FLUID FLOW II

TCE 3206

LECTURE : KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS

1. Acceleration Field

01.04..2022
MAIN TOPICS
The Velocity Field
The Acceleration Field
Control Volume and System Representation
The Reynolds Transport Theorem

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Acceleration

For Lagrangian method, the fluid acceleration is described

as done in solid body dynamics
 
a  a (t)
For Eulerian method, the fluid acceleration is described as
function of position and time without actually following
any particles.
 
a  a (x,y,z, t)
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Acceleration Field 1/4
The acceleration of a fluid particle for use in Newton’s
second law is:
 
a  dV / dt YES or NO ?

This is incorrect, because V is a field, i.e., it describes
the whole flow and not just the motion of an individual
particle.
The problem is : Given the velocity field,
 
V  V(x, y, z, t)
Find the acceleration of a fluid particle.
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Acceleration Field 2/4
The velocity of a fluid particle A in space at time t:
 
VA  VA (x, y, z, t)
t

The velocity of the fluid particle in space at time t+dt:

 
VA  V A (x  dx, y  dy, z  dz, t  dt)
t dt

The change in the velocity of

the particle, in moving from
  
location r to r  d r, is given
by the chain rule:
   
 VA VA VA VA
dVA  dx A  dyA  dz A  dt
x y z t
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Acceleration Field 3/4
    
 dVA VA dx A  VA dy A  VA dz A  VA
aA  
dt x dt y dt z dt t
dx A dy dz
 uA , A  v A , A  wA
dt dt dt
    
 dVA V A V A V A VA
 aA   uA  vA  wA 
dt x y z t
-> This is valid for a particular particleA…..
-> Drop A
   
 V V V V
a u v w
t x y z
-> Valid for any particle…..
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Acceleration Field 4/4
Scalar components
u u u u
ax  u v w
t x y z 
ay 
v
u
v
v
v
w
v 
a DV
t x y z
Dt
w w w w
az  u v w    
t x y z V  ui  vj  wk
D         
 u v w
Dt t x y z
  
  
   
V material derivative or substantial derivative
t
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 Physical Significance
    
 V V V V V  
a u v w   V V
t x y z t

V  Time derivative: Local acceleration.
t  It represents effect of the unsteadiness of the flow

   Spatial derivative: Convective acceleration.

(V  )V
 It represents the fact that a flow property associated with a
fluid particle may vary because of the motion of the particle
from one point in space to another point.

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For Various Fluid Parameters
The material derivative concept is very useful in analysis
involving various parameter, not just the acceleration.
For example, consider a temperature field T=T(x,y,z,t)
associated with a given flow. We can apply the chain rule
to determine the rate of change of temperature as
dTA TA TA dx A TA dy A TA dz A
   
dt t x dt y dt z dt
DT T T T T T 
  u v w   VT
Dt t x y z t

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Example 4.4 Acceleration along a
Streamline
 An incompressible, inviscid fluid flows steadily past a sphere of
radius R, as shown in Figure E4.4 (a). According to a more
advanced analysis of the flow, the fluid velocity along streamline A-
B is given by R3
V  u(x) iˆ  V0(1  3
ˆ
)i
x
where V0 is the upstream velocity far ahead of the sphere.
Determine the acceleration experienced by fluid particles as they
flow along this streamline.

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Example 4.4 Solution
 R3 ˆ
ˆ
V  u(x) i  V 0 (1  3 )i
The acceleration along streamline A-B x

  
 V V  u u u  u u u u
a x  t  u x  v y   t  u x 
V
a u v or a x   u , a y  0, a z  0
t x y  t x

u/ t=0. With the given velocity distribution along the streamline,
the acceleration becomes

u  
 V0 1  3  V0 R 3 -3X -4 
R 3

ax  u
x  X 

a  3V / R 1 
2 R / x 3

x / R 4
or x 0

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Example 4.5 Acceleration from a Given
Velocity Field
 Consider the steady, two-dimensional flow field discussed in
Example 4.2. Determine the acceleration field for this flow.
   V0 x  V0 y   
V  V0 / (xi  yj )  i j  ui  vj
l l
V0 x Vy
u v 0
l l

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Example 4.5 Solution1/2
In general, the acceleration is given by
     
  
 DV V   V V V V
a    V V   u  v  w
Dt t t x y z
u = (V0/  )x and v = -(V0/  )y
For steady, two-dimensional flow
 
 V V  u u   v v 
au v  u  v i   u  v  j
x y  x y   x y 

   V0   V0   V0     V0   V0   V0  
a    (x)     (y)(0)i    (x)(0)    (y)    j
                  

V0 2 x V0 2 y
ax  2 ay  2
  13
Example 4.5 Solution1/2
For this flow the magnitude of the acceleration is constant on circles
centered at the origin
 
2
a  (a x  a y  a z )1/ 2  0  (x 2  y 2 )1/ 2
2 2 2 V
  
Also, the acceleration vector is oriented at an angle  from the x
axis, where
ay y
tan  
ax x

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Example 4.6 The Material Derivative

 A company produces a perishable product in a factory located at

x=0 and sells the product along the distribution route x > 0 .The
selling price of the product P, is a function of the length of time after
it was produced, t , and the location at which it is sold, x. That is,
P=P(x,t). At a given location the price of the product decreases in
time (it is perishable) according to δP/δt= -8 dollars/hr. In addition,
because of shipping costs the price increase with distance from the
factory according to δP/δx=0.2 dollars/mi. If the manufacturer
wishes to sell the product for the same 100-dollar price anywhere
along the distribution route, determine how fast he must travel along
the route.

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Example 4.6 Solution1/2
For a given batch of the product (Lagrangian description ), the time
rate of change of the price can be obtained by using the material
derivative
DP P  P P P P P P
  V P  u v w  u
Dt t t x y z t x
The motion is one-dimensional with
 ˆ
V  ui
Where u is the speed at which the
product is convected along its route.

Figure E4.6 16
Example 4.6 Solution2/2
The price is to remain constant as the product moves along the
distribution route, then
Dp P P
 0 or u 0
Dt t x
Thus, the correct delivery speed is
 P / t 8 dollars / hr
u   40mi / hr
P / x 0.2 dollars / mi

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Example 4.6 The Material Derivative

 A company produces a perishable product in a factory located at

x=0 and sells the product along the distribution route x > 0 .The
selling price of the product P, is a function of the length of time after
it was produced, t , and the location at which it is sold, x. That is,
P=P(x,t). At a given location the price of the product decreases in
time (it is perishable) according to δP/δt= -8 dollars/hr. In addition,
because of shipping costs the price increase with distance from the
factory according to δP/δx=0.2 dollars/mi. If the manufacturer
wishes to sell the product for the same 100-dollar price anywhere
along the distribution route, determine how fast he must travel along
the route.

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Example 4.6 Solution1/2
For a given batch of the product (Lagrangian description ), the time
rate of change of the price can be obtained by using the material
derivative
DP P  P P P P P P
  V P  u v w  u
Dt t t x y z t x
The motion is one-dimensional with
 ˆ
V  ui
Where u is the speed at which the
product is convected along its route.

Figure E4.6 19
Example 4.6 Solution2/2
The price is to remain constant as the product moves along the
distribution route, then
Dp P P
 0 or u 0
Dt t x
Thus, the correct delivery speed is
 P / t 8 dollars / hr
u   40mi / hr
P / x 0.2 dollars / mi

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