per cent of the
land surface. The distribution of population
in the world is extremely uneven.
❖ Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two continents Asia and Africa.
Distribution of Population:
❖ Sixty per cent of the world’s people stay in just 10 countries.
All of them have more than a 100 million people.
Density of Population:
What do you understand by density?
Population density
Population density is the number of people

living in a unit area of the earth’s surface. It is
normally expressed as per square km.
❖ The average density of population in the whole world is 51 persons per square km.
❖ South Central Asia has the highest density of population followed by East and Southeast Asia.
Factor Affecting Distribution of Population:
Geographical Factor 1. Topography
● People always prefer to live on plains rather than
mountains and plateaus.
● The Ganga plains are the most densely populated
areas of the world while mountains like Andes, Alps
and Himalayas are sparsely populated.
2. Climate
● People usually avoid extreme climates that are very
hot or very cold like Sahara desert, polar regions of
Russia, Canada and Antarctica
3. Soil
● Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.
● Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India,
Huang-He, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are
densely populated.
4. Water
● People prefer to live in the areas where freshwater is
easily available.
● The river valleys of the world are densely populated.
5. Minerals
● Areas with mineral deposits are more populated.
● Diamond mines of South Africa and discovery of oil in the
Middle east lead to settling of people in these areas.
Social, Cultural and Economic factors
1. Social
● Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are
more densely populated e.g. Pune.
2. Cultural
● Places with religion or cultural significance attract people.
● Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican city are some examples.
3. Economic
● Industrial areas provide employment opportunities.
● Large number of people are attracted to these areas.
● Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India are two densely populated
areas.
Population Change:
Change in the number of people during a specific time.
Changes occur due to

Analyse
births and deaths
❖ Factors affecting the population:
Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people.
Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people.
Migrations: The movement of people in and out of an area.

Population Change:
❖ Births and deaths are the natural causes of population change. The difference between the
birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the natural growth rate.
How migration helps in population change
❖ People may move within a country or between countries. Emigrants are people who leave a
country; Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.
Example - United States of America and Sudan. (In migration or out migration respectively)
Explain
❖ The general trend of international migrations is from the less developed nations to the more
developed nations in search of better employment opportunities.
Population Change:
Birth rate more than death rate: Birth rate and death rate same:
Population Increase Population stays the same.
Death rate more than birth rate:

Population decreases
Patterns of Population Change:
What is population change?
❖ The world’s total population is rising rapidly, not all countries are experiencing this growth.
Example : Some countries like Kenya have high population growth rates. Why?
: They had both high birth rates and death rates. With improving health
care, death rates have fallen, but birth rates still remain high leading to
high growth rates.
: In other countries like United Kingdom, population growth is slowing

because of both low death and low birth rates.
Population Composition:
Understand the people as a resource Population as a factor
Their qualities -
Depending on this the people ● Age
becomes resources. ● Sex
● Literacy level
● Health condition
● Occupation
● Income level
❖ Population composition refers to the structure of the population.
How many are males or females, which age group they belong to, how educated they are
and what type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels and health
conditions are.
Age/Sex Pyramid or Population pyramid
A population pyramid shows -

● The total population divided into
various age groups, E.g. 5 to 9 years, 10
to 14 years.
● The percentage of the total population,
subdivided into males and females.
❖ The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people living in that
particular country.
Bottom and reflect the level of births.

Top shows the numbers of aged people and reflects the number of deaths.
❖ The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there are in a country.
● Young dependents [Aged below 15 years]
● Elderly dependents [Aged above 15 years]
Population Population Pyramid Population Pyramid of

Pyramid of Kenya of India Japan
Do You Know:
Do you know? Do you know?
The Government of India has a Ministry of Human Resource Average density of population in
Development. The Ministry was created in 1985 with an aim India is 382 persons per square km.
to improve people’s skills. This just shows how important
people are as a resource for the country.
Glossary: Do you know?

Life expectancy - It is the number of years that Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY) was
an average person can expect to live. started in 2015 aiming to train one crore Indian
Immigration - When a person enters a new youth from 2016 to 2020. The objective of this
country. scheme is to encourage aptitude towards
Emigration - When a person leaves a country. employable skills by giving quality training to
probable and existing wage earners.
Do You Know:
NCERT Solutions:
I. Why are people considered as resource?
Ans. People are considered a resource of a nation. Nature’s bounty are also exploited by
the people only. Healthy, educated and motivated people developed resources as per
their demand.
NCERT Solutions:
II. What are the causes for the uneven population distribution in the world?
Ans. The causes and factor for the uneven population distribution in the world are:
a. Geographical factor -
1. Relief feature like plains, plateau, desert etc.
2. Climate like extreme or moderate climate.
3. Fertile soil with more agriculture.
4. Minerals attracting industry and people.
b. Social and economic factor -

1. Social facilities like housing, health and education.
2. Cultural and Religious factors.
3. Economic facilities like employment generating industry.
NCERT Solutions:
III. The world population has grown very rapidly, Why?
Ans. The world population has grown very rapidly because of many factors:
1. Rapid increase in natural growth rate.
2. Eradication of many deadly dangerous diseases.
3. Migration of the people from developing countries to develop nations.
IV. Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.
Ans. The main factors influencing population change are:
a. The difference between the birth rate and death rate which is called natural growth
rate is the main cause of population change.
b. Migration is also one of the main factor that brings about population change,
migration refers to the movement of people in and out of an area or country.
NCERT Solutions:
V. What is meant by population composition?
Ans. Population change means the structure of the population that gives a fair idea about
age, sex, literacy level, income level, health condition and occupations of the people.
NCERT Solutions:
VI. What are population pyramid? How do they help in understanding about the
population of the country?
Ans. The population pyramids are the geographical method to show:
a. Total population into male and female i.e. sex composition.
b. Age group from 0 - 14, 15 - 59, 59 years and above.
c. Work force.
The shape of the population pyramid helps us to know about the people living in that
particular country. The numbers of children below 15 years age-group are shown at the
bottom and reflects the level of births.
The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people above the age group of 60 years
and reflects the number of deaths.
The population pyramid also shows that how many dependent and working force/class
are there in a country.
NCERT Solutions:
Que 2. Tick the correct answer:
I. What does the term population II. Which are the three main factors that cause
distribution refer to? population change?
a. How population in a specified area a. Birth, death and marriage.
changes over time. b. Birth, death and migration.
b. The number of people who die in c. Birth, death and life expectancy.
relation to the number of people
born in a specified area.
c. The way in which people are spread
across a given area.
NCERT Solutions:
III. In 1999, the world population reached. IV. What is a population pyramid?
a. 1 billion a. A graphical presentation of the age, sex
b. 3 billion composition of a population.
c. 6 billion b. When the population density of an area is
so high that people live in tall buildings.
c. Pattern of population distribution in large
urban areas.
NCERT Solutions:
Que 3. Complete the sentences below using some of the following words:
(sparsely, favorable, fallow, artificial, fertile, natural, extreme, densely)
Ans.
When people are attracted to an area, it becomes ________ populated.
Factors that influence this include ________ climate; good supplies of ________ resources
and ________ land.
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Class - VIII

● Fill the form given below before taking admission at

❖ Farm system Do you know &

Three types of economic activities.

It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestocks.

● 50 percent world's population is engaged in agriculture activity.

Factors Influencing Agriculture

Input Crops, wood, dairy and

Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

Low level of technology. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture VS Primitive Subsistence Agriculture

Shifting cultivation Nomadic herding

Shifting Cultivation Nomadic herding

❖ Huge capital is used on large area under cultivation.

1. Crops are grown for commercial purpose.

❖ A type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee,

Rubber in malaysia Coffee in Brazil

Sugarcane in mauritius Tea in India

Meet the need of Supply raw material to

Major crops which we are going to study:

❖ Major food crop of the world.

❖ Staple diet of the tropical and subtropical regions.

❖ Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall.

❖ China leads in the production of rice followed by India,

❖ In West Bengal and Bangladesh two to three crops are

❖ Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall

❖ Wheat is grown extensively in USA, Canada,

❖ In India it is grown in winter.

❖ Known as coarse grains and can be grown on less

❖ Jowar, bajra and ragi are grown in India.

❖ Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and

❖ It needs well-drained fertile soils.

❖ Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China,

Tea Plantation Coffee Plantation

Efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing

❖ Increasing the cropped area.

Advantage Food security can be ensured

Modern irrigation facility Harvester in field

Harvester in field Tractor in field

Developing Countries Developed Countries

Intensive agriculture Commercial Farming

❖ Large population ❖ Low population

Let us see two case studies: India and USA

❖ Adilabad, Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh Story of Munna Lal

❖ Small farmer with a farmland of about 1.5 hectares.

❖ Grows two crops in a year with the help of HYV seeds.

❖ Takes advice from his friends, elders and government

❖ Take tractor on rent for ploughing, though some of his

❖ Irrigation his field with the tubewell on rent.

❖ Buffaloes and hens [Dairy products].

❖ He is also a member of co-operative society.

❖ His family members is also help him in farm activity.

See with a comparative approach

❖ Larger farm size in USA [250 hectares]

● Farmers generally resides in farm.

❖ Owns 300 hectares of land.

Mechanised harvest in the USA Spray of pesticides

Seed drill Combined harvester

II. Name the factor influencing agriculture.

The disadvantages of are as follows:

II. Golden fibres refers to: