Winning Suit Contract Leads

David Bird &
Taf Anthias
Winning
Suit Contract
Leads
AN HONORS eBOOK FROM MASTER POINT PRESS

Text © 2012 David Bird & Taf Anthias
All rights reserved.
Honors eBooks is an imprint of Master Point Press. All contents,

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34567 19 18 17 16 15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 4
Chapter 1 Leading against a one-suit auction to game 5
Chapter 2 Leading against a part-score 16
Chapter 3 Leading after a competitive part-score auction 31
Chapter 4 Leading from different combinations 41
Chapter 5 When to lead a singleton 52
Chapter 6 When to lead a doubleton 65
Chapter 7 Leading against game with side suit in dummy 77
Chapter 8 Leading after a splinter-bid auction 93
Chapter 9 Leading when partner has opened 105
Chapter 10 Leading when declarer has a two-suiter 121
Chapter 11 When to lead a trump 135
Chapter 12 Leading against a pre-emptive raise 154
Chapter 13 Leading after a 1NT opening 166
Chapter 14 Leading against a small slam 180
Chapter 15 Leading against a small slam with a side suit 199
Chapter 16 Leading against a grand slam 213
Chapter 17 Methodology 228
Table of contents 3
Introduction
The opponents’ bidding is 1♠–3♠–4♠, let’s say, and you have to choose an
opening lead from: ♠ J 4 2 ♥ A 2 ♦ K 9 ♣ 10 9 8 6 4 2. How do you make
your decision? Do you rely on your past experience of leading from similar
hands? Even if you play several sessions of bridge a week and somehow
record in your memory what happens to each opening lead, you will have
nowhere near enough data to guide you to the best leads in future. Most
players rely on general guidelines, such as ‘Don’t lead from a king’, ‘Don’t
lead a doubleton honor’, ‘When in doubt lead a trump’, ‘Lead partner’s suit’.
On many deals, such pieces of inherited wisdom are far from a winning
strategy.
In our book Winning Notrump Leads, we used computer simulations to
analyze the best opening leads against notrump contracts. Encouraged by the
success of that book, we now offer an investigation into the best leads
against a variety of suit contract auctions.
For each chosen West hand we generate 5000 deals that match the given
North-South bidding. We then play the deals automatically, using computer
software, and see which leads work best — at both IMPs and match-point
pairs. By analyzing the results we are able to draw some conclusions on the
types of lead that work best.
The results for the particular West hand above are shown as:
Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠2 18.0% 2.69
♥A 30.4% 2.99
♦K 23.8% 2.67
♣10 20.8% 2.79
The ♥A is a clear winner at both IMPs and match-points. The ♣10,

doubtless the choice of many players, has less chance of beating the contract
than the ♦K!
By the time you come to the end of the book, you will have accumulated
more knowledge about suit contract opening leads than would be possible in
a lifetime spent entirely at the bridge card table. We think that some of the
results will surprise you!
David Bird and Taf Anthias
4 Introduction
Chapter 1
Leading against a one-suit auction to 4♠
We will launch the book by considering the best lead from several hands
against a spade game that has been bid without mention of another suit. It
makes no difference whether the opponents play 1♠–3♠ as a full-blown
limit bid, or use a convention such as Bergen Raises. All that matters is the
strength that they have shown between the hands and the fact that they have
not advertised a threatening side suit.
By the time we reach the end of the chapter, we will have a fair idea of
the types of leads that work best. Are much despised doubleton leads less
awful than many players think? How likely is a trump lead to work well? Is
it is better on such auctions to make a passive lead from such as ♦8-7-4 or to
lead aggressively from ♣K-Q-9-3? Let the investigation begin!
Which leads work well against 1♠–3♠–4♠?
We will look first at the situation where the opponents have bid spades all the
way, with responder showing a limit bid. As we said above, it makes no
difference whether they have used some conventional route (such as a Bergen
Raise of 3♣ or 3♦) in the process.
Hand 1
The opponents bid 1♠–3♠–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠94 ♥95 ♦A9762 ♣J754?
First thoughts You may have heard people say ‘Only beginners lead from
a jack’. No doubt you have been warned against leading from suits headed by
the ace without the king. Doubleton leads are not generally rated very
favorably, so perhaps it’s a case of ‘When in doubt, lead a trump’.
We no longer have to rely on such folklore, handed down by our
ancestors! Let’s run a simulation where this West hand remains fixed and we
Leading against Four Spades 5

generate millions of random deals, keeping only the first 5000 that conform
to a 1♠–3♠–4♠ bidding sequence. These are the results:
Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

♠4 12.7% 2.42
♥9 17.6% 2.55
♦A 16.3% 2.61
♣4 14.7% 2.53
The doubleton heart is best at IMPs. A trump lead is worst at both forms
of the game. So much for the guideline ‘When in doubt, lead a trump’!
Leading the ♦A is better than expected, partly because a sight of the dummy
will help you to judge what to do next. We note also that the ♦A lead fares
best at match-points.
Let’s take a ‘lucky dip’ into the simulation and pick out a deal where the
doubleton heart lead does well:
♠J732
♥ J 10 7 3
♦KQ85
♣K
♠94 ♠ K 10
♥95
N ♥AQ842
♦A9762 W E ♦ 10 4
♣ 10 7 5 4 S ♣A832
♠AQ865
♥K6
♦J3
♣QJ96
West North East South
1♠
pass 3♠ pass 4♠
all pass
West starts with the ♥9 and East wins with the ace. He returns a heart to
South’s king. With three aces out, declarer needs to reach dummy for a
spade finesse. When he tries a club, East wins with the ace and plays a third
heart, promoting a trump trick for the defense. That’s one down. On any
other lead, declarer can take advantage of the favorable trump position.
6 Leading against Four Spades

Hand 2
♠ 10 6 4 ♥ 6 2 ♦ K 10 7 6 3 ♣ Q J 6 ?
First thoughts Leading from the ♦K is risky. If declarer scores the queen
and ace early on, your diamond trick is unlikely to come back. The present
authors are no great supporters of trump leads and would have chosen the
♣Q. Let’s take a look:

♠4 8.3% 2.25
♥6 10.2% 2.31
♦6 7.4% 2.20
♣Q 9.8% 2.25
Well, that’s a surprise. The doubleton heart wins again. Let’s surrender
to temptation and pick another deal from the simulation:
♠AJ72
♥KQ87
♦94
♣974
♠ 10 6 4 ♠5
♥62
N ♥ A J 10 9 3
♦ K 10 7 6 3 W E ♦QJ
♣QJ6 S ♣ K 10 8 3 2
♠KQ983
♥54
♦A852
♣A5
1♠
pass 3♠ pass 4♠
all pass
West leads the ♥6, East taking dummy’s king with the ace. After winning
the heart return, declarer needs to ruff two diamonds in dummy. However he
plays, he cannot do this without suffering the promotion of West’s ♠10. East

will return a third round of hearts when he gains the lead in diamonds. On
any other lead, declarer can make the contract with best play.
Hand 3
♠ 10 5 ♥ Q 9 6 2 ♦ A Q 2 ♣ K 8 6 5 ?
First thoughts The three side-suit leads (from honors) are unattractive and
may well concede a trick. Perhaps a trump lead is best. What do you think?

♠5 11.7% 2.40
♥2 13.1% 2.39
♦A 8.3% 2.30
♣5 11.7% 2.32
At IMPs a low heart is best. At match-points a trump is just as good.

Although leading unsupported aces can work well, you should not consider
it when the queen or jack is alongside the ace.
The opponents bid 1♠–2♠–4♠

When the spade game is bid via a single raise, rather than a sound double
raise, you will have more chance of beating it. You may wonder why, since
the opener will then require a stronger hand to bid 4♠. The reason is that the
opener is much less likely to have strength to spare.
Opposite a double raise, the opener will raise to game when his values
approximate to 14-19 HCP. When the opener is in the top half of that range
he will have strength to spare. Opposite a single raise, he will hold more like
17-19 HCP and may have no spare strength even when at the top of the
range.
That said, we do not expect the choice of lead to be affected much by the
different sequence. It is only the general level of the Beats and Average
Tricks figures that will be a bit higher.
Hand 4
The opponents bid 1♠ – 2♠ – 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ K 9 4 ♥ J 9 7 4 2 ♦ J ♣ J 10 8 3 ?

First thoughts Side-suit singletons are often attractive leads. Is your
finger on the ♦J or the ♣J?

♠4 21.9% 2.87
♥4 42.1% 3.26
♦J 51.1% 3.49
♣J 43.4% 3.29
It’s an easy win for the singleton lead. The fact that you may gain the
lead with the ♠K increases the chance that you will score a diamond ruff at
some time. There is little to choose between a club and a heart lead.
Hand 5
♠J6 ♥Q5 ♦Q84 ♣987643 ?
First thoughts There is no particular reason to lead a trump, it seems. Do

you favor an attacking lead in one of the red suits or a passive club?

♠6 10.3% 2.22
♥Q 13.6% 2.37
♦4 11.7% 2.31
♣9/6 14.0% 2.42
There is little constructive purpose in leading a club, unless partner

happens to be void in the suit. It is still best, though, because the red-suit
leads are too risky.
Should I lead aggressively or passively?

We will investigate in a later chapter whether it is a good idea to choose an
aggressive opening lead when the dummy is known to hold a longish side
suit that may provide discards. For the moment, we must try to decide
whether it is a good idea to lead aggressively against a one-suit auction to a
major-suit game.

Hand 6
♠ 7 4 2 ♥ K J 9 7 ♦ Q 10 9 ♣ 10 5 2 ?
First thoughts A heart lead may fare well if partner holds the ♥A or the
♥Q. Does that make it worth the risk? If the red-suit leads are too
aggressive, which black suit do you prefer?

♠2 18.3% 2.65
♥7 10.8% 2.43
♦10 14.7% 2.50
♣2 16.2% 2.57
A heart lead is too macho. A profile of the simulation showed that East
holds an average of 10.0 HCP, the ♥A 35.1% of the time and the ♥Q 45.3%
of the time. When declarer and/or the dummy hold the ace and queen, a heart
lead may well cost. Even when partner holds one of the honors, an opening
heart lead may not have been necessary. Our table shows that such a lead is
well against the odds. (This is a disappointment to one of the authors, who
spent much of his life favoring leads from K-J-x-x. It just shows how
difficult it is to evaluate which leads work well from experience at the table!)
What of the other leads? A diamond is less expensive than a heart and,
for the first time, a trump lead rises to the top of the table.
Hand 7
♠ 3 ♥ A 10 8 7 4 ♦ Q 7 6 ♣ 10 8 6 5 ?
First thoughts Leading a singleton trump is not usually a good idea

because you may pick up partner’s Q-x-x or J-x-x-x. Should you make an
aggressive red-suit lead or fall back on a passive club? What do you think?

♠3 33.8% 3.06
♥A 33.0% 3.09
♦6 33.7% 3.05
♣5 37.6% 3.17

The passive club lead wins, at both IMPs and match-points. Leading from
a side-suit headed by a single honor is an unrewarding pastime. The
singleton trump limps into second place, although we must acknowledge that
our double-dummy simulations somewhat negate a real-life disadvantage of
such a lead (that it may save declarer a guess in the suit).
Leading when you have good trumps

When you hold four trumps to a high honor, there is a possibility of a forcing
defense. In other words, by leading a powerful side suit you may be able to
shorten declarer’s trumps, causing him to lose trump control. In this section
we will investigate how strong your best side suit needs to be to make it a
worthwhile lead in the search of a forcing defense.
Hand 8
♠ A 9 8 3 ♥ K J 9 7 2 ♦ 9 4 ♣ 10 8 ?
First thoughts You hold four trumps to the ace, a promising holding for a
forcing defense. Should you therefore lead a heart, hoping that partner will
produce the ♥A or ♥Q and you can attack declarer’s trumps? Let’s see.

♠3 48.2% 3.44
♥7 47.6% 3.41
♦9 53.4% 3.56
♣10 52.8% 3.55
A heart lead is a losing action in the long run. You should pick one of the
minor-suit doubletons, just as you would if the trumps were nothing special.
For a heart lead to be best, the suit quality must be improved to:
♠ A 9 8 3 ♥ K Q 9 7 2 ♦ 9 4 ♣ 10 8

♠3 48.3% 3.44
♥K 56.3% 3.66
♦9 53.5% 3.56
♣2 52.8% 3.56

Someone or other will be ruffing the third round of hearts, so you are
happy to lead a suit headed by the K-Q.
Let’s look for a deal from the simulation where a heart lead does result in
a successful forcing defense:
♠QJ8
♥653
♦A652
♣J75
♠A943 ♠5
♥KQ972
N ♥AJ8
♦94 W E ♦ J 10 8 7 3
♣ 10 8 S ♣9432
♠ K 10 7 6 2
♥ 10 4
♦KQ
♣AKQ6
1♠
pass 2♠ pass 4♠
all pass
West leads the ♥K and the defenders persist with hearts, declarer ruffing
the third round. When declarer plays a trump to the queen, followed by the
jack of trumps, West must refuse to win either of the first two rounds (since
a heart continuation could then be ruffed in the dummy). If declarer plays a
third trump, he will be forced again and lose control. His only alternative, to
play minor-suit winners, will allow West to ruff with the ♠9. One down.
In fact there were not so many deals in the simulation where a forcing
defense was the reason why the contract went down. The ♥K lead can work
well merely by setting up a heart trick before declarer can arrange any heart
discards.
Hand 9
♠ A 6 4 3 ♥ A J 6 ♦ J 4 ♣ Q 10 8 2 ?

First thoughts With 12 points in your own hand, you cannot expect
partner to hold very much. The ♦J is a candidate, certainly, but perhaps
you are tempted by a lead in one of the black suits?

♠A 60.7% 3.78
♠3 61.4% 3.80
♥A 46.3% 3.48
♦J 55.3% 3.64
♣2 55.5% 3.66
The ♦J lead is less attractive than normal when partner is weak and less
likely to hold diamond honors: ♦A (22.0%), ♦K (27.4%), ♦Q (34.6%). A
trump lead is best and you should lead a low trump rather than the ace, just
in case partner has a singleton ♠K (a 3.0% chance).
CONCLUSIONS - Leading against 4♠
• Side-suit singletons are excellent leads and should nearly always be

chosen. (See Chapter 5 on singleton leads.)
• Side-suit doubletons are better leads than most players realize. In

particularly, a lead from two spot-cards may represent a better chance than
an aggressive lead from three or four cards headed by an honor. (See
Chapter 6 on doubleton leads.)
• Against one-suit auctions (such as 1♠–2♠–4♠ and 1♠–3♠–4♠), it is

often better to lead passively from x-x-x or x-x-x-x rather than from a suit
headed by one or two honors. (See Chapter 4 on comparing leads from
different holdings.)
• Consider leading a trump only when the side-suit leads are unattractive.
(See Chapter 11 on trump leads.)
• Leading an unsupported ace, from such as A-6–4 or A-9-8–3 is not such

a bad lead as many players think. It will sometimes give a trick away, but a
sight of the dummy (and partner’s signal) may guide you to a promising
switch or continuation.

Pick a Winner! Leading against 4♠
The opponents bid to a spade game and you are invited to judge which is
the best available lead from the twelve West hands below. Note also if
you think that a different lead would be better at match-points. The
simulation results are given on the next page.
(Auction is: 1♠–2♠–4♠)
1. ♠ 8 7 2 2. ♠ 10 8 4 3. ♠64
♥Q86 ♥76 ♥ J 10 7 6
♦A96 ♦ A J 10 7 5 ♦QJ5
♣QJ76 ♣432 ♣KQ92
4. ♠ K 6 5 4 5. ♠76 6. ♠83
♥ Q 10 8 7 ♥AJ ♥ Q J 10 8 7
♦J7 ♦K42 ♦KQ
♣ Q 10 2 ♣ A 10 9 8 5 2 ♣ J 10 9 2
7. ♠ J 5 2 8. ♠ A 10 9. ♠63
♥K73 ♥J87643 ♥A973
♦A9842 ♦ J 10 9 8 ♦QJ7
♣A7 ♣A ♣KJ86
10. ♠ 2 11. ♠ K 8 12. ♠ 9 8 5

♥ K 10 9 8 ♥ 10 9 8 7 5 ♥ 10 8
♦AJ93 ♦9864 ♦K875
♣8652 ♣QJ ♣ A 10 5 4

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands on the previous page,
as calculated from 5000-deal simulations.
IMPs MPs
(Auction is: 1♠ – 2♠ – 4♠)
1. ♠ 8 7 2 ♥ Q 8 6 ♦ A 9 6 ♣ Q J 7 6 1st ♠2 22.6% 2.83
2nd ♣Q 20.1% 2.76
2. ♠ 10 8 4 ♥ 7 6 ♦ A J 10 7 5 ♣ 4 3 2 1st ♥7 28.0% 2.88
2nd ♣2 23.8% 2.81
3. ♠ 6 4 ♥ J 10 7 6 ♦ Q J 5 ♣ K Q 9 2 1st ♠4 18.8% 2.72
2nd ♦Q 17.0% 2.60
4. ♠ K 6 5 4 ♥ Q 10 8 7 ♦ J 7 ♣ Q 10 2 1st ♦J 25.0% 2.92
2nd ♠4 23.2% 2.91
5. ♠ 7 6 ♥ A J ♦ K 4 2 ♣ A 10 9 8 5 2 1st ♣A 53.1% 3.64
2nd ♥A 50.2% 3.54
6. ♠ 8 3 ♥ Q J 10 8 7 ♦ K Q ♣ J 10 9 2 1st ♦K 18.0% 2.65
2nd ♥Q 16.4% 2.64
(Auction is: 1♠ – 3♠ – 4♠)

7. ♠ J 5 2 ♥ K 7 3 ♦ A 9 8 4 2 ♣ A 7 1st ♣A 35.1% 3.20
2nd ♦A 33.0% 3.15
8. ♠ A 10 ♥ J 8 7 6 4 3 ♦ J 10 9 8 ♣ A 1st ♣A 57.5% 3.61
2nd ♠A 43.7% 3.28
9. ♠ 6 3 ♥ A 9 7 3 ♦ Q J 7 ♣ K J 8 6 1st(I) ♦Q 15.8% 2.50
1st(M) ♠3 14.6% 2.54
10. ♠ 2 ♥ K 10 9 8 ♦ A J 9 3 ♣ 8 6 5 2 1st ♣6/2 24.5% 2.76
2nd ♠2 22.8% 2.71
11. ♠ K 8 ♥ 10 9 8 7 5 ♦ 9 8 6 4 ♣ Q J 1st ♣Q 15.6% 2.46
2nd ♥10 12.3% 2.38
12. ♠ 9 8 5 ♥ 10 8 ♦ K 8 7 5 ♣ A 10 5 4 1st ♥10 20.2% 2.69
2nd ♠5 18.5% 2.66

Chapter 2
Leading against a part-score
In the opening chapter we took a look at the best leads against a spade game.
Now we must see if anything changes when the contract is a humble part-
score. We will start by looking at the auction 1♠–2♠, where neither you nor
your partner has seen fit to contest the auction. The dummy will usually
contain only three trumps, the way players bid nowadays. Does this mean
that a trump lead is more likely to be effective? The defenders will also hold
more points between them than when defending a game or a slam. Perhaps
this means that an attacking lead from a suit containing an honor or two
becomes a better bet. We will soon find out!
Comparing leads against 2♠ and 4♠

To discover if there are any differences in lead strategy when leading against
1♠–2♠ rather than 1♠–2♠–4♠, we will run simulations of the same West
hands against these two contracts.
Hand 1
The bidding is 1♠–2♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 9 4 ♥ 9 8 4 2 ♦ K Q 10 5 3 ♣K4 ?
First thoughts A club lead looks risky and you would expect a top
diamond honor to be best. Let’s see.
(1♠–2♠) Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

♠4 11.0% 4.11
♥8/2 14.3% 4.23
♦K 13.9% 4.31
♣K 14.2% 4.15
16 Leading against a part-score

It’s a close result. At IMPs, the ♦K is edged out of the first two places.
Six tricks are needed to beat the contract and you will not score many from
the diamond suit. At match-points a diamond lead wins easily.
Now we will see if the situation changes against a game contract.
(1♠–2♠–4♠) Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

♠4 19.1% 2.66
♥8/2 21.6% 2.73
♦K 23.0% 2.81
♣K 17.2% 2.44
The aggressive and risky club lead sinks below a trump lead into 4th
place. It also trails by a big margin at match-points. Why the difference,
compared with the 2♠ auction? It’s because your partner’s hand is stronger
when defending the lower contract. There is more chance that he will hold a
matching club honor or perhaps a high trump, allowing him to give you a
club ruff. We will run our profile program to discover more about the make-
up of the East hands in the two simulations.
defending 2♠ defending 4♠
East’s average HCP 11.4 8.6
East holds ♣A 42.0% 26.4%
East holds ♣Q 42.5% 39.5%
You can see why a club lead fares better against the lower contract.
Hand 2
♠K53 ♥J9763 ♦A ♣KQJ7 ?
First thoughts There is no apparent reason to lead a major suit. Do you

prefer the ♣K or the singleton ♦A? Would your choice be affected if the
contract was 4♠ instead of 2♠?

♠3 14.6% 4.46
♥6 25.2% 4.74
♦A 33.4% 5.01
♣K 29.0% 4.88
Leading against a part-score 17

The ♦A wins well against the club sequence. Not a surprise, really, since
singleton leads fare well throughout the book. Let’s rerun the hand against
the auction to 4♠:

♠3 45.3% 3.41
♥6 46.0% 3.47
♦A 62.1% 3.85
♣K 56.8% 3.73
The ranking order of the four leads is the same but the gaps between the
numbers have changed quite a bit. A heart lead is worse than it was, ending
barely ahead of a trump lead.
Hand 3
♠ A 8 2 ♥ Q 5 4 3 ♦ A 10 6 ♣K87 ?
First thoughts The side-suit leads are unattractive, with a club lead likely
to be worst. Is this the time to lead a trump? If so, will you lead the ♠A or
the ♠2? Would your choice be affected if the contract was 4♠ instead of
2♠?

♠A 17.3% 4.60
♠2 20.2% 4.68
♥3 18.5% 4.67
♦A 14.3% 4.55
♦6 15.1% 4.52
♣7 15.7% 4.53
A trump lead is best, but only if you lead a low trump. This is quite a bit
better than starting with the ♠A. If we look next at the side-suit leads, it is no
surprise to see that leading from the queen is best, and the figures would be
higher if the heart honor were the jack or the suit contained only spot-cards.
A diamond lead comes last, below a club from the king. You may need to
score two or three diamond tricks to beat the lowly contract of 2♠ and
cannot afford to waste the potential of the ♦10.
These are the results for this hand against the auction to 4♠.

♠A 56.5% 3.66
♠2 55.8% 3.65
♥3 53.7% 3.62
♦A 51.4% 3.58
♦6 48.0% 3.48
♣7 46.3% 3.45
A trump lead is still best, but the advantage of leading low has vanished.
This may be because there is more advantage in keeping control of the
defense against the higher contract — making a key switch early in the play.
Look now at the two minor-suit leads. The lead from a king, has resumed
its customary position in last place. When you hold 13 points and the
opponents are in game, partner will not hold very much. You cannot risk
losing your club trick by leading from the suit.
Hand 4
♠AQ ♥Q76 ♦J872 ♣9873 ?
First thoughts How do you rank the three side-suit leads?

♠A 8.9% 3.96
♥6 17.2% 4.50
♦2 18.1% 4.55
♣3 19.0% 4.59
A gentle difference between the three side-suit leads, with the more
passive leads giving the best results.
These are the numbers for this hand against the auction to 4♠.

♠A 13.5% 2.52
♥6 38.9% 3.29
♦2 42.2% 3.36
♣3 43.3% 3.40

The gap between the heart lead and the two more passive leads widens a
bit. This is further evidence that leading from kings and queens is less
attractive against a game contract than against a part-score.
Hand 5
♠ 7 6 5 ♥ J 3 ♦ K 10 ♣ K J 8 7 3 2 ?
First thoughts It will be surprising if a club lead does well. Which of the
other three leads would you choose?

♠5 13.9% 4.32
♥J 17.1% 4.38
♦K 17.0% 4.30
♣7 12.9% 4.26
At IMPs, the doubleton leads come out on top, with the ♦K surprisingly
close in second place. You may need to ‘apply the dynamite’ to score six
tricks against a two-level contract when the opponents have a trump fit. Let’s
rerun the same West hand against the contract of 4♠:

♠5 24.2% 2.85
♥J 23.3% 2.79
♦K 21.4% 2.64
♣7 21.0% 2.74
The passive trump lead moves to the top of the list. Meanwhile, the ♦K
moves downwards. Against a lowly 2♠, the chance of finding East with the
♦A is a massive 47.3%. When the contract is 4♠, this drops to 31.3%. The
trump lead moves to the fore largely because the leads from side-suit honors
are less attractive when partner holds fewer points.
Hand 6
♠AK9 ♥Q754 ♦632 ♣K82 ?

First thoughts It is hard to move your fingers away from the A-K
combination. Lead a top trump and you will have the chance to draw two
further rounds of trumps, if that seems a good idea when the dummy
appears. You will also avoid having to commit yourself to one of the risky
side-suit leads (in hearts or clubs). A neutral lead in diamonds could achieve
the same effect. Let’s run the simulation:

♠A 20.8% 4.71
♥4 24.0% 4.78
♦2 24.1% 4.80
♣2 21.0% 4.66
Incredible! All three side-suit leads finish ahead of a top trump. How can
that be? The profile of the simulation tells us that East will hold the ♠Q on
15.7% of the deals (and the ♠J on 16.5%). So a trump lead risks blowing a
trump trick, particularly if you intend to persist with two more rounds.
The trump suit may lie like this:
♠762
♠AK9 ♠J5
♠ Q 10 8 4 3
Keep off the trump suit and you will score three trump tricks. The same is
true if you swap the ♠J and ♠10.
Let’s see if the situation changes when the contract is 4♠:

♠A 54.7% 3.62
♥4 53.7% 3.63
♦6/3/2 55.4% 3.67
♣2 46.9% 3.46
The trump lead moves from 4th place to 2nd. That’s because your partner
now has less chance of holding a trump honor (♠Q: 6.4%, ♠J: 12.5%, ♠10:
13.5%). A top trump is less likely to cost a trick. Also leads from the ♥Q or
♣K are less likely to hit a useful matching honor in partner’s hand.

Comparing leads against 3♠ and 4♠
Next we will look at the situation where the responder has shown a sound
raise to 3♠, by the partnership’s chosen method. The opener has declined to
bid game. Typically the opener will hold around 11-13 points and a 5-card
trump suit; the responder will hold around 9-11 points and 4-card support.
We will show the auction as 1♠–3♠, where 3♠ is a sound game-try raise.
Those pairs who use 3♠ as a pre-emptive raise would have bid differently –
perhaps 1♠–3♣/3♦–3♠, where 3♣/3♦ is a Bergen raise of the spades.
To discover if there are any differences in lead strategy when leading
against 1♠–3♠ rather than 1♠–3♠–4♠, we will run simulations of the same
West hands against these two contracts.
Hand 7
The bidding is 1♠–3♠ (sound raise). What would you lead from:
♠A964 ♥K753 ♦64 ♣J74 ?
First thoughts Leading from the ♥K would be a wild shot. Which other
lead do you fancy?

♠4 18.9% 3.83
♥3 14.9% 3.68
♦6 25.0% 3.94
♣4 18.3% 3.79
It’s an easy win for the diamond doubleton. Doubleton leads have been
faring well, much to the surprise of many. Here you have the bonus of a high
trump, which will give you a second chance of obtaining a diamond ruff.
Now we rerun the simulation with the auction to 4♠:

♠4 22.9% 2.86
♥3 16.9% 2.67
♦6 24.1% 2.87
♣4 19.4% 2.77

The doubleton lead still wins, but the margins are much less than when
defending against 3♠. A diamond was 6.1% ahead of a trump lead before;
now it is only 1.2% ahead. Partner is less likely to hold diamond honors
when South has the extra strength to bid 4♠.
Hand 8
♠ 8 5 ♥ A 10 9 8 ♦ A 8 7 3 ♣J52 ?
First thoughts None of the three side-suit leads look appealing. Perhaps
this is the moment for a trump lead. What do you think?

♠8/5 15.1% 3.65
♥A 17.7% 3.76
♦A 19.0% 3.78
♣2 19.8% 3.73
Not for the first time, we see a trump lead performing poorly — bottom
of the pile here. It’s a safe lead, because declarer is expected to have a 5–4
fit and would doubtless guess the trump position anyway if East holds ♠Q-x.
With four trumps in the dummy, however, it is unlikely to have any
constructive ruff-preventing effect.
Let’s see if the results differ when the contract is 4♠:

♠5 20.3% 2.79
♥A 24.3% 2.96
♦A 25.2% 2.97
♣2 22.5% 2.83
The trump lead is still last but the two ace leads overtake the more
passive club lead.
We noted in our previous book, Winning Notrump Leads, that ace leads
may be slightly over-rated by our double-dummy methodology. That’s
because they allow the defender to hold the lead and make the best switch or
continuation, one that may not be so easy to find for a real-life defender. The
presence of the ♥10-9 makes the ♥A slightly less attractive than the ♦A.
(Hold off the heart lead and your side might score an extra heart trick.)

Hand 9
♠ K Q 4 2 ♥ K J 4 ♦ 10 9 8 4 ♣A7 ?
First thoughts Which minor-suit lead catches your eye?

♠2 17.8% 3.71
♥4 21.0% 3.77
♦10 23.3% 3.91
♣A 31.4% 4.05
It’s an easy win for the doubleton ace, at both forms of the game. The
chance of a ruff is enhanced by the holding in trumps, which may give you a
double chance. That’s what happens on this deal from the simulation:
♠J975
♥ A 10 9 7
♦3
♣ Q J 10 4
♠KQ42 ♠—
♥KJ4
N ♥86532
♦ 10 9 8 4 W E ♦AQJ72
♣A7 S ♣653
♠ A 10 8 6 3
♥Q
♦K65
♣K982
1♠
pass 3♠ all pass
You play ace and another club. When you gain the lead in trumps, you
will cross to partner’s ace of diamonds for a club ruff. Declarer loses two
trumps, two minor-suit aces and a club ruff.
Let’s see if the assessment changes when the contract is 4♠:

♠2 28.9% 3.10
♥4 31.5% 3.17
♦10 38.8% 3.33
♣A 43.2% 3.46
The gap between the diamond and the club lead closes from 8.1% to
4.4%, despite the prospects of beating the contract being so much higher.
There is less urgency to seek a club ruff because the three likely black-suit
tricks will beat the contract if you also score a heart trick.
Hand 10
♠ J 10 4 2 ♥ A K 10 7 4 ♦ 3 ♣Q76 ?
First thoughts This time you have two gold-plated leads: an ace-king
combination and a singleton. How do you compare them?

♠J 33.9% 4.13
♥A/K 50.5% 4.52
♦3 55.6% 4.61
♣6 40.8% 4.30
The singleton wins. Why is that? We will take a look into the simulation
and look for some deals where the singleton lead will beat the contract and a
top heart will not. There are some deals where partner has the ♦A and you
can take one diamond ruff, return to the ♥Q and score another ruff or a
trump promotion. This may look like a double-dummy defense but our
profile reveals that partner has a 46.6% chance of holding the ♥Q. He has a
40.6% chance of holding the ♣A. Suppose he wins the first trick with the
♦A and returns a suit-preference diamond that does not clearly suggest a
club entry. Your best chance of beating the contract may then be to
underlead the heart honors.
Here is an entertaining deal where a diamond lead gains in a different
way:

♠9875
♥9
♦ A 10 5
♣ A 10 8 5 2
♠ J 10 4 2 ♠—
♥ A K 10 7 4
N ♥8652
♦3 W E ♦KQJ872
♣Q76 S ♣K94
♠AKQ63
♥QJ3
♦964
♣J3
1♠
pass 3♠ all pass
If you lead the ♦3, declarer is sunk. With two diamond tricks established
against him, he cannot escape the loss of one trump, one heart, two
diamonds and a club.
Now see what happens if West leads the ♥K instead, switching to a
diamond. Declarer wins with the ♦A, crosses to the trump ace and leads the
♥Q, covered and ruffed. A trump to the king allows him to discard a
diamond from dummy on the established ♥J. When he leads a diamond to
the bare 10, West cannot gain by ruffing a loser from his ♠J-10. He discards
a heart and East wins the trick.
East may now try a spectacular play, a Deschapelles Coup, leading the
♣K. If declarer makes the mistake of winning with dummy’s ♣A, West will
win the next club with the ♣Q and remove dummy’s last trump before
declarer can ruff his diamond loser. Declarer foils this bright defense by
ducking the first round of clubs. He can then win the next club with the ace
and reach his hand with a club ruff to lead the ♦7, ruffing with the ♠9 if
West opts not to ruff from his natural trump trick. (If West chose to discard a
club on the second diamond, the ♣10 will be good on the third round and
declarer can discard his last diamond.)
Back to business. Let’s see if the opening lead situation changes when the
contract is 4♠.

♠J 32.3% 3.01
♥A/K 47.8% 3.44
♦3 51.0% 3.49
♣6 40.9% 3.22
No, it’s just the same. The singleton diamond is best, ahead of the feted
ace-king combination.
Hand 11
♠ 8 5 3 ♥ J 10 9 8 5 4 3 ♦ 2 ♣AQ ?
First thoughts You have a sequence in hearts but this may well be a false
beacon. There is a big chance that declarer or the dummy will be very short
in hearts. We would lead the singleton ♦2. Is that your choice?

♠3 18.6% 3.68
♥J 29.3% 3.97
♦2 42.4% 4.25
♣A 46.8% 4.35
This is a shock result with a worthwhile advantage for the ♣A lead! How
can that be? A profile of this simulation showed that East would hold the ♣K
with the amazingly high frequency of 49.5%. A club lead might well then
assist the defenders in scoring three club tricks. If East’s clubs were headed
by the K-J, he might be able to overtake your ♣Q and cash another club,
allowing you to discard your singleton diamond. A diamond ruff would
follow.
Why is East so likely to hold the ♣K? He will hold an average of 11.7
points and is known to hold at most one spade. The opponents will therefore
hold most of the spade points and correspondingly fewer points in each of
the side suits. North holds the ♣K on 24.0% of the deals and a club lead may
work well then, too.
Let’s rerun the simulation against 4♠:

♠3 17.0% 2.64
♥J 22.4% 2.81
♦2 34.5% 3.03
♣A 30.1% 2.94
There is a net 8.8% shift between the minor-suit leads, bringing the
singleton diamond into its expected first place. The East hand will be weaker
against this higher contract and less likely to contain the ♣K.
defending 3♠ defending 4♠
East’s average HCP 11.7 9.5
East holds ♣K 49.5% 36.9%
South holds ♣K 26.5% 38.3%
This explains why the ♣A lead becomes less effective against 4♠.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading against a part-score
• Consider leading from a queen against a part-score. It is less attractive

against a sound auction to a game contract.
• A trump lead is often the worst of the four possible leads.
• Side-suit singleton leads are a gift from above and should nearly always
be chosen. This may be true even when you hold an A-K combination in a
different suit.
• Doubleton spot-card leads such as 8-3 work well, much better than most
people think.
• Consider leading from A-x and Q-x against a part-score. Such leads are
less attractive against sound auctions to game.

Pick a Winner! Leading against a part-score
You are invited to judge which is the best available lead from the twelve
West hands below. Note also if you think that a different lead would be best
at match-points. The simulation results are given overleaf.
(Auction is: 1♠–2♠)
1. ♠ 6 5 2 2. ♠J53 3. ♠943
♥932 ♥AJ653 ♥Q72
♦ A Q J 10 2 ♦ K Q 10 7 ♦ K 10 5
♣QJ ♣7 ♣AJ64
4. ♠ A J 6 2 5. ♠32 6. ♠ 10 7 5
♥ 10 7 ♥KQ74 ♥KJ83
♦A52 ♦KQ94 ♦ K 10 7 5
♣J862 ♣J76 ♣83
(Auction is: 1♠–3♠, where the response shows a sound raise)
7. ♠ K 10 8. ♠ 10 6 9. ♠Q8
♥ 10 3 ♥A5 ♥A8762
♦ J 10 6 5 4 ♦985432 ♦ A 10 4
♣AQ83 ♣AQ7 ♣953
10. ♠ A 8 2 11. ♠ J 12. ♠ 3

♥ J 10 6 2 ♥J843 ♥ K 10 5
♦ K Q 10 2 ♦K2 ♦A6432
♣ 10 2 ♣A87542 ♣ J 10 6 2

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands on the previous page, as
calculated from 5000-deal simulations.
IMPs MPs
1. ♠ 6 5 2 ♥ 9 3 2 ♦ A Q J 10 2 ♣ Q J 1st ♣Q 14.2% 4.21
2nd ♠2 12.8% 4.10
2. ♠ J 5 3 ♥ A J 6 5 3 ♦ K Q 10 7 ♣ 7 1st ♣7 35.5% 5.06
2nd ♦K 28.3% 4.88
3. ♠ 9 4 3 ♥ Q 7 2 ♦ K 10 5 ♣ A J 6 4 1st ♠3 16.6% 4.44
2nd ♥2 14.1% 4.33
4. ♠ A J 6 2 ♥ 10 7 ♦ A 5 2 ♣ J 8 6 2 1st ♥10 46.5% 5.39
2nd ♣2 40.0% 5.25
5. ♠ 3 2 ♥ K Q 7 4 ♦ K Q 9 4 ♣ J 7 6 1st ♠3 9.9% 4.13
2nd ♦K 7.7% 4.09
6. ♠ 10 7 5 ♥ K J 8 3 ♦ K 10 7 5 ♣ 8 3 1st ♣8 22.0% 4.58
2nd ♠5 18.2% 4.47
(Auction is: 1♠–3♠, where the response shows a sound raise)

7. ♠ K 10 ♥ 10 3 ♦ J 10 6 5 4 ♣ A Q 8 3 1st ♥10 18.3% 3.59
2nd ♦J 15.8% 3.56
8. ♠ 10 6 ♥ A 5 ♦ 9 8 5 4 3 2 ♣ A Q 7 1st ♥A 30.2% 3.98
2nd ♦8/4 24.3% 3.78
9. ♠ Q 8 ♥ A 8 7 6 2 ♦ A 10 4 ♣ 9 5 3 1st ♥A 12.4% 3.46
2nd ♣5/3 10.3% 3.32
10. ♠ A 8 2 ♥ J 10 6 2 ♦ K Q 10 2 ♣ 10 2 1st ♣10 13.7% 3.61
2nd ♦K 10.9% 3.59
11. ♠ J ♥ J 8 4 3 ♦ K 2 ♣ A 8 7 5 4 2 1st ♣A 26.3% 3.89
2nd ♦K 23.1% 3.66
12. ♠ 3 ♥ K 10 5 ♦ A 6 4 3 2 ♣ J 10 6 2 1st ♣J 19.7% 3.76
2nd ♦A 19.4% 3.72

Chapter 3
Leading after a competitive part-score auction
Auctions can unwind in many splendid ways and in this book we will look at
those that arise most frequently. In this particular chapter we will consider
the situation where both sides have found a fit and the bidding comes to rest
in a part-score. On lead, you will have various options – to lead the
partnership’s suit, a trump or one of the unbid suits. Let’s see what types of
leads work best.
Auction is 1♠–(2♥)–2♠–(3♥)–3♠
Your right-hand opponent opens 1♠. You overcall in hearts and push them
to 3♠, which is doubtless one trick higher than they would like to be. That’s
because South’s 3♠ is not a game-try; he would make a competitive double
to invite game. You can expect the dummy to hold three trumps more often
than four.
Hand 1
The bidding is 1♠–(2♥)–2♠–(3♥)–3♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 8 5 ♥ A J 10 7 2 ♦ Q J 4 3 ♣ K Q ?
First thoughts Partner has raised the hearts but does that make the ♥A a
good lead? The ♣K could well be right. Alternatively a trump might cut
down ruffs, since you are expecting dummy to hold only three trumps.

♠5 20.9% 3.75
♥A 16.7% 3.69
♦Q 19.6% 3.69
♣K 24.4% 3.84
Leading after a competitive part-score auction 31

So, it is not a good idea to lead the ace of your bid suit, just because
partner has given you a single raise. A profile of the simulation shows that
opposite this West hand East will hold the ♥K only 36% of the time. Even
when he does hold that card, there is no reason to expect that a heart lead
will be needed. As you see, it is the worst of all the leads, with the ♣K well
to the fore.
Here, freshly plucked from the simulation, is a difficult defense that
requires the ♣K lead:
♠Q64
♥54
♦ K 10 8 7
♣J962
♠85 ♠J3
♥ A J 10 7 2
N ♥Q986
♦QJ43 W E ♦652
♣KQ S ♣ A 10 4 3
♠ A K 10 9 7 2
♥K3
♦A9
♣875
1♠
2♥ 2♠ 3♥ 3♠
all pass
West leads the ♣K, winning the first trick, and continues with the ♣Q.
Now East has to play well. The first step is to realize that the contract is not
likely to go down unless West is leading from a doubleton. Declarer is surely
marked with the ♦A, so the defense will probably need two hearts, two club
tricks and a club ruff.
East must therefore overtake the ♣Q with the ♣A. Giving partner an
immediate club ruff is no good; West cannot play hearts from his side and
declarer will have a discard on the ♣J. Instead East leads the ♥9. If declarer
plays low, East will deliver the club ruff. If declarer covers, which is more
likely, West will win with the ♥A and cross to the ♥Q to receive his club
ruff. A defense worthy of a few emails to your bridge friends!
32 Leading after a competitive part-score auction

Hand 2
♠ A 10 ♥ A J 9 5 4 3 ♦ K 6 4 ♣97 ?
First thoughts A diamond lead is a non-starter, but it is possible that any

of the other three leads might work OK. What do you think?

♠A 28.7% 4.01
♥A 38.6% 4.26
♦4 32.8% 4.10
♣9 43.7% 4.33
In fact it is the trump lead that fares worst. Perhaps the presence of the 10
gives you a chance of a second trump trick. A club lead comes top — no
surprise, since doubleton leads have been doing well throughout the book.
As for the ♥A, leading an unsupported ace from a 6-card suit is less likely to
prove expensive than leading one from a 5-card suit.
Hand 3
♠J ♥ A Q 10 7 2 ♦ J 6 3 2 ♣A43 ?
First thoughts Uninspiring leads in all four suits. Which will you choose?

♠J 35.9% 4.17
♥A 29.4% 4.08
♦2 40.2% 4.26
♣A 35.4% 4.18
Once again, the lead of the suit that has been bid and raised is the worst
available. North-South will hold many more points than East and the chance
of East holding the ♥K is only 35.8%.
The diamond lead is the best. There is no need to fear leading away from
a jack. The dangers of doing so are exaggerated; leads from unsupported
kings and queens are far more likely to give away a trick.

Hand 4
♠ A Q 7 ♥ Q J 10 7 4 3 ♦ J ♣843 ?
First thoughts How would you rank the three side-suit leads? In
particular, is it better to lead from the heart sequence or to reach for the
singleton diamond?

♠A 11.1% 3.54
♥Q 26.3% 3.87
♦J 34.3% 4.11
♣8/4/3 27.3% 3.87
Side-suit singleton leads have been red-hot in every chapter and do not
lose any temperature here. The heart sequence may look pretty but partner
has at least three hearts and there is a fair chance that declarer will hold a
singleton in one hand or the other. Even a club lead edges in front of the
heart sequence.
Hand 5
♠K87 ♥AJ8743 ♦65 ♣A3 ?
First thoughts Will you cash the ♥A? Perhaps the prospects for a
doubleton lead are enhanced by your control in the trump suit.

♠7 32.4% 4.13
♥A 47.0% 4.41
♦6 48.0% 4.45
♣A 51.9% 4.54
The doubleton ace scoops the pool. As is often the case, the lead of an ace
may allow you to back more than one horse as the eventual winner. If the
omens look bad, once the dummy appears and you see your partner’s signal,
you will have the opportunity to switch elsewhere.

Auction is 1♥–(dble) –2♥–3♦–3♥
Next we look at an auction where you have made a take-out double and
partner’s diamond response has pushed the opponents to 3♥. Since partner
had a responsive double available, you can expect him to hold at least five
diamonds. What effect will this have on the prospects for a diamond lead?
Hand 6
The bidding is 1♥–(Dble–2♥–(3♦)–3♥. What would you lead from:
♠AQ52 ♥7 ♦AQ32 ♣ 10 5 3 2 ?
First thoughts Partner has responded in diamonds. Does that make the
♦A a good lead? A singleton trump is not normally inviting, but after your
double declarer can probably guess the trump position. Finally, you have the
safe lead in clubs to consider.

♠A 39.8% 4.26
♥7 38.0% 4.15
♦A 45.3% 4.37
♣2 47.1% 4.45
It’s a win for the passive club lead. The fact that partner has bid diamonds
puts a diamond lead ahead of a spade lead from the same combination.
Hand 7
The bidding is 1♥–(dble)–2♥–(3♦)–3♥. What would you lead from:
♠KQ72 ♥9 ♦Q62 ♣ A Q 10 6 5 ?
First thoughts A club lead is unattractive, but in a multi-table event you

might expect leads from any of the three other suits. What is your choice?

♠K 43.5% 4.35
♥9 47.9% 4.45
♦2 48.2% 4.48
♣A 38.1% 4.24

The singleton trump lead is surprisingly competitive but the diamond lead
is just ahead. It is worth remembering that leading from a KQxx combination
is not such a sound proposition as it may seem. It will often give a trick
away.
Hand 8
♠ K 9 6 3 ♥ 9 7 ♦ A 8 ♣ K Q 10 5 4 ?
First thoughts There is no reason to lead a spade, surely. Which of the

other three leads do you like best?

♠3 25.3% 3.87
♥7 29.2% 4.00
♦A 29.1% 4.03
♣K 32.6% 4.10
The club lead is best, with the two red-suit leads in joint second place. On
Hand 7 the lead from a K-Q was not favored. Here the fifth card reduces the
risk of giving away a trick, as does the presence of the ♣10.
Hand 9
♠KQ84 ♥82 ♦KQ5 ♣KQ84 ?
First thoughts We would have led the ♦K. Is any other lead better?

♠K 19.3% 3.74
♥2 28.9% 4.04
♦K 27.7% 4.04
♣K 20.4% 3.84
This time a trump lead is placed ahead of the diamond. The black-suit
holdings make it unlikely that declarer will be able to ditch one or more
diamond losers in the absence of a diamond lead. Meanwhile, a trump lead
may prevent a ruff in a dummy that is likely to hold only three trumps. As

you see, leading from a black suit is a poor idea, despite the presence of
touching honors.
Let’s look in the simulation for a deal where a trump lead will work well.
♠ J 10 5 4 2
♥K94
♦4
♣J972
♠KQ84 ♠6
♥82
N ♥Q73
♦KQ5 W E ♦AJ832
♣KQ84 S ♣ 10 6 5 3
♠A97
♥ A J 10 6 5
♦ 10 9 7 6
♣A
1♥
dble 2♥ 3♦ 3♥
all pass
Suppose you start with the ♦K, switching to a trump. The ♥9 is played
from dummy and East allows this to win. Declarer plays the ♣A, diamond
ruff, club ruff, diamond ruff and a club ruff with the ♥10. He then cashes the
♠A and exits, certain to score the ♥A-J, which will bring his total to nine
tricks. If instead you lead a trump, you kill one of the diamond ruffs and beat
the contract.
Hand 10
♠ J 7 4 3 ♥ 10 9 ♦ A Q J 8 ♣ A 9 4 ?
First thoughts A club lead looks no good but we will believe it if any of
the other three leads heads the table. What is your best guess?

♠3 21.8% 3.74
♥10 16.9% 3.64
♦A 16.8% 3.77
♣A 18.2% 3.69
Are you surprised that a low spade is the winner (at IMPs, anyway)? We
have noted elsewhere that leading from a king is more dangerous than
leading from a queen. Leading from a jack is relatively safe, similar to a lead
from spot-cards. You will often hear players saying how awful it is to lead
from a jack, but that is not what the simulations tell us.
At match-points, as you see, the ♦A lead comes into the reckoning.
CONCLUSIONS
Leading against competitive part-score
• Do not lead from the suit that you have bid and has been raised unless it
is headed by at least two touching honors. You should not assume that
partner will hold a high honor because he has raised you.
• The best lead will often be the shorter of the two unbid suits.
• Singleton leads are splendid and doubleton leads are good, even if they
are headed by an honor (except for the king).
• A trump lead is likely to be best only when the leads in the unbid side-
suits are from unattractive holdings.

Pick a Winner!
Leading after a competitive part-score auction
West hands below. Note also if you think that a different lead would be best
at match-points. The simulation results are given overleaf.
Auction is 1♠–(2♥)–2♠–(3♥)–3♠
1. ♠ Q 9 2 2. ♠J4 3. ♠K87
♥ K J 10 8 7 2 ♥AQJ642 ♥AJ8743
♦A7 ♦K2 ♦65
♣K9 ♣987 ♣A3
4. ♠ Q 5. ♠A6 6. ♠J
♥AQ9432 ♥AQJ762 ♥ A 10 7 6 5 4
♦AJ3 ♦43 ♦K82
♣873 ♣ J 10 5 ♣AJ5
Auction is: 1♥–(dble)–2♥–(3♦)–3♥
7. ♠ A J 8 2 8. ♠QJ5 9. ♠Q954
♥82 ♥Q7 ♥A8
♦A52 ♦ A 10 5 ♦AJ96
♣Q964 ♣A6543 ♣ Q 10 6
10. ♠ K Q 8 2 11. ♠ J 10 7 4 12. ♠ Q J 9 2

♥72 ♥A2 ♥A6
♦K9 ♦75 ♦QJ92
♣ K J 10 9 6 ♣KQ974 ♣A74

Answers
IMPs MPs
Auction is 1♠–(2♥)–2♠–(3♥)–3♠
1. ♠ Q 9 2 ♥ K J 10 8 7 2 ♦ A 7 ♣ K 9 1st ♦A 32.9% 4.14
2nd ♥J 29.6% 4.06
2. ♠ J 4 ♥ A Q J 6 4 2 ♦ K 2 ♣ 9 8 7 1st(I) ♦K 16.5% 3.30
1st(M) ♣7 15.8% 3.49
3. ♠ K 8 7 ♥ A J 8 7 4 3 ♦ 6 5 ♣ A 3 1st ♣A 51.9% 4.54
2nd ♦6 48.0% 4.45
4. ♠ Q ♥ A Q 9 4 3 2 ♦ A J 3 ♣ 8 7 3 1st ♣3 36.0% 4.07
2nd ♥A 32.6% 4.06
5. ♠ A 6 ♥ A Q J 7 6 2 ♦ 4 3 ♣ J 10 5 1st ♦4 27.5% 3.91
2nd ♣J 25.3% 3.89
6. ♠ J ♥ A 10 7 6 5 4 ♦ K 8 2 ♣ A J 5 1st ♥A 57.1% 4.67
2nd ♠J 53.6% 4.56
Auction is: 1♥–(dble)–2♥–(3♦)–3♥

7. ♠ A J 8 2 ♥ 8 2 ♦ A 5 2 ♣ Q 9 6 4 1st ♣4 30.7% 4.04
2nd ♥2 30.2% 4.03
8. ♠ Q J 5 ♥ Q 7 ♦ A 10 5 ♣ A 6 5 4 3 1st ♣A 24.3% 3.88
2nd ♠Q 23.8% 3.65
9. ♠ Q 9 5 4 ♥ A 8 ♦ A J 9 6 ♣ Q 10 6 1st ♠4 33.9% 4.08
2nd ♦A 29.4% 4.05
10. ♠ K Q 8 2 ♥ 7 2 ♦ K 9 ♣ K J 10 9 6 1st ♥2 29.5% 4.01
2nd ♦K 24.8% 3.85
11. ♠ J 10 7 4 ♥ A 2 ♦ 7 5 ♣ K Q 9 7 4 1st ♦7 21.3% 3.86
2nd ♠J 19.3% 3.81
12. ♠ Q J 9 2 ♥ A 6 ♦ Q J 9 2 ♣ A 7 4 1st ♦Q 47.0% 4.46
2nd ♠Q 44.9% 4.00

Chapter 4
Comparison of different holdings
In this chapter we will look at the situation where you have a choice of
leads from holdings of three cards or more. Which suit should you
choose? For example, is it better to lead from a king, a queen or a jack?
How do leads from the K-Q, K-J and K-10 compare? Is it right to choose
a passive lead from low cards (or, much the same, from a jack)? Perhaps
it is better to be more aggressive, risking a lead from a king or queen?
These are the sort of questions that we will seek to answer.
What difference does the second-highest card make?
Hand 1
The bidding is 1♠–(dble)–2♠–(pass)–4♠, what would you lead from:
♠9 ♥KQ72 ♦KJ85 ♣K862 ?
First thoughts Of the side-suit leads, the one from the K-Q
combination looks safest. Maybe it is better to avoid them all and lead the
singleton trump? What do you think?

♠9 40.8% 3.29
♥K 38.7% 3.25
♥2 32.8% 3.05
♦5 30.6% 3.01
♣2 35.9% 3.16
The table gives us some useful results. The ♥K, from touching honors,
is the best of the three leads from a king. Also, it is much better to lead
from K-x-x-x than from K-J-x-x. Why should this be? It is because you
Comparison of different holdings 41

are leading away from the jack as well as from the king. This introduces a
second risk to the lead. Look at these two positions:
(1) ♦AQ6 (2) ♦Q73

♦KJ85 ♦942 ♦KJ85 ♦A94
♦ 10 7 3 ♦ 10 6 2
Lead the ♦5 in (1) and declarer scores three diamond tricks. Lead it in
(2) and declarer scores a diamond trick that he could not make under his
own steam. In both cases it costs you to lead away from the ♦J.
Hand 2
The bidding is 1♠–(dble)–2♠–(pass)–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠6 ♥ K J 10 2 ♦ K J 6 5 ♣ K 10 8 4 ?
First thoughts Here is another triple comparison. Note that it is best to

compare holdings within the compass of a single West hand, against a
given sample of 5000 deals. If instead you freeze three suits and compare
the results of three simulations where you vary the fourth suit, you will be
using three different samples. Also, the contents of the samples will vary
because of the differing cards in the suit being altered. (For example, if
you replace a queen with a king in the West hand, the average point-count
of the 5000 East hands will be around one point less.)

♠6 52.9% 3.64
♥J 43.7% 3.38
♦5 43.6% 3.38
♣4 45.5% 3.43
The trump lead is best but that is not the purpose of this run. When we
combine these results with those from the previous hand we see that the
ranking order is:
(Best) K-Q-x-x, K-x-x-x, K-10-x-x, K-J-x-x (Worst).
Similar runs to test queen-high combinations showed:
(Best): Q-J-x-x, Q-x-x-x, Q-10-x-x. (Worst).
42 Comparison of different holdings

The differences between the leads are relatively small, as you see from
our tables. The best second card to have is a touching card; the worst is
the card two ranks below.
What difference does the third-highest card make?

It is fairly obvious that a K-Q-J combination represents a stronger lead
than one from K-Q-10. We will take a quick look at how much better it is.
Hand 3
The bidding is 1♠–(dble)–2♠–(pass)–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 7 ♥ K Q J 4 ♦ K Q 10 6 ♣KQ75 ?
First thoughts If you led a diamond or a club, when you had that heart
suit available, the opponents might give you a strange look afterwards.
Yes, but what are the numbers?

♠7 35.4% 3.22
♥K 34.4% 3.17
♦K 31.1% 3.09
♣K 26.8% 2.96
We see the expected drop in three side-suit ‘Beats’ figures as the third
card is weakened.
Normally we would be suspicious of a high rating for a singleton
trump, because the double-dummy nature of our simulations disguises the
fact that a non-trump lead might allow a real-life declarer to misguess in
trumps. After West’s take-out double, however, there is a good chance
that declarer would guess well when missing a trump honor or two.
Comparing different honor holdings

Next we will compare the leads from suits headed by a different honor.
For example, is it better to lead from Q-x-x-x or J-x-x-x?

Hand 4
The bidding is 1♠–2♠–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠4 ♥A872 ♦K732 ♣Q865 ?
First thoughts Whether or not you think that a trump lead would be
best, how do you compare the three side-suit leads?

♠4 37.3% 3.20
♥A 37.3% 3.21
♥2 33.7% 3.12
♦2 35.6% 3.17
♣5 38.8% 3.26
It is better to lead from a queen than a king, because there is less risk
of conceding the game-going trick. Leading the ♥A does at least allow
you to retain the lead and perhaps make an effective continuation when
you have seen the dummy.
Hand 5
♠7 ♥K974 ♦Q983 ♣J862 ?
First thoughts Again, we have three side-suit leads to compare. What

results are you expecting?

♠7 29.4% 2.96
♥4 27.0% 2.89
♦3 29.1% 2.95
♣2 29.7% 2.97
Again we see that it is worst to lead from a king. Leading from a

queen is slightly worse than the table shows because it may save declarer
a two-way guess when he holds the ace, king, jack and 10. The lead from
the jack is best.

Hand 6
♠ 6 ♥ K J 7 4 ♦ Q 10 7 6 ♣J963 ?
First thoughts Here we have a comparison where you hold the card
two away from the top honor. If the lead from K-J does not come last, we
will have to go back to see what went wrong!

♠6 35.8% 3.15
♥4 29.6% 2.99
♦6 33.9% 3.10
♣3 34.7% 3.13
The two minor suit leads are rated together. The diamond lead is more
constructive but this is cancelled out by it being more risky.
We repeated the last three simulations, giving West four trumps and
reducing the side suits to three cards in length. The results were very
similar. Leading from a king was worst; leading from a jack was better
than leading from a queen.
Comparing leads from honors and spot-cards

Next we will see whether it is better to lead from a holding headed by one
or more honors or to lead passively from three or four spot-cards.
Hand 7
♠ 7 4 2 ♥ Q 9 5 ♦ K 8 6 5 ♣ 10 6 3 ?
First thoughts The red-suit leads are unattractive. You will often give
away a trick when you lead from a king or queen. Either black-suit lead
could be the winner and we will be interested to see how much better they
are than the risky leads from an honor.

♠2 13.7% 2.50
♥5 11.6% 2.40
♦5 11.9% 2.42
♣3 12.9% 2.47
The margins are not that big but a trump lead is best. If you are
allergic to trump leads, as some players are, a passive club lead is better
than one from a king or queen.
It’s time for a brief entertainment break. Here is a deal from the
simulation where only a trump lead allows the contract to be defeated,
♠ 10 3 2
♥82
♦ J 10
♣KJ7542
♠764 ♠J9
♥Q95
N ♥ A J 10 4 3
♦K865 W E ♦Q73
♣ 10 6 3 S ♣A98
♠AKQ85
♥K72
♦A942
♣Q
1♠
pass 2♠ pass 4♠
all pass
West leads the approved trump, drawing East’s 9 and declarer’s ace.
How should East react when South plays the ♣Q, West showing count
with the ♣3?
The trump position is fairly clear to East. If he takes his ♣A, declarer
will have the chance to draw trumps with the king and 10, subsequently
enjoying the remainder of the club suit. If East wins the first club and
switches to a red-suit, declarer can succeed also by playing for a red-suit
ruff; this will be followed by two discards on the ♣K-J. The winning
defense is for East to duck the ♣Q. Declarer cannot then make the
contract.

Hand 8
♠J764 ♥KQ4 ♦QJ6 ♣763 ?
First thoughts Is it better to lead from a 3-card suit headed by touching

honors or from three-low? No idea, sorry! We will have to rely on a
simulation:

♠4 22.9% 2.86
♥K 30.1% 3.03
♦Q 31.1% 3.04
♣7/6/3 31.6% 3.08
A passive club lead is marginally better than leading from a 3-card

touching honor combination.
Hand 9
♠A8 ♥A943 ♦J873 ♣852 ?
First thoughts How do you compare the three possible side-suit leads?
Many players despise leading from a jack, but it seems from our
simulations that it counts almost as a passive lead and will rarely give a
trick away.

♠A 41.8% 3.37
♥A 46.2% 3.47
♦3 47.1% 3.49
♣2 46.6% 3.49
Leading from jack-fourth is at least as good as leading from three-low.

This confirms that general fears about leading from a jack are misconceived.
Pushing out the ♥A will occasionally result in a heart ruff for partner. A
trump lead is some way behind.

Comparing leads from different suit lengths
We will end the chapter by seeing whether it is better to lead from a longer
or a shorter holding, particularly when you are making a dangerous lead
from an honor.
Hand 10
♠ — ♥ K 10 8 ♦ K 10 7 6 ♣ K 10 8 5 4 2 ?
First thoughts No-one likes to lead away from a K-10 combination. Here
you have a gun at your head and will have to choose one of three. Which
one?

♥8 16.2% 2.46
♦6 18.8% 2.57
♣5 20.4% 2.64
The longer the suit, the less is the risk that you will give away a trick.
When you lead from a 6-card suit, there is a fair chance that either declarer
or the dummy will hold a singleton there.
We ran a simulation for:
♠ A ♥ 10 8 7 4 3 ♦ 10 7 6 4 ♣ 10 7 2 ?
With no direct risk attached to a lead from the 10, the side-suit ratings
were almost identical.
Hand 11
♠KJ ♥KQ32 ♦7632 ♣976 ?
First thoughts Which card will you extract from this hand, a heart honor
or a minor-suit spot-card?

♠J 8.3% 1.95
♥K 24.4% 2.92
♦6/2 23.4% 2.83
♣6 23.3% 2.82
When the K-Q combination lies in a 4-card suit, it is a slightly better lead
than one from spot-cards. Let’s see what happens when we shorten the heart
holding.
The bidding is 1♠ – 2♠ – 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠K97 ♥KQ3 ♦7632 ♣976 ?

♠7 19.3% 2.65
♥K 23.6% 2.88
♦6/2 24.5% 2.85
♣6 24.1% 2.83
There is now slightly more chance that the ♥K lead will concede a trick
to the ♥J in dummy. A heart lead drops below the safe spot-card leads.
CONCLUSIONS
Comparison of leads from different holdings
• Risky leads from honor holdings become less dangerous when made from
a long suit.
• Leading from J-x-x or J-x-x-x is not as bad as everyone seems to think. It

is almost as safe as leading from spot-cards. It is slightly better than leading
from a queen. Leading from a queen is better than leading from a king.
• Leading from K-Q-x or Q-J-x is almost as good as leading from spot-

cards, and much better than leading from K-x-x or Q-x-x.
• When you are leading from four cards headed by the K-Q, the presence of
the 10 (or, of course, the jack) makes a big difference to your prospects.
• Leads from a suit headed by the K-J or K-J-10 are the very worst of the
leads from a king-high suit.

Pick a Winner!
Comparison of leads from different holdings
West hands below. Note also if you think that a different lead would be
best at match-points. The simulation results are given overleaf.
Auction is: 1♠–2♠–4♠ or 1♠–(dble)–2♠–(pass)–4♠
1. ♠ 6 2. ♠83 3. ♠QJ6
♥KJ74 ♥ Q 10 2 ♥J52
♦AJ76 ♦A843 ♦K852
♣A973 ♣J832 ♣875
4. ♠ 8 3 5. ♠76 6. ♠ 10 7
♥QJ62 ♥J762 ♥KQ9
♦K82 ♦Q632 ♦ 10 9 8 4
♣KQ65 ♣K98 ♣Q765
Auction is: 1♠–3♠–4♠, or 1♠–(dble) –2NT–(pass) –4♠.
7. ♠ 4 8. ♠ 10 5 4 2 9. ♠62
♥KQ94 ♥KJ7 ♥AJ53
♦A984 ♦ Q 10 6 ♦ 10 8 7
♣Q763 ♣J95 ♣ K Q 10 8
10. ♠ 4 11. ♠ K 5 12. ♠ K Q 4

♥AJ654 ♥ 10 7 6 4 ♥ 10 9 8 4
♦Q842 ♦ A 10 6 3 ♦KQ5
♣ Q 10 9 ♣QJ3 ♣QJ7

Answers
IMPs MPs
Auction is: 1♠–2♠–4♠ or 1♠–(dble) –2♠–(pass) –4♠
1. ♠ 6 ♥ K J 7 4 ♦ A J 7 6 ♣ A 9 7 3 1st(I) ♠6 66.2% 3.99
1st(M) ♣A 65.8% 4.05
2. ♠ 8 3 ♥ Q 10 2 ♦ A 8 4 3 ♣ J 8 3 2 1st ♣2 27.4% 2.95
2nd ♠3 26.7% 2.92
3. ♠ Q J 6 ♥ J 5 2 ♦ K 8 5 2 ♣ 8 7 5 1st ♣5 24.1% 2.91
2nd ♥2 24.0% 2.89
4. ♠ 8 3 ♥ Q J 6 2 ♦ K 8 2 ♣ K Q 6 5 1st ♠3 26.1% 2.89
2nd ♣K 22.6% 2.80
5. ♠ 7 6 ♥J 7 6 2 ♦ Q 6 3 2 ♣ K 9 8 1st= ♥2 19.5% 2.68
1st= ♦2 19.5% 2.68
6. ♠ 10 7 ♥ K Q 9 ♦ 10 9 8 4 ♣ Q 7 6 5 1st ♦10 22.7% 2.77
2nd ♠10 22.0% 2.73
Auction is: 1♠–3♠–4♠

7. ♠ 4 ♥ K Q 9 4 ♦ A 9 8 4 ♣ Q 7 6 3 1st ♥K 12.1% 2.50
2nd ♦A 10.9% 2.38
8. ♠ 10 5 4 2 ♥ K J 7 ♦ Q 10 6 ♣ J 9 5 1st ♠2 16.0% 2.66
2nd ♣5 13.3% 2.56
9. ♠ 6 2 ♥ A J 5 3 ♦ 10 8 7 ♣ K Q 10 8 1st ♣K 16.6% 2.57
2nd ♦7 13.0% 2.36
10. ♠ 4 ♥ A J 6 5 4 ♦ Q 8 4 2 ♣ Q 10 9 1st ♦2 13.6% 2.45
2nd ♣10 12.9% 2.38
11 ♠ K 5 ♥ 10 7 6 4 ♦ A 10 6 3 ♣ Q J 3 1st ♣Q 21.5% 2.73
2nd ♥4 20.1% 2.73
12. ♠ K Q 4 ♥ 10 9 8 4 ♦ K Q 5 ♣ Q J 7 1st ♦K 16.1% 2.60
2nd ♣Q 10.9% 2.44

Chapter 5
Leading a singleton
Singletons make great opening leads, as we all know, but there are still
several topics to be addressed here. We will compare singleton leads with
other attractive leads such as an honor sequence in a different suit. We will
see if singleton leads become less attractive when the singleton is an honor.
We will discover whether singleton leads in the suit bid by dummy are
effective. Finally we will check whether the success rate of a singleton lead
is affected by the trump holding that accompanies it.
Comparing a singleton with a lead from honors
We will start by looking at a few deals where there is at least a case for
spurning the singleton lead.
Hand 1
♠A984 ♥KQ93 ♦5 ♣ Q 10 6 3 ?
First thoughts Holding four trumps to the ace, you might think of
playing a forcing defense (leading a strong side suit, with the aim of
shortening declarer’s trumps). Should that dissuade you from the
seemingly obvious singleton lead on this hand? These are the results:

♠4 64.1% 3.88
♥K 68.8% 4.00
♦5 73.0% 4.13
♣3 61.9% 3.84
There is a big advantage for the diamond singleton, as we rather

suspected. You may be surprised that all the numbers are so high. This is
52 Leading a singleton
because all four suits will break badly for the declarer, who (on this auction)
is unlikely to have any values to spare.
Hand 2
♠975 ♥QJ854 ♦AK72 ♣6?
First thoughts We now place the singleton alongside that Holy Grail of
opening leads, an A-K combination. Where will you put your money?

♠5 32.3% 3.09
♥Q 33.8% 3.16
♦A/K 46.7% 3.52
♣6 46.8% 3.45
It looks very close at IMPs but the 46.7% for the top-diamond lead
assumes the best continuation at Trick 2 (double-dummy). Since this may
not be so easy to find for a flesh-and-blood bridge player the advantage for
the club lead will be a little more than is shown.
Hand 3
♠ 7 2 ♥ 9 ♦ A 10 9 7 6 4 ♣ J 10 9 5 ?
First thoughts We can expect the singleton heart to fare better than the
jack-high club sequence. Perhaps, though, a lead of the ♦A will find partner
with ruffing potential. What is your choice?

♠7 27.7% 2.94
♥9 47.6% 3.48
♦A 43.0% 3.41
♣J 38.7% 3.27
The four possible leads are very well spaced, with the singleton ♥9 at the
top and the alarmingly unambitious trump lead at the bottom.
Leading a singleton 53
Hand 4
♠ 10 6 ♥ K Q J 6 5 2 ♦ 3 ♣ 9 8 7 4 ?
First thoughts The two black horses will be several lengths behind, no
doubt. Which of the fine red beauties catches your eye?

♠10 11.5% 2.32
♥K 21.1% 2.67
♦3 30.6% 2.83
♣9/8 18.8% 2.55
It’s a big win for the ♦3. The heart lead flatters to deceive — a pretty
sequence, yes, but declarer is likely to be short in hearts (void 10.5%,
singleton 43.3%, doubleton 35.8%. Dummy may be short too (singleton
2.9%, doubleton 31.4%). A heart lead will then achieve very little.
Should I lead a singleton honor?

Is it less attractive to lead a singleton queen or jack than a spot-card
singleton? Maybe, but there is no need to guess. Let’s find out by
running a few simulations.
Hand 5
♠ A 9 8 ♥ J 10 9 5 2 ♦ Q 8 6 3 ♣ J?
First thoughts Swap the ♣J into something like the ♣5 and the card
would already be on the table. Is there any reason to shy away from the
singleton honor lead?

♠8 40.4% 3.29
♥J 49.6% 3.51
♦3 46.9% 3.44
♣J 57.0% 3.80
The singleton lead wins by a huge margin, at both forms of the game.
When we replaced the ♣J with the ♣5, the results were virtually identical.
We would like to compare all four of the picture-card singleton leads
(J/Q/K/A). We can do this by fixing the other three suits and replacing the
♣J with a different club honor. It will not then be a simple matter of seeing
whether the ‘Beats Contract’ figure for the club lead goes up or down. When
we give the West hand a higher honor, the Beats figures for all the leads will
doubtless go up. We will measure the quality of the singleton club lead by
comparing its numbers with those for the rival heart lead.
Hand 6
♠ A 9 8 ♥ J 10 9 5 2 ♦ Q 8 6 3 ♣ Q?
First thoughts We have swapped the ♣J for the ♣Q, leaving the other
suits as they were. What difference will that make?

♠8 31.7% 3.07
♥J 39.3% 3.23
♦3 37.4% 3.18
♣Q 46.9% 3.50
Wow, the figures have gone down instead of up! How can that be? When
we add a largely unproductive point to the West hand (changing the ♣J to
the ♣Q), this tends to remove a possibly productive point from the East
hand. We can check this by looking at the profile for the two simulations:
when West holds ♣J when West holds ♣Q

East’s point-count 9.6 8.6
East holds ♥A 32.3% 29.6%
East holds ♦A 35.5% 30.8%
East holds ♣A 29.1% 29.0%
This explains why you have less chance of beating the contract when you
hold the slightly stronger hand containing the ♣Q instead of the ♣J.
Normally a stronger hand will give you a better chance. For an auction such
as 1♠–2♠–4♠ the combined HCP of declarer and the dummy is in a fairly
narrow band, centered on declarer holding 16 points and North holding 7.
When you give West an extra point, this tends to subtract a point from East.
Hand 7
♠ A 9 8 ♥ J 10 9 5 2 ♦ Q 8 6 3 ♣ K?
First thoughts Will the effect be the same with a singleton ♣K?

♠8 30.1% 3.00
♥J 37.0% 3.16
♦3 33.9% 3.09
♣K 43.9% 3.40
The results are similar to those for the ♣Q but caution is called for here.
Our simulations run at double-dummy, remember. The assessment for the
three non-club leads do not reflect the benefit that you may end up making
the ♣K if you refrain from leading it. A real-life declarer would not know
that the ♣K was singleton over his ♣A-Q.
Hand 8

♠ A 9 8 ♥ J 10 9 5 2 ♦ Q 8 6 3 ♣ A?
First thoughts The figures will surely leap skywards when the singleton
lead under consideration is the ♣A.

♠8 60.2% 3.75
♥J 54.5% 3.74
♦3 50.5% 3.66
♣A 71.8% 4.07
They sure do! Leading the singleton ♣A gives you a Beats figure of
71.8% compared with 43.9% for the ♣K. Let’s see a simulation deal that
illustrates the prospects of reaching partner’s hand for a club ruff.
♠J74
♥K83
♦J97
♣ J 10 5 2
♠A98 ♠63
♥ J 10 9 5 2
N ♥Q76
♦Q863 W E ♦ K 10 4 2
♣A S ♣9863
♠ K Q 10 5 2
♥A4
♦A5
♣KQ74
1♠
pass 2♠ pass 4♠
all pass
You lead the ♣A and dummy goes down. Now you must work out how to
reach partner’s hand. In hearts, you will need partner to hold the ace. In
diamonds, there are several chances. He could hold the ♦A or ♦K-10-x(-x),
which would allow you to reach his hand on the second round. He might also
hold a doubleton ♦K and two trumps, allowing you to reach his hand with a
third-round ruff.
Since possession of the trump ace will give you a double chance, you
should switch to the ♦3 rather than a heart. Declarer calls for dummy’s ♦9
and partner covers with the ♦10. Declarer wins with the ♦A and leads a low
trump towards dummy.
There are two good reasons for you not to play your ♠A immediately.
Firstly, East might hold a singleton ♠K. Secondly, you do not yet know
whether to play a heart next or a diamond. Dummy’s ♠J wins and declarer
plays a second trump to the king. You win with the ♠A and must decide how
to reach partner’s hand. How will you know what to do?
Partner should give you a suit preference signal with his two spot-cards in
the trump suit. Here he will play the ♠3 and then the ♠6 — suggesting the
lower of the two red suits. You duly play a diamond to his king and a club
ruff defeats the contract. If East had played the ♠6 followed by the ♠3, you
would have switched to a heart, hoping to find East with the ♥A.
Should I lead a singleton in dummy’s suit?
We look next at whether you should lead a singleton in dummy’s main suit.
You will sometimes pick up a ruff, yes, but you may also assist declarer in
developing the suit.
Hand 9
The bidding is 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ Q J 8 ♥ 8 7 5 3 ♦ J 10 6 4 3 ♣ J?
First thoughts We have a near certain natural trump trick. Will the ♣J still
be the best lead?

♠Q 11.8% 2.51
♥7/3 15.8% 2.79
♦J 19.5% 2.87
♣J 29.1% 3.03
Did we ever doubt it? Even though we may be ruffing from a natural
trump trick, the singleton tops the table by a mile. A look into the simulation
shows that West will often score two ruffs (or a ruff and a trump promotion).
The low point-count increases the chance of entries to the East hand.
Hand 10
The bidding is 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ Q 5 ♥ A J 9 5 3 ♦ A 6 5 4 3 ♣ 5?
First thoughts There is a suggestion or two here that the singleton club
may not be best. Firstly, we hold 11 points, so partner is not particularly
likely to gain the lead. Secondly, our ace-fifth suits offer some prospect of
giving partner a ruff. Which lead will you choose?

♠Q 28.0% 2.98
♥A 56.5% 3.63
♦A 46.3% 3.48
♣5 43.4% 3.37
Terence Reese said memorably: ‘Blind leads are for deaf players’. In
other words, you need to listen to the bidding to choose the most effective
opening lead. The ♥A wins easily here because there is a good chance that
partner is very short in hearts. In fact, a profile of this simulation put East
with one heart (30.5%) and zero hearts (1.1%). The chance of East holding
the ♣A, for a quick club ruff, is only 12.9%.
Does my trump holding affect leading a singleton?
Suppose you hold only low trumps and are considering the lead of a
singleton. When you hold three trumps rather than two, there is more chance
of receiving an eventual ruff in the suit that you lead. Even if partner cannot
win the first trick, he may gain the lead with K-x of trumps and give you a
ruff then. It will also be better to hold two trumps rather than one.
Suppose instead that you hold two or three trumps headed by the ace.
You know for sure that declarer cannot win your singleton lead and draw
trumps immediately. That will make a singleton lead even more attractive.
Let’s take a look at a few such situations.
Hand 11
♠ 8 6 5 ♥ 5 ♦ K Q J 7 ♣ J 10 6 5 2?
First thoughts It’s a two-horse race between the heart singleton and the
diamond sequence. Our interest will be to see what difference it makes to the
result when the three low trumps are replaced (in the next hand) by three
trumps to the ace.

♠5 21.3% 2.76
♥5 37.7% 3.15
♦K 28.5% 3.03
♣J 24.9% 2.86
As you see, the ♠A is not needed to bolster the prospects of the

singleton heart lead. It storms to the front unaided!
Before we rerun, giving West stronger trumps, let’s perform a Lucky
Dip into the simulation barrel.
♠A73
♥A832
♦ 10 8 4
♣943
♠865 ♠63
♥5
N ♥ K 10 9 6
♦KQJ7 W E ♦9532
♣ J 10 6 5 2 S ♣KQ7
♠ K Q J 10 2
♥QJ74
♦A6
♣A8
1♠
pass 2♠ pass 4♠
all pass
First we will see how declarer succeeds if the ♦K is led. He wins with the
ace and plays the king, queen and ace of trumps. Needing three tricks from
the heart suit, he continues with a low heart to the queen. A heart back to
dummy’s ace allows him to lead a third round of hearts towards the ♥J-7.
To beat the contract West must make the recommended lead of the ♥5.
Declarer cannot run this or he will suffer a heart ruff and two subsequent
minor-suit losers. If he rises with the ♥A, however, he loses one of the
entries that are needed to lead towards the ♥Q-J-7.
Hand 12
♠ A 7 4 ♥ 5 ♦ K Q J 7 ♣ J 10 6 5 2?
First thoughts We will press on with our intended comparison, despite

the result on Hand 11. Here we have added the ace of trumps to West’s hand.
♠4 42.0% 3.33
♥5 58.1% 3.75
♦K 54.5% 3.61
♣J 46.8% 3.45
All the numbers soar, with the addition of a card that represents a certain
trick. Somewhat strangely, you may think, the margin between the heart and
diamond leads is reduced. This must be because the addition of an ace to the
West hand will cause a reduction of around 4 points to East’s average
strength. The chance of one or more heart ruffs is therefore reduced.
We need not concern ourselves any further with the situation. The
message is loud and clear: lead the singleton even when you have a K-Q-J
sequence elsewhere!
Hand 13

♠ K Q J ♥ 5 ♦ K Q J 7 ♣ J 10 6 5 2?
First thoughts We will make one more change to the trump suit. With
two trump tricks guaranteed here, the attraction of trying for a heart ruff or
two should dry up. Let’s check that.

♠K 41.2% 3.39
♥5 37.9% 3.31
♦K 42.2% 3.39
♣J 37.4% 3.30
Yes, indeed. It is better to lead from one of the K-Q-J sequences, with the
diamond lead slightly preferred at IMPs.
Hand 14
The bidding is 1♠–(2♦)–4♠. What would you lead from:

♠ 9 ♥ A ♦ A J 9 7 6 5 ♣ 10 8 5 4 3?
First thoughts You have only one trump now, but your singleton is an
ace and leading this card will allow you to retain the lead. Will you go for it?

♠9 42.6% 3.31
♥A 70.6% 4.04
♦A 61.4% 3.82
♣4 49.5% 3.55
The singleton ♥A lead is easily best. What is more, it gives you a big
chance of beating the contract. This is something to bear in mind when you
face the decision as to whether you should try again with 5♣ when North’s
4♠ runs back to you.
CONCLUSIONS — Leading a singleton

chosen.
• Do not be deterred from a singleton lead because your card is an honor.

Having said that, a singleton king may cost a trick in practice, particularly if
you have reason to place the ace on your right.
• Side-suit singletons are usually better leads than those from honor
sequences such as K-Q-J or Q-J-10.
• When your trumps represent certain tricks anyway (for example, K-Q-J),
do not lead a singleton.
Pick a Winner! Leading a singleton
West hands below (each containing a singleton). Note also if you think
that a different lead would be best at match-points. The simulation results
are given overleaf.
1. ♠ J 6 2. ♠J92 3. ♠753
♥5 ♥K6432 ♥ Q J 10
♦KQ9852 ♦ 10 ♦8
♣7532 ♣KQJ8 ♣ J 10 9 7 6 4
4. ♠ K 7 5 4 5. ♠J96 6. ♠9652
♥ K Q J 10 ♥ A K 10 7 6 3 ♥ K Q 10 9 8
♦KQ75 ♦8 ♦A62
♣4 ♣J73 ♣J
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠)
7. ♠ 8 5 3 8. ♠ Q 10 9 4 9. ♠84
♥A642 ♥K4 ♥ Q 10 9 6 5 3 2
♦ Q J 10 8 7 ♦ Q J 10 9 4 2 ♦A63
♣8 ♣4 ♣3
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥)
10. ♠ 5 4 3 2 11. ♠ K 9 8 7 12. ♠ 9 8 7 5 2

♥9753 ♥KQ6 ♥7
♦A843 ♦ 10 9 8 5 2 ♦AJ7632
♣A ♣5 ♣J
Answers
IMPs MPs
1. ♠ J 6 ♥ 5 ♦ K Q 9 8 5 2 ♣ 7 5 3 2 1st ♥5 31.4% 2.90
2nd ♦K 21.8% 2.72
2. ♠ J 9 2 ♥ K 6 4 3 2 ♦ 10 ♣ K Q J 8 1st ♦10 40.7% 3.39
2nd ♣K 37.6% 3.24
3. ♠ 7 5 3 ♥ Q J 10 ♦ 8 ♣ J 10 9 7 6 4 1st ♦8 35.6% 3.09
2nd ♥Q 22.9% 2.82
4. ♠ K 7 5 4 ♥ K Q J 10 ♦ K Q 7 5 ♣ 4 1st ♣4 62.3% 3.80
2nd ♥K 56.5% 3.73
5. ♠ J 9 6 ♥ A K 10 7 6 3 ♦ 8 ♣ J 7 3 1st ♥A 51.5% 3.59
2nd ♦8 49.5% 3.52
6. ♠ 9 6 5 2 ♥ K Q 10 9 8 ♦ A 6 2 ♣ J 1st ♣J 53.6% 3.64
2nd ♥K 50.6% 3.57
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠)
7. ♠ 8 5 3 ♥ A 6 4 2 ♦ Q J 10 8 7 ♣ 8 1st ♣8 28.2% 2.98
2nd ♦Q 24.5% 2.87
8. ♠ Q 10 9 4 ♥ K 4 ♦ Q J 10 9 4 2 ♣ 4 1st= ♣4 69.4% 3.90
1st= ♦Q 69.0% 3.89
9. ♠ 8 4 ♥ Q 10 9 6 5 3 2 ♦ A 6 3 ♣ 3 1st ♥10 65.8% 4.09
2nd ♣3 62.3% 3.96
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥)
10. ♠5 4 3 2 ♥ 9 7 5 3 ♦ A 8 4 3 ♣ A 1st ♣A 46.5% 3.35
2nd ♦A 40.4% 3.12
11. ♠ K 9 8 7 ♥ K Q 6 ♦ 10 9 8 5 2 ♣ 5 1st ♣5 48.9% 3.47
2nd ♦10 46.1% 3.43
12. ♠ 9 8 7 5 2 ♥ 7 ♦ A J 7 6 3 2 ♣ J 1st= ♣J 68.6% 4.06
1st= ♠9/5 68.5% 4.05
Chapter 6
Leading a doubleton
When you lead a singleton, you have two great chances of obtaining a ruff.
Partner may hold the ace of the suit that you lead; he may also hold the ace
or king of trumps, allowing him to win and give you a ruff. Doubleton leads
offer less prospect of an early ruff. Suppose you lead from a spot-card
doubleton. Once in a while, your partner may hold two quick winners in the
suit (A-K, or A-Q over dummy’s king) and you could then receive a third-
round ruff. There are other situations that may result in an eventual ruff, but
most bridge players are not very keen to lead a doubleton. One of our main
conclusions in this book is that leads from a doubleton are much more
successful than most players think.
Why is leading a low doubleton a good idea?
When you are declarer, you are accustomed to leading towards honors that
you hope will score tricks for you. For example, you may lead from ♦8-6 in
your hand towards ♦K-Q-7–2 in the dummy. In just the same way, it may
pay you to lead from ♦8-6 when on lead against (say) a spade game. You
hope that partner has one or more honors in the suit and that you can start the
process of establishing them. This is just as important an objective as
seeking a ruff in the suit.
Comparing doubleton leads from different honors

Is it better to lead a doubleton from A-x or K-x? Is a lead from Q-x more
promising than one from J-x? There is no need to debate the matter. Let’s
run some simulations to find out.
Hand 1
♠ J 4 2 ♥ A 2 ♦ K 9 ♣ 10 9 8 6 4 2 ?
Leading a doubleton 65
First thoughts Perhaps you think that leading from a doubleton honor is a
risky venture and that the ♣10 is the wisest first move. The present authors
are not admirers of trump leads, in general, but a lead from either red-suit
doubleton may turn out well. Let’s see.

♠2 18.0% 2.69
♥A 30.4% 2.99
♦K 23.8% 2.67
♣10 20.8% 2.79
The ♥A heads the list. This is not simply because you will have a fair
chance of scoring a heart ruff. We have noted before that the lead of an ace
may give you the chance to switch effectively at Trick 2. The ♣10 lead —
perhaps the choice of most players — is not even as good as the ♦K.
Hand 2
♠ 10 8 4 ♥ K 7 ♦ Q 6 ♣ K 10 7 6 3 2?
First thoughts Which doubleton do you prefer? The ♥K is more risky,

since it may give declarer tricks with the ace and queen. Against that, it may
result in an immediate ruff when you find partner with the ♥A.

♠4 8.8% 2.24
♥K 9.8% 2.09
♦Q 10.3% 2.22
♣6 8.9% 2.22
The ♥K does better than expected and (at IMPs) is not so far behind the
safer ♦Q. A profile of the 5000 simulation deals shows that East will hold an
average of 4.6 cards in the heart suit and these will include the ♥A 30.6% of
the time. So, there is a respectable chance of a quick heart ruff.
We ran a further simulation to compare the effectiveness of a lead from
♥J-8 against ♦Q-5, finding that their prospects were virtually identical.
66 Leading a doubleton
Hand 3
♠ Q 9 7 4 ♥ K J 10 8 4 ♦ Q 7 ♣96?
First thoughts Neither major-suit lead is attractive, so the eye turns to the
minor-suit doubletons. Do you prefer queen doubleton or two low cards?

♠4 9.7% 2.25
♥J 11.1% 2.43
♦Q 15.2% 2.51
♣9 16.0% 2.56
There’s not much in it but the low club doubleton is just ahead.
How does your trump holding affect a doubleton lead?

When your trumps are headed by the ace or king, you may score a ruff even
if declarer can win the first or second round of the suit that you lead. When
you win with your trump honor, you will have the chance to cross to
partner’s hand for a ruff. In this section we will investigate if doubleton
leads become more attractive when you hold a top trump.
Hand 4
♠K76 ♥52 ♦KJ982 ♣A73?
First thoughts The minor-suit leads are dangerous and could easily
misfire. Are you going to lead from the heart doubleton?

♠6 19.5% 4.59
♥5 29.8% 4.87
♦8 20.3% 4.58
♣A 23.4% 4.69
The doubleton lead is easily best. It has three factors in its favor. The
alternative leads, from an honor, are potentially costly. Leading from a low
doubleton may assist your partner’s chance of taking tricks in the suit.
Finally, you may eventually score a heart ruff.
(An inspection of the simulation output revealed the very occasional deal
where East held ♥A-x-x-x-x and would have to duck at Trick 1 to give you a
third-round ruff after you won with the ♠K. Although the double-dummy
nature of our runs would not reflect this, the effect would be scarcely
noticeable in our table anyway.)
How much are the prospects for such a lead enhanced by your ownership
of a high trump that will prevent declarer from drawing trumps immediately?
Let’s pull the ♠K and rerun the simulation…
Hand 5
♠ 10 7 6 ♥ 5 2 ♦ K J 9 8 2 ♣ A 7 3 ?
First thoughts Obviously there is less chance of scoring a heart ruff now.
Will that affect the prospects for a heart lead?

♠6 18.0% 4.47
♥5 24.2% 4.65
♦8 16.7% 4.43
♣A 19.3% 4.48
The magnitude of all four numbers drops when the ♠K, a likely trick, is
removed. However, there is little difference in the assessment of the ♥5
heart lead compared with the other options. Since the prospect of a heart ruff
is obviously much less without the ♠K, we can conclude that seeking a ruff
is not a large part of the advantage in leading a low doubleton.
Perhaps you were surprised that the overall figures did not drop more
when the trump king was removed. Remember that the less you hold in
defense, the more your partner is likely to hold. The values for the declaring
side are fixed within a narrow range for this auction.
Hand 6
♠ 10 7 ♥52 ♦KJ982 ♣A732?
First thoughts Now we will investigate whether the number of trumps
has a bearing on the prospects of leading a doubleton. With only two trumps,
you will not score a delayed ruff if partner wins the second round of trumps
(perhaps from ♠K-Q, ♠K-J or ♠K-x).

♠10 16.6% 4.40
♥5 23.8% 4.62
♦8 15.9% 4.39
♣A 19.0% 4.49
There is no significant difference in the rating of the doubleton lead,

confirming that the main reason for its success is not that it may result in a
subsequent ruff. The results were similar when we gave West a singleton
trump with one more club.
Is a doubleton the best lead from small cards?

Once you have decided to make a passive lead, is it better to lead from two
low, three low or four low? Let’s take a look.
Hand 7
The bidding is: 1♠–3♠–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ A 10 6 2 ♥ 8 5 3 2 ♦ 9 8 ♣ 6 4 3?
First thoughts Lead a trump from this hand and the men in white coats
will soon be round to collect you. Which side suit is best, though?

♠A 12.4% 2.54
♥5/2 16.6% 2.65
♦9 20.9% 2.74
♣4/3 17.4% 2.67
When you are leading from spot cards, the prospects are better the
shorter your holding is. A doubleton gives you some chance of a ruff,
although this is not very significant. Look instead at the chance of scoring
honors in partner’s hand.
Suppose your partner holds K-Q-J-x in the suit that you lead. When your
lead is from a doubleton, you can hope to collect two tricks in the suit. This
chance is progressively less when you lead from three low cards or four low
cards. If you lead from ♥ 8-5-3-2 and find partner with ♥ K-Q-J-7, declarer
will hold a doubleton (maybe a singleton) in one hand or the other.
How do doubletons compare with other leads?

We have seen already that doubletons make quite promising leads — better
than most people think. We will now see how they compare with other well-
rated leads, such as leads from an honor sequence.
Hand 8
The bidding is: 1♠–2♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 8 2 ♥ A 9 6 3 ♦ 7 5 ♣ K Q 8 5 4?
First thoughts Leading unsupported aces is a good idea only when you
hold six or more cards and there is a fair chance of finding partner with a
singleton. Do you like the aggressive lead of a top club? If not, you must
choose between the diamond doubleton and a trump.

♠2 14.5% 4.31
♥A 14.5% 4.30
♦7 19.2% 4.46
♣K 14.5% 4.40
A diamond is best, which will not cause you to fall off your chair,
followed by an IMP triple-tie for second place. Let’s lower a bucket into the
well and bring up a deal from the simulation:
♠ 10 9 5 3
♥ J 10 2
♦ Q 10 8 6
♣A2
♠82 ♠AQ
♥A963
N ♥Q8754
♦75 W E ♦KJ32
♣KQ854 S ♣ 10 9
♠KJ764
♥K
♦A94
♣J763

1♠
pass 2♠ all pass
East-West had a playable part-score in hearts and perhaps should have

contested the auction. Anyway, let’s follow the play in 2♠ when West makes
the approved lead of the ♦7. South wins East’s ♦J with the ♦A. If he leads a
low trump from hand next, he will lose two trumps, three side-suit tricks and
a diamond ruff. Suppose instead that he crosses to the ♣A to lead a trump
from dummy. East will rise with the ♠A, cash the ♦K and deliver a diamond
ruff. West has two top winners to take and a club overruff defeats the
contract, the defenders scoring three trump tricks.
Hand 9
♠974 ♥96 ♦ A 10 9 6 4 2 ♣ A 7?
First thoughts If we’ve already persuaded you to look at doubleton leads

in a new light, you have two to choose from here. What about the ♦A?
Perhaps partner has a singleton diamond and would welcome a ruff.

♠4 39.9% 3.29
♥9 42.0% 3.39
♦A 48.0% 3.49
♣A 47.2% 3.48
The two ace leads head the table. That’s because you will have a chance
to consider the matter further when dummy goes down and you see a signal
from your partner. Suppose partner has a singleton diamond and the ♦A lead
would bring a handsome return; you might beat the contract just as well by
leading the ♣A and switching to a diamond. Suppose instead that partner
holds the ♣K and a lead of the ♣A is destined to shine. If you lead the ♦A
and dummy goes down with a singleton, you will have the chance to switch
to clubs. This will not be the case if you start with the ♥9 instead.
Hand 10
♠A7 ♥ J 8 7 6 4 ♦ J 9 4 3 ♣ K 2?
First thoughts The red suits offer a passive lead. (Remember that leading
from a jack is almost as safe as leading from low cards.) How about the
risky-looking ♣K lead? You do have trump control, which will give you a
double chance of achieving a club ruff. Which lead will you choose?

♠A 44.9% 3.42
♥6 49.7% 3.54
♦3 48.4% 3.50
♣K 38.3% 3.20
Despite the presence of the trump ace, leading the ♣K is easily worst.
South is strong and your ♣K will lie over the ♣A 56.6% of the time.
Note that it is slightly better to lead a heart than a diamond because there
is more chance of giving partner a ruff in that suit. East will hold a singleton
or void heart 11.9% of the time, a singleton or void diamond only 6.0% of
the time.
Hand 11
♠ 10 6 ♥ Q J 10 5 3 ♦ 10 7 ♣ A J 9 5?
First thoughts We have a head-to-head between the diamond doubleton

and the queen-high heart sequence. Suppose a bookmaker gave you a free
$50 bet on the matter. Where would you place it?
♠6 37.4% 3.18
♥Q 41.2% 3.30
♦10 38.3% 3.21
♣A 29.4% 3.03
Most players would reach for the ♥Q without even thinking about it. On
this occasion they would be right! Low doubleton leads are good, yes, but
not that good.
Does the overall strength of your hand have an effect?

There is one final question we would like to answer. The success of a lead
from A-x or K-x depends on the likelihood of finding partner with a fitting
honor in the suit (or perhaps a quick trump entry). Are such leads a better bet
when your own hand is weak and partner has more chance of holding a few
high cards? Let’s see.
Hand 12
♠ 7 4 2 ♥ J 8 6 5 ♦ 9 7 6 4 ♣ K 3?
First thoughts We can expect fairly low Beats numbers with the hand
being so weak and the opponents producing a strong auction. Does this mean
that we should choose the aggressive ♣K lead? Even though the odds are
moderate of finding partner with the ♣A, perhaps the prospects are so
limited on a passive lead that we should take the risk?

♠7/4/2 7.5% 2.15
♥5 10.5% 2.25
♦7/4 10.2% 2.18
♣K 10.7% 2.10
The ♣K is a good shot at IMPs; you will find East with the ♣A 37.0% of
the time. As we might expect, it is not so good at match-points. Indeed, it’s
in fourth place. That’s because you will often give declarer an extra overtrick
when the lead misfires. We will see next what happens when the ♣K–3
combination lies in a stronger hand.
Hand 13
♠ 7 4 2 ♥ J 8 6 5 ♦ A Q J 4 ♣ K 3?
First thoughts We have changed the ♦9-7-6-4 to the stronger ♦A-Q-J-4.

This will make a diamond lead less attractive but we are not concerned with
that. We’re more interested to see how the ♣K lead compares with the
passive major-suit leads. Will it fall back, compared with Hand 12, because
our overall strength has gone up and partner’s hand is likely to be weaker?

♠7/4/2 20.3% 2.71
♥5 19.4% 2.65
♦A 14.8% 2.61
♣K 18.8% 2.45
Indeed it does! The ♣K lead is now 1.5% worse than a passive trump
lead, whereas before it was 3.2% ahead. You are stronger, so partner will be
weaker. The chance of him holding the ♣A drops to 24.9%
CONCLUSIONS - Leading a doubleton

• Leads from a doubleton are much more effective than most players think.
• A lead from A-x or K-x is likely to be a better prospect when you expect
(from your own weakness) that partner has a strong hand. He is then more
likely to have a matching honor in the suit led.
• Aggressive leads from a doubleton honor may give you the best chance of
beating a contract. They are less likely to give you a good score at match-
points, since they may give away an unnecessary overtrick when partner
holds nothing useful in the suit.
• Leads from a spot-card doubleton work well. This is mainly because you
may be leading towards partner’s honors in the suit. Do not be deterred from
such a lead if you hold only one or two trumps.
• The prospects for a doubleton lead are not particularly enhanced when
you hold the ace or king of trumps.
Pick a Winner! Leading a doubleton
The bidding is a one-suit auction to 4♠ and you must judge which is the
best opening lead from the twelve West hands below. Note also if you
think a different lead would be best at match-points. The results are given
overleaf.

1. ♠ 7 4 2 2. ♠873 3. ♠Q5
♥AQ54 ♥A3 ♥852
♦A5 ♦Q3 ♦AJ9865
♣ J 10 9 7 ♣QJ8754 ♣Q7

4. ♠ 8 7 4 5. ♠A7 6. ♠ 10 9
♥K2 ♥J952 ♥KJ
♦ Q J 10 9 4 3 ♦J3 ♦KJ4
♣84 ♣A7632 ♣KJ8763

7. ♠ J 10 6 8. ♠6 9. ♠73
♥J6 ♥75432 ♥AJ7652
♦K7 ♦A8 ♦ Q 10
♣KJ9732 ♣K9432 ♣J62

10. ♠ A 8 11 ♠ 10 5 12. ♠ 4
♥ Q J 10 9 3 ♥ 10 9 8 5 ♥A5
♦ 10 5 ♦QJ ♦ 10 9 8 7 4 2
♣ 10 9 8 4 ♣KQ975 ♣QJ53
Answers
IMPs MPs
1. ♠ 7 4 2 ♥ A Q 5 4 ♦ A 5 ♣ J 10 9 7 1st ♦A 48.2% 3.51
2nd ♠2 47.9% 3.47
2. ♠ 8 7 3 ♥ A 3 ♦ Q 3 ♣ Q J 8 7 5 4 1st ♥A 26.5% 2.90
2nd ♦Q 25.8% 2.85
3. ♠ Q 5 ♥ 8 5 2 ♦ A J 9 8 6 5 ♣ Q 7 1st(I) ♣Q 18.8% 2.55
1st(M) ♦A 17.9% 2.59

4. ♠ 8 7 4 ♥ K 2 ♦ Q J 10 9 4 3 ♣ 8 4 1st ♣8 15.5% 4.34
2nd ♥K 13.6% 4.18
5. ♠ A 7 ♥ J 9 5 2 ♦ J 3 ♣ A 7 6 3 2 1st ♦J 27.4% 4.84
2nd ♣A 26.7% 4.86
6. ♠ 10 9 ♥ K J ♦ K J 4 ♣ K J 8 7 6 3 1st (I) ♥K 20.6% 4.46
1st(M) ♠10 18.9% 4.53

7. ♠ J 10 6 ♥ J 6 ♦ K 7 ♣ K J 9 7 3 2 1st(I) ♦K 15.4% 2.35
1st(M) ♥J 14.9% 2.44
8. ♠ 6 ♥ 7 5 4 3 2 ♦ A 8 ♣ K 9 4 3 2 1st ♦A 19.9% 2.69
2nd ♥5/3 18.9% 2.61
9. ♠ 7 3 ♥ A J 7 6 5 2 ♦ Q 10 ♣ J 6 2 1st (I) ♦Q 12.4% 2.34
1st(M) ♥A 11.2% 2.44
(Auction is 1♠–4♠)
10. ♠ A 8 ♥ Q J 10 9 3 ♦ 10 5 ♣ 10 9 8 4 1st ♦10 40.9% 3.26
2nd ♥Q 37.0% 3.21
11. ♠ 10 5 ♥ 10 9 8 5 ♦ Q J ♣ K Q 9 7 5 1st ♦Q 30.2% 2.84
2nd ♣K 25.8% 2.79
12. ♠ 4 ♥ A 5 ♦ 10 9 8 7 4 2 ♣ Q J 5 3 1st ♥A 41.2% 3.28
2nd ♣Q 39.5% 3.22
Chapter 7
Leading against game

with a side suit in dummy
When dummy has shown a side suit, either by opening the bidding or
responding in the suit, declarer may well be able to set up some discards.
There is a presumed greater urgency for the defenders to claim whatever
tricks are their due in the other two side suits. In this chapter we will
investigate how the choice of opening lead is affected.
What type of opening lead should I make?
Hand 1
Your RHO opens 1♠ and you overcall 2♦. Your LHO responds 2♥ and
raises the opener’s 2♠ rebid to game. What would you lead from:
♠82 ♥ A K ♦ Q J 10 5 3 2 ♣ K J 10 ?
First thoughts We can surely discount a club lead. Which of the other
three suits catches your eye?

♠2 17.7% 2.70
♥A 18.5% 2.77
♦Q 25.7% 2.93
♣J 16.3% 2.63
Some players regard an ace-king combination as a gift from on high —

one that should not be lightly cast aside when it comes to making the
opening lead. Here dummy has a worthwhile heart suit and it will be
declarer’s job to establish it. A trump lead is rarely a wise choice, as we have
seen in other chapters, and the ♦Q is an easy winner.
In which ways is a diamond lead likely to assist your cause? Partner may
hold the ♦A (a 3.1% chance) or the ♦K (9.9%), allowing you to score or
Leading against game with a side suit in dummy 77

establish diamond tricks. He may instead be void in diamonds (2.7%) or
hold a singleton diamond (19.8%), which may mean that declarer cannot
fulfill his plans without you scoring a diamond ruff or two. In addition to
that, a diamond lead may dislodge an entry that would otherwise assist
declarer in developing the heart suit.
Hand 2
Your RHO opens 1♠ and you overcall 2♦. Your LHO responds 2♥ and
raises the opener’s 2♠ to game. What would you lead from:
♠6 ♥87 ♦ A J 10 9 6 3 ♣AJ96 ?
First thoughts Leading from an unsupported ace is unattractive but the

two major suits have been bid against you. What is your choice?

♠6 46.9% 3.33
♥8 48.0% 3.38
♦A 61.6% 3.81
♣A 53.2% 3.57
Well, it’s a huge win for the ♦A at both IMPs and match-points.
Presumably this is because you have a great chance of giving partner a
diamond ruff or two. Let’s see what information the profile has for us. East
has a 2.3% chance of diamond void and an 19.2% chance of a diamond
singleton. There is also a 20.4% chance that partner will hold the ♦K. On
this bidding, the chance of a club singleton opposite is only 1.9%.
Hand 3
South opens 1♠. Whether or not you venture a 2♣ overcall, North responds
2♥ and raises the opener’s 2♠ rebid to game. What would you lead from:
♠ 8 7 3 ♥ 6 ♦ K Q 7 ♣ A 10 9 6 5 3 ?
First thoughts A diamond lead is aggressive but slightly risky. If you lead
the ♣A and find partner with a singleton, this may be a great start to the
defense. Meanwhile, how do you assess the lead of a singleton in dummy’s
announced heart suit?
78 Leading against game with a side suit in dummy

♠3 40.7% 3.17
♥6 48.3% 3.34
♦K 45.7% 3.35
♣A 50.0% 3.47
A singleton lead rarely fails to be best. Here it is pushed into second place
by the ♣A. If a club continuation is uninviting, once you have inspected
dummy and the first trick, you will have the option to switch to the heart
singleton.
Hand 4
South opens 1♠ and you overcall 2♦. North responds 2♥ and raises the
opener’s 2♠ rebid to game. What would you lead from:
♠92 ♥Q82 ♦ A Q J 10 8 6 ♣ 8 7 ?
First thoughts There is no reason to select a major-suit lead. Which of the

two minor suits do you prefer? Will you hope to find partner with a singleton
diamond or lead from the two low clubs?

♠2 11.8% 2.14
♥2 10.7% 2.12
♦A 11.5% 2.48
♣8 21.9% 2.50
At IMPs a club lead is almost twice as good as the ♦A. Your partner will
hold a singleton or void diamond with frequency 15.2%, permitting a
diamond ruff. Against that, South will hold the ♦K a substantial 38.3% of
the time. When this is the case, you are helping him considerably by laying
down your ace.
Hand 5
The bidding is 1♠–2♥–2♠–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠983 ♥A982 ♦53 ♣ J 10 9 7 ?
First thoughts Again it seems that you must choose one of the minors. Do
you prefer the low doubleton diamond or the honor sequence in clubs?

♠3 23.4% 2.90
♥A 22.7% 2.77
♦5 35.5% 3.17
♣J 29.8% 3.10
It’s a big win for the diamond doubleton, where many players would lead
a club. Let’s upgrade the club sequence and rerun the simulation:
♠983 ♥A982 ♦53 ♣ Q J 10 7

♠3 20.6% 2.78
♥A 16.7% 2.56
♦5 29.8% 3.01
♣Q 25.6% 2.98
The diamond doubleton still wins. You may regard it as a paradox that
the numbers dip when the West hand has stronger clubs. However, the other
three hands in the simulation will adjust accordingly. The North-South hands
are now more likely to contain club shortness.
We will improve the club suit one more time:
♠983 ♥A982 ♦53 ♣KQJ7

♠3 19.4% 2.71
♥A 12.3% 2.49
♦5 28.5% 2.99
♣K 30.2% 3.02
The diamond doubleton battles bravely but now has to concede defeat.
Hand 6
South opens 1♠. Over your pass, 2♦ or 3♦, North responds in hearts and
raises the opener’s spade rebid to game. What would you lead from:
♠ 8 6 2 ♥ Q 3 ♦ K Q J 10 7 6 3 ♣ 3 ?
First thoughts If you would lead one of the majors, you have our
sympathy. Meanwhile, which minor suit do you prefer?

♠2 5.8% 2.03
♥Q 5.3% 1.99
♦K 15.0% 2.39
♣3 22.9% 2.61
The solidity of the diamonds is a mirage, since declarer is likely to hold

the ♦A and may well be able to ruff the second round in one hand or
another. It is another convincing win for the singleton lead.
Should I lead differently at match-points?

For most of the West hands in this book, the best lead at IMPs is also best at
match-points. Let’s look at this aspect specifically.
Hand 7
South opens 1♠, the opponents’ bidding continuing 2♥ - 2♠ - 4♠. What
would you lead from:
♠873 ♥J3 ♦AQ953 ♣K95 ?
First thoughts The minor-suit holdings both lie well down the traditional
‘Best Leads’ tables. Will you lead a trump or is this too passive? Perhaps it
is better to risk a minor-suit lead rather than let declarer set up dummy’s
hearts for discards. What do you think?

♠3 25.9% 2.74
♥J 24.1% 2.71
♦A 20.6% 2.81
♣5 26.4% 2.77
The far from alluring ♣K-9-5 combination finishes ahead of a trump. The
♦A lead is worst at IMPs but, as is sometimes true with ace leads, overtakes
all its rivals at match-points. Why is this? Because a passive lead may allow
declarer to discard his diamonds on dummy’s heart suit.

Hand 8
♠QJ8 ♥854 ♦QJ82 ♣AJ3 ?
First thoughts You face the same sort of problem as on the last deal. The
minor-suit leads are a bit risky but at match-points you would be nervous of
leading a major and giving declarer a clear run to set up the hearts. What
would you lead at IMPs and at match-points?

♠Q 16.1% 2.54
♥4 17.2% 2.73
♦Q 25.3% 2.91
♣A 21.3% 2.98
At IMPs the ♦Q is a clear winner. Just as on the last hand, however, you
should act differently at match-points, putting the ♣A on the table.
Should I ever lead dummy’s side suit?

Much of the time it is right to lead one of the unbid suits. Are there
situations where it’s best to lead dummy’s announced side suit? Let’s see.
Hand 9
♠KQ42 ♥94 ♦KJ7 ♣KJ95 ?
First thoughts You gaze at your minor-suit holdings, finding two prickly
K-J holdings. Should you attack in one of those suits, hoping to score a trick
or two before declarer can establish the hearts in dummy?

♠2 40.0% 3.32
♥9 53.9% 3.62
♦7 39.3% 3.28
♣5 41.1% 3.34

It is easily best to lead a passive heart and sit back in your chair, hoping
for some minor-suit tricks to fall into your lap. A profile of the simulation
shows that East has a 6.5% chance of holding the ♦A and a 29.6%
possibility of holding the ♦Q. This leaves a huge chance that declarer holds
both of these cards and will benefit from an opening lead in the suit. The
figures are similar for East’s club suit: ♣A (7.0%), ♣Q (28.0%).
So, you should lead dummy’s suit when your holdings in the unbid suits
are too risky to contemplate.
Hand 10
♠ Q 10 6 ♥ 9 8 ♦ Q J 7 6 ♣ K 10 8 3 ?
First thoughts Your minor-suit holding are not quite as unattractive as in

the previous example. Will you lead a minor or again lead from the
doubleton heart?

♠6 18.4% 2.48
♥9 29.9% 3.03
♦Q 34.5% 3.13
♦6 31.6% 3.06
♣3 30.0% 3.03
The ♦Q is a better bet than a passive heart. Note that leading a low
diamond is not as good. The third round of the suit is likely to be ruffed by
someone or other, so you should make sure that your diamond honors
participate in the first two rounds.
A club lead from the K-10 combination is rated equal to a heart lead.
Hand 11
South opens 1♠ and, vulnerable against not, you pass. North responds 2♥
and raises the opener’s 2♠ to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ A ♥ 10 8 7 6 3 ♦ K J 10 9 5 3 ♣ 5 ?
First thoughts You have a singleton in one of the unbid suits but only the
bare ace of trumps for ruffing purposes. Your holding in the other unbid suit

is headed by the dreaded K-J. It could be right to lead one of the majors.
What is your decision?

♠A 39.3% 3.24
♥6 50.2% 3.51
♦J 40.3% 3.25
♣5 44.9% 3.36
The best chance of beating the contract involves giving partner a heart
ruff. There is a 50.4% chance that East holds a singleton heart (void 2.7%).
You will gain the lead on the first round of trumps and can give partner a
ruff when the suit is distributed 5-5-1–2 around the table.
The club singleton comes second. If partner turns up with the ♣A
(29.7%) and gives you a ruff with the bare ace, this will sometimes promote
a trump honor in his hand.
Should I ever lead a trump?

Trump leads have fared poorly, not only in this chapter but throughout the
book. It is reasonable to ask if a trump lead is ever a good idea when leading
against a game with a bid side suit in the dummy.
Hand 12
♠ 10 2 ♥ Q 10 6 4 ♦ J 9 5 ♣ Q 10 5 2 ?
First thoughts Your heart holding gives you some hope of preventing
discards on dummy’s suit. What opening lead should you choose?

♠2 14.7% 2.48
♥4 9.0% 2.36
♦5 12.4% 2.50
♣2 10.7% 2.47
Mission accomplished! We have found a West hand where a trump lead

is best. Our next task is to discover exactly why a trump lead is good here.
Perhaps it’s because we have a useful holding in dummy’s suit.

While we ponder that question, let’s look into the simulation and pick out
a typical deal where the trump lead works well.
♠K54
♥AK752
♦7643
♣4
♠ 10 2 ♠863
♥ Q 10 6 4
N ♥J83
♦J95 W E ♦KQ8
♣ Q 10 5 2 S ♣AK76
♠AQJ97
♥9
♦ A 10 2
♣J983
1♠
pass 2♥ pass 2♠
pass 4♠ all pass
Declarer has eight tricks on top. If you lead anything but a trump, he will
surrender a club trick and score two club ruffs in dummy to bring his total to
ten. Find the trump lead and you can play a second trump when he gives up a
club. This will leave declarer a trick short.
Hand 13
♠ 7 3 ♥ K Q 10 5 3 ♦ Q 10 2 ♣ Q 10 7 ?
First thoughts Again you have a fine holding in hearts, dummy’s suit.
Does this mean that you should lead a trump?

♠3 15.4% 2.56
♥K 10.4% 2.42
♦2 8.5% 2.29
♣7 8.2% 2.28

Indeed it does! We have discovered something. On auctions of this type
you should lead a trump when you have a good holding in dummy’s suit.
Leading when dummy has opened in a minor

In this section we will consider the situation where dummy opens 1♦, the
eventual declarer responds 1♠ and North raises to 2♠. What do we know
about the North hand when they settle in 4♠?
North’s diamonds are an unknown quantity. He will often hold only four
diamonds. Some players open 1♦ with 4=4=3=2 shape and only three
diamonds. Many players are happy to raise to 2♠ with only 3-card support.
In that case a responder who is strong and holds only four spades must use
some method to discover whether there is a 4-4 fit.
Hand 14
North opens 1♦ and the bidding continues 1♠–2♠, arriving in 4♠. What
♠J95 ♥KQ6 ♦J ♣ 10 9 8 6 5 4 ?
First thoughts Your holdings in the unbid suits are not particularly
abhorrent. However, if there is one message that shines clearly throughout
this book it’s that singleton leads are red-hot. Should you therefore lead the
♦J despite dummy having opened in the suit?

♠5 12.5% 2.40
♥K 20.4% 2.75
♦J 25.7% 2.78
♣10 19.2% 2.62
The singleton lead wins easily once again. Of the leads in the unbid suits,
the ♥K is marginally better.
Hand 15
♠42 ♥A972 ♦732 ♣A972 ?

First thoughts Leads from unsupported aces are not generally rated.
Perhaps this is the moment for a passive trump lead or even a lead from three
low in dummy’s suit. Have you made up your mind?

♠4/2 22.5% 2.79
♥A 28.8% 3.08
♦7/3/2 25.1% 2.87
♣A 29.5% 3.09
Look how hopeless a trump lead is, despite the two unbid suits being
headed by aces! This is a further strong warning against lazy trump leads
when nothing else appeals.
It is better to lead an unbid suit (rather than dummy’s suit, albeit a minor
suit that has been opened) even when that suit is headed by the ace.
Hand 16
♠J4 ♥J972 ♦A9865 ♣K9 ?
First thoughts Look first at your holdings in the unbid suits. The
doubleton ♣K is a dangerous hit-or-miss lead, one that has not featured well
in previous simulations. The ♥J-9-7-2 combination is much less risky, not
far away from an all-spotcard lead. Harder to assess is the ♦A from
dummy’s bid suit. This may result in a ruff for your partner; meanwhile, it
could help to set up dummy’s suit for discards. Where will you place your
money?

♠4 15.8% 2.66
♥2 22.6% 2.86
♦A 27.8% 2.97
♣K 20.5% 2.68
A trump lead is totally useless, as usual. A heart is the better of the two
unbid-suit leads. However, the ♦A wins by a clear margin. East will have a
singleton diamond 20.0% of the time (void 4.0%).

Hand 17
♠ 6 5 3 ♥ J 5 4 ♦ 10 9 ♣ K J 10 8 7 ?
First thoughts Let’s rule out a club lead, based on the ranking of previous
efforts from a king-jack combination. How do you rank the other three
leads?

♠3 13.9% 2.42
♥4 12.5% 2.40
♦10 16.0% 2.47
♣J 8.9% 2.33
It’s a win for the doubleton in dummy’s suit. We will dip into the
simulation and see if we can find an interesting deal where the diamond lead
does well:
♠ A Q 10 9
♥8763
♦AQ82
♣3
♠653 ♠K7
♥J54
N ♥KQ92
♦ 10 9 W E ♦7543
♣ K J 10 8 7 S ♣A95
♠J842
♥ A 10
♦KJ6
♣Q642
1♦ pass 1♠
pass 2♠ pass 2NT
pass 4♠ all pass
Suppose you lead the ♥4. Declarer will win with the ace and concede a
club, aiming for some ruffs in dummy. You win the club trick and play a
trump to East’s king. Declarer wins the trump return with the jack, ruffs a

club with the queen, returns to the ♦J and ruffs a club with the ♠A. He can
then reach his hand with the ♦K, draw the missing trump and claim the
contract.
After a trump lead, the contract can be made by rising with the ♠A and
conceding a club. You continue on similar lines, benefiting from the
blockage in the trump suit.
Only a diamond lead is certain to defeat the game. Declarer wins in hand,
concedes a club and wins the diamond continuation. He can ruff one club,
return to the ♥A and ruff another club. If he now plays, say, the ace and
queen of trumps, East will win and give West a diamond ruff. No other
continuation is any better. The diamond attack disrupts declarer’s
communications.
Hand 18
♠ 10 2 ♥ K 6 ♦ 7 3 2 ♣ A 10 9 4 3 2 ?
First thoughts You might think there was a case for any of the four leads.
In fact, the best lead is almost twice as good as the worst one! How do you
rank the four leads?

♠10 16.4% 2.50
♥K 25.4% 2.66
♦7/3/2 19.5% 2.60
♣A 30.0% 2.90
A trump lead is worst (surprise, surprise). The ♥K from a doubleton is

risky, yes, but it is much better than a passive diamond lead. Easily top of
the table is the ♣A, hoping to find partner with a singleton (or void). East
will have zero or one clubs 11.8% of the time, the ♣K 32.8% of the time. If
you lead the ♥K, you will find partner with the ♥A 25.7% of the time.
If instead you lead passively in spades or diamonds, there is just too
much chance that declarer will reach the tape with tricks in the two bid suits.

CONCLUSIONS – Leading against a game with a side suit

chosen, even if dummy has bid that suit.
• The best lead against a game with a known side suit in dummy will
usually be in one of the unbid suits.
• Leads from two, three or four low cards in an unbid suit are usually better
than those from an honor combination (except for a 3-card honor sequence).
For example, prefer ♣8-4-3 to ♦Q-9-7-6. Prefer ♥9-7-6-3 to ♣Q-J-7.
• Consider a trump lead when you hold dummy’s suit strongly.
• Leading the ace of dummy’s suit can work well when you hold four or
five cards. Finding partner with a singleton may be the best chance of
beating the contract.

Pick a Winner! Leading against game
(Auction is: 1♠–2♥–2♠–4♠)
1. ♠ 9 5 2. ♠86 3. ♠62
♥9875 ♥ 10 8 5 ♥ A 10 8 3
♦ 10 7 3 ♦ Q 10 ♦A987
♣ K 10 9 5 ♣ A Q 10 7 4 3 ♣532
4. ♠ 10 6 5. ♠ K Q 10 6. ♠87
♥ K 10 3 ♥ 10 9 5 2 ♥ K J 10 7
♦AJ65 ♦72 ♦Q953
♣9743 ♣KJ63 ♣ J 10 6
(North opens 1♦, the auction continuing 1♠–2♠, arriving in 4♠.)
7. ♠ K 9 6 8. ♠ 10 2 9. ♠Q2
♥ J 10 9 6 2 ♥83 ♥K73
♦972 ♦A72 ♦ J 10 9 8 3
♣64 ♣QJ9732 ♣ A 10 8
10. ♠ 2 11. ♠ Q J 10 12. ♠ K 3

♥ A J 10 8 7 6 ♥A865 ♥8
♦J975 ♦84 ♦K9653
♣K4 ♣Q976 ♣ Q J 10 9 5

Answers
IMPs MPs
(Auction is: 1♠–2♥–2♠–4♠)
1. ♠ 9 5 ♥ 9 8 7 5 ♦ 10 7 3 ♣ K 10 9 5 1st ♦3 27.3% 2.79
2nd ♣10 22.8% 2.74
2. ♠ 8 6 ♥ 10 8 5 ♦ Q 10 ♣ A Q 10 7 4 3 1st ♦Q 27.8% 2.75
2nd ♣A 20.5% 2.76
3. ♠ 6 2 ♥ A 10 8 3 ♦ A 9 8 7 ♣ 5 3 2 1st ♣2 40.0% 3.32
2nd ♦A 37.2% 3.28
4. ♠ 10 6 ♥ K 10 3 ♦ A J 6 5 ♣ 9 7 4 3 1st ♣7/3 23.9% 2.72
2nd ♠6 19.0% 2.52
5. ♠ K Q 10 ♥ 10 9 5 2 ♦ 7 2 ♣ K J 6 3 1st ♦7 42.1% 3.32
2nd ♣3 36.0% 3.21
6. ♠ 8 7 ♥ K J 10 7 ♦ Q 9 5 3 ♣ J 10 6 1st ♠8 17.5% 2.59
2nd ♣J 12.8% 2.51
(North opens 1♦ and the bidding continues1♠–2♠, arriving in 4♠.)

7. ♠ K 9 6 ♥ J 10 9 6 2 ♦ 9 7 2 ♣ 6 4 1st ♣6 25.6% 2.82
2nd ♥J 20.2% 2.76
8. ♠ 10 2 ♥ 8 3 ♦ A 7 2 ♣ Q J 9 7 3 2 1st ♥8 17.2% 2.63
2nd ♣Q 14.9% 2.63
9. ♠ Q 2 ♥ K 7 3 ♦ J 10 9 8 3 ♣ A 10 8 1st ♦J 17.1% 2.64
2nd ♣A 13.2% 2.52
10. ♠ 2 ♥ A J 10 8 7 6 ♦ J 9 7 5 ♣ K 4 1st ♥A 33.2% 3.08
2nd ♦5 31.0% 2.99
11. ♠ Q J 10 ♥ A 8 6 5 ♦ 8 4 ♣ Q 9 7 6 1st ♦8 24.4% 3.01
2nd ♣6 23.9% 3.01
12. ♠ K 3 ♥ 8 ♦ K 9 6 5 3 ♣ Q J 10 9 5 1st ♥8 17.6% 2.59
2nd ♣Q 14.6% 2.51

Chapter 8
Leading after a splinter-bid auction
The opponents bid to a major-suit game, using a splinter-bid on the way.

This is important information that will surely affect your opening lead. In
this chapter we will seek some general guidelines for this situation.
Auction is 1♠–4♣–4♠
Your right-hand opponent opens 1♠. You pass and the next player responds
4♣. This is a splinter bid, showing a sound raise to game in spades and at
most one card in clubs. Most people treat 4♣ as a limited bid. The message
is: ‘I don’t have many points to spare but we may have a slam if you have a
good fit for my club singleton.’
Hand 1
The bidding is 1♠–4♣–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 3 ♥ A Q 10 4 2 ♦ A 3 2 ♣9732 ?
First thoughts Leading unsupported aces is not most people’s idea of fun.
Does the situation change when your left-hand opponent has used a splinter
bid?

♠3 24.4% 2.88
♥A 27.2% 3.04
♦A 32.5% 3.12
♣7/2 26.5% 2.94
Yes, it does! The first lesson to be drawn from this result is that a trump
lead is a waste of time. The opponents have at least a 5–4 fit, possibly a 6–4
or 5-5 fit, so you are most unlikely to prevent ruffs by leading a trump. Nor
Leading after a splinter-bid auction 93

is a club lead likely to be much use. Suppose declarer holds ♣A-Q-x-x or
♣K-Q-x-x. He will welcome a lead round to his high cards.
So, the best lead will usually be in a red suit. Here the ♦A is rated ahead
of the ♥A. Is that because of the differing suit lengths or because the ♥A is
part of an ♥A-Q combination? It’s easy enough to find out. We will switch
the red queen for Hand 2.
Hand 2
♠3 ♥A9742 ♦AQ2 ♣9732 ?
First thoughts We have moved the queen from the 5-card heart suit to the
3-card diamond suit. Which red ace is now better, do you think?

♠3 26.9% 2.95
♥A 37.8% 3.26
♦A 32.0% 3.13
♣7/2 30.7% 3.06
We have our answer. An ace becomes a less attractive lead when you
have a queen alongside it. By preserving the A-Q tenace, you improve your
chances of eventually scoring two tricks in the suit.
We see also that the numbers are higher than for Hand 1. That is because
the ♦Q is more likely to score a trick than the ♥Q was. In a suit where you
hold five cards, declarer is more likely to be short in one hand or other.
Hand 3
♠2 ♥A543 ♦Q643 ♣A532 ?
First thoughts With three unattractive leads in the side suits, perhaps the
moment has come for a trump lead. If that doesn’t appeal, how do you rank
the side-suit leads?
94 Leading after a splinter-bid auction

♠2 12.9% 2.55
♥A 21.5% 2.79
♦3 17.6% 2.67
♣A 18.8% 2.81
This is another strong reminder that leading a trump is no good on the

present auction. Remember also that leading a singleton trump will
sometimes give away partner’s ♠Q-x-x. This is not reflected in the figures
for the three side-suit leads above, because declarer plays double-dummy in
our simulations and will always guess queens correctly. Add a smidgeon to
the side-suit numbers (because those leads will not give away partner’s
trump holding) and the trump lead would lag even further behind.
So far as the unbid suits are concerned, the ♥A is rated ahead of a low
diamond. You will at least be able to see the dummy before judging what is
best at Trick 2.
Hand 4
The bidding is 1♠–(2♣)–4♣–(pass)–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ K 9 8 ♥ K 8 ♦ A 3 ♣ Q J 10 7 6 2 ?
First thoughts This time you overcall in clubs and North then makes the
splinter bid. A major-suit lead is out of the question but how do you compare
the ♦A and the ♣Q?

♠8 13.4% 2.58
♥K 16.8% 2.55
♦A 28.0% 2.85
♣Q 18.1% 2.73
The club sequence looks pretty, yes, but there is little defensive trick
potential in a suit where dummy holds at most one card. Leading the ♦A is
much less likely to cost a trick than a heart lead. Meanwhile, it may result in
a second- or third-round ruff.
Let’s dip into the simulation and look for a deal where a diamond lead
fares well:

♠Q754
♥AQJ32
♦865
♣5
♠K98 ♠ 10
♥K8
N ♥ 10 9 7
♦A3 W E ♦ J 10 9 4 2
♣QJ9762 S ♣ A 10 4 3
♠AJ632
♥654
♦KQ7
♣K8
1♠
2♣ 4♣ pass 4♠
all pass
You play ace and another diamond. Suppose declarer plays a heart to the
queen followed by ace and another trump (hoping to lose just a trump, a
diamond and a club). When you win with the ♠K you disappoint him by
crossing to the ♣A for a diamond ruff.
Hand 5
♠ A 4 ♥ A 9 8 6 5 ♦ A 7 6 ♣ 10 9 4 ?
First thoughts Will you lead one of the aces? If so, which one? If you feel
you can sit back and hope to catch a king or a queen with each ace, you have
the option of a neutral ♣10 lead. Over to you!

♠A 46.3% 3.52
♥A 51.9% 3.65
♦A 54.2% 3.66
♣10 41.1% 3.45
A club lead is too passive and would sometimes allow declarer to discard
dummy’s potential red-suit losers on his club honors. The ♠A is the most

dangerous ace to lead, costing a trick when partner holds a singleton ♠K and
perhaps when he has ♠Q-J or ♠Q-10. The ♦A is rated ahead of the ♥A. A
heart lead may find partner with a singleton, but you can try for that later —
at Trick 2 or when you are in with the trump ace.
Conventional doubles of splinter bids

Some partnerships play that after 1♠–pass–4♣ a double by the fourth player
does not show good clubs; instead it carries a lead-directing message. For
example, it may request a lead in the lower of the unbid suits (here
diamonds). This is fine if you hold the ♦A-K or ♦K-Q. It is dangerous with
such as ♦A-Q or ♦K-J because it may allow the next player to bid a slam in
the knowledge that the defender’s cards are well-placed for him.
Even if you play such doubles, the fourth player will have to pass on the
majority of hands and the guidelines in this chapter will then prove useful.
Auction is 1♥-1♠–4♣–4♠
Your LHO opens 1♥. Over his partner’s 1♠ he leaps to 4♣, a splinter-bid
agreeing spades. Responder signs off in 4♠ and you have to find a lead. The
opener is likely to hold 4=5=3=1 or 4=6=2=1 shape. Much of the time a
diamond lead will work well, allowing you to score or establish diamond
tricks before discards become available on dummy’s hearts.
Hand 6
The bidding is 1♥–1♠–4♣–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 9 7 5 ♥ 10 8 ♦ 6 5 ♣ Q J 10 6 3 2 ?
First thoughts With little hope of making tricks in your hand, you may
not expect to beat the contract. They have stopped in game, however, so
partner will have good values. Where should you look for them?

♠5 12.6% 2.41
♥10 15.4% 2.47
♦6 28.6% 2.82
♣Q 16.3% 2.53

It’s a huge win for the diamond lead recommended in the introduction to
this section. You can see that it makes sense. You know that declarer may
establish dummy’s hearts for discards and must try to beat him to the wire.
Hand 7
♠62 ♥A872 ♦KJ4 ♣ J 10 9 7 ?
First thoughts If the diamonds were, say, ♦ 954, a lead in that suit would
win by a mile. A combination headed by the king-jack is usually a poor lead.
Does the situation demand a diamond lead nevertheless?
♠62 ♥A872 ♦KJ4 ♣ J 10 9 7

♠2 40.1% 3.16
♥A 36.9% 3.06
♦4 43.8% 3.25
♣J 41.5% 3.25
The magnetic pull of a diamond lead is so strong that you should yield to
it even if your diamonds are headed by the dreaded king-jack.
Hand 8
♠ 10 9 ♥ 10 3 2 ♦ A Q ♣ 10 9 8 7 4 3 ?
First thoughts We continue our search for a situation where a diamond

lead is not best. Would you lead the ♦A here or look elsewhere?

♠10 36.1% 3.02
♥2 35.6% 3.02
♦A 46.8% 3.41
♣10 42.1% 3.26
Wow! A diamond lead is still best. A profile of this simulation shows the
likely position of the ♦K: North (dummy) 39.2%, East 40.2%, South

(declarer) 20.6%. A lead from the ♦A-Q is most likely to cost when South
holds the ♦K, but this will happen only one time in five.
The ♦A lead can work well in several ways. It may unblock the diamond
suit when partner has the king. It may set up partner’s ♦J before declarer can
achieve a discard. Even when partner holds neither the ♦K nor the ♦J, you
may score a diamond ruff. Let’s dip into the simulation and look for a deal
where the ♦A lead fares well:
♠AKQ2
♥AQ654
♦J52
♣Q
♠ 10 9 ♠J65
♥ 10 3 2
N ♥K98
♦AQ W E ♦K9876
♣ 10 9 8 7 4 3 S ♣65
♠8743
♥J7
♦ 10 4 3
♣AKJ2
1♥ pass 1♠
pass 4♣ pass 4♠
all pass
You play the ace and queen of diamonds. Your partner cannot be sure
whether you have led from ♦A-Q or ♦A-Q-x. However, he should reason
that if you have three diamonds, declarer has only two and is unlikely to lose
more than two diamonds and a heart. He therefore overtakes with his ♦K
and gives you a diamond ruff. In the fullness of time he scores the ♥K to put
the game one down. Any other defense would let declarer discard diamonds
on his club honors.
Hand 9
♠765 ♥KJ64 ♦K6 ♣6432 ?

It is risky leading from a doubleton king. You need four tricks from
somewhere, though. Does the ♦K give you the best chance?

♠5 26.6% 2.66
♥4 17.9% 2.37
♦K 31.1% 2.73
♣4/2 27.8% 2.71
It’s not so surprising that the ♦K heads the field. The ♥K lies under
dummy’s hearts and the splinter-bid response means that you cannot score
more than one club trick. Unless partner has something good in diamonds, it
is hard to imagine the game being defeated.
Hand 10
♠ 9 5 ♥ Q J 10 9 5 ♦ A J 5 4 ♣ Q 8 ?
Once again we have a dodgy diamond holding. Is any other lead better?
You may wonder how a heart lead can cost. Let’s see the results:

♠5 46.9% 3.41
♥Q 43.8% 3.31
♦A 37.3% 3.18
♦4 39.6% 3.20
♣Q 41.6% 3.26
We would have led a heart, let’s admit it, and are somewhat surprised at
the win for a trump lead. Let’s dip into the simulation, looking for a deal
where a trump lead is effective.

♠ A K J 10
♥A8642
♦ K 10 2
♣9
♠95 ♠762
♥ Q J 10 9 5
N ♥K3
♦AJ54 W E ♦Q76
♣Q5 S ♣ K J 10 3 2
♠Q843
♥7
♦983
♣A7654
1♥ pass 1♠
pass 4♣ pass 4♠
all pass
Suppose you start with the ♥Q. Declarer will score the ♥A, the ♣A and
eight more tricks on a complete cross-ruff. Lead a trump instead and declarer
can score only seven trump tricks for a total of nine. If he tries to sneak one
more trick by leading towards the ♦K (while he still has some trumps left),
you will rise smartly with the ♦A and play another trump.
What is the clue that suggests you should lead a trump? It is the solidity
of your hearts. It is unlikely that declarer can establish extra tricks from
dummy’s main side suit. He may well have to score a large number of
ruffing tricks.

CONCLUSIONS
Leading against a splinter-bid auction
• A trump lead is rarely the best lead. The opponents typically have a big
trump fit and you are unlikely to cut down declarer’s ruffs.
• After an auction such as 1♠–4♣–4♠, a lead in one of dummy’s longer

side suits (hearts and diamonds) will usually be best.
• After an auction such as 1♥–1♠–4♣–4♠, a lead in dummy’s third-

longest suit (diamonds) is nearly always best.
• Leading from an A-Q or A-J combination is generally a poor bet.

Prefer to lead from an ace without an accompanying honor.
• After an auction such as 1♥–1♠–4♣–4♠, consider a trump lead when

you have a long and strong holding in dummy’s main suit (hearts). Do not
lead hearts even when you hold something like ♥K-Q-J-9-7.

Pick a Winner! Leading after a splinter-bid
(Auction is 1♠–4♣–4♠)
1. ♠ 7 2. ♠Q98 3. ♠A75
♥AJ5 ♥ 10 3 ♥ Q 10 9 4
♦KQ9 ♦8762 ♦ K 10 3
♣J87652 ♣ A 10 8 3 ♣975
4. ♠ A 5. ♠A7 6. ♠QJ3
♥J942 ♥KQ65 ♥842
♦KJ752 ♦ A 10 ♦62
♣ A 10 7 ♣ 10 9 7 6 2 ♣ Q J 10 8 3
(Auction is 1♥–1♠–4♣–4♠)
7. ♠ 10 8. ♠ J 10 8 4 9. ♠987
♥ 10 6 5 ♥QJ9 ♥832
♦ 10 8 6 3 2 ♦AQ8 ♦KJ85
♣K853 ♣A72 ♣J82
10. ♠ Q J 10 11. ♠ 9 7 5 12. ♠ A 5

♥J2 ♥KQJ97 ♥ 10 9
♦Q92 ♦AJ5 ♦ J 10 9 7 6
♣ Q 10 9 4 2 ♣83 ♣AJ76

Answers
IMPs MPs
(Auction is 1♠–4♣–4♠)
1. ♠ 7 ♥ A J 5 ♦ K Q 9 ♣ J 8 7 6 5 2 1st ♦K 20.6% 2.79
2nd ♣6 19.0% 2.66
2. ♠ Q 9 8 ♥ 10 3 ♦ 8 7 6 2 ♣ A 10 8 3 1st (I) ♥10 21.5% 2.56
1st (M)♣A 19.8% 2.63
3. ♠ A 7 5 ♥ Q 10 9 2 ♦ K 10 3 ♣ 9 7 5 1st ♠A 13.6% 2.52
2nd ♥10 11.6% 2.41
4. ♠ A ♥ J 9 4 2 ♦ K J 7 5 2 ♣ A 10 7 1st ♥2 21.6% 2.91
2nd ♠A 17.8% 2.75
5. ♠ A 7 ♥K Q 6 5 ♦ A 10 ♣ 10 9 7 6 2 1st ♦A 33.8% 3.14
2nd ♥K 30.8% 3.11
6. ♠ Q J 3 ♥ 8 4 2 ♦ 6 2 ♣ Q J 10 8 3 1st ♦6 14.7% 2.59
2nd ♣Q 11.9% 2.56
(Auction is 1♥–1♠–4♣–4♠)
7. ♠ 10 ♥ 10 6 5 ♦ 10 8 6 3 2 ♣ K 8 5 3 1st ♦3 24.3% 2.80
2nd ♠10 22.2% 2.64
8. ♠ J 10 8 4 ♥ Q J 9 ♦ A Q 8 ♣ A 7 2 1st ♣A 72.5% 4.04
2nd ♦A 64.6% 3.94
9. ♠ 9 8 7 ♥ 8 3 2 ♦ K J 8 5 ♣ J 8 2 1st ♦5 19.4% 2.50
2nd ♣2 18.2% 2.44
10. ♠ Q J 10 ♥ J 2 ♦ Q 9 2 ♣ Q 10 9 4 2 1st ♦2 32.8% 3.10
2nd ♣4 31.4% 3.08
11. ♠ 9 7 5 ♥ K Q J 9 7 ♦ A J 5 ♣ 8 3 1st ♠5 59.7% 3.75
2nd ♣8 52.4% 3.53
12. ♠ A 5 ♥ 10 9 ♦ J 10 9 7 6 ♣ A J 7 6 1st ♦J 55.5% 3.68
2nd ♣A 48.5% 3.54

Chapter 9
Leading when partner has opened

Your partner opens 1♥; the next player overcalls 1♠ and is raised to 4♠.
What opening leads are likely to work well in this situation? You will not be
surprised to hear than a singleton or doubleton in partner’s suit will usually
be a good start, but is it better than a strong honor sequence elsewhere?
When you hold three hearts headed by an honor, is this a good lead? What
difference does it make when the opening bid is in a minor suit and may be
based on a moderate 4-card (or even 3-card) suit? We will seek answers to
such questions in this chapter.
Leading from shortness in partner’s suit

We start with the assumption that a lead in partner’s suit is likely to be a
sound investment. Let’s see if we can find some exceptions to this guideline.
Hand 1
Partner opens 1♥ and the next player overcalls 1♠. You pass on the hand
below and North raises to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 8 6 ♥ 7 ♦ 10 8 7 5 4 ♣ Q J 10 8 ?
First thoughts It would take something special to remove your thumb

from the ♥7. Is that club sequence persuasive enough?

♠6 24.5% 2.84
♥7 44.1% 3.37
♦5 30.4% 3.02
♣Q 35.4% 3.15
It’s ‘business as normal’. The singleton lead wins the contest and the trump
lead is hopelessly last.
Leading when partner has opened 105

Hand 2
♠ 6 ♥ 10 ♦ J 10 9 8 7 6 ♣ 9 6 5 4 2 ?
First thoughts You have a singleton in partner’s suit but only one trump.
Is there any reason to lead a diamond instead?

♠6 13.5% 2.44
♥10 33.1% 2.96
♦J 21.7% 2.68
♣6/4 21.7% 2.65
Again, the singleton in partner’s suit wins easily. The ♦J does not even
win a clear second place, since the 6-card length increases the chance that
declarer will hold diamond shortness in one or other hand.
Hand 3
Partner opens 1♥ and RHO overcalls 1♠. You decide to pass on the hand
below, North raising to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠9 ♥95 ♦KQ9864 ♣9542?
First thoughts You have a doubleton in partner’s suit but only one trump
for ruffing purposes. Your diamonds are headed by touching honors. Which
red suit catches your eye?

♠9 21.1% 2.64
♥9 27.9% 2.85
♦K 26.0% 2.82
♣5/2 22.5% 2.67
It’s a closer contest but the doubleton in partner’s suit takes top spot.
Sometimes you will score a heart ruff with your singleton trump. You may
instead establish a trick or two for partner before declarer can arrange
discards. That’s what happens on this deal from the simulation:
106 Leading when partner has opened

♠KQ86
♥64
♦ A 10 5
♣ K 10 8 3
♠9 ♠J43
♥95
N ♥KQJ72
♦KQ9864 W E ♦72
♣9542 S ♣AQ7
♠ A 10 7 5 2
♥ A 10 8 3
♦J3
♣J6
1♥ 1♠
Pass 4♠ all pass
If West leads the ♦K, declarer must duck to make the contract! Let’s say
he plays low from dummy and unblocks the ♦J. A club switch to the queen
leaves East with no good continuation. If he cashes the ♣A, declarer will
have three discards for the hearts. If he does not, declarer will win the ♥K
switch, draw trumps and finesse the ♦10 to pitch a club. He then takes a
ruffing finesse in clubs, ruffing one heart loser and discarding another.
After the recommended ♥9 lead, the defenders cannot be deprived of
their four tricks.
Hand 4
Partner opens 1♥ and RHO overcalls 1♠. You pass and North raises to 4♠.
What would you lead from:
♠ 8 5 3 ♥ 10 8 ♦ 7 ♣ Q J 10 9 6 5 4 ?
First thoughts You have a doubleton in partner’s suit and a singleton in a

different suit. Which red suit will you lead?

♠3 18.5% 2.59
♥10 31.9% 3.04
♦7 42.4% 3.22
♣Q 26.7% 2.87

It’s a runaway win for the singleton. Did we ever doubt it? Leading a club
honor is quite hopeless by comparison.
Leading from three or four cards in partner’s suit

Again we start with the assumption that a lead in partner’s suit is likely to be
a sound idea. Let’s see if we can find some exceptions to this guideline.
Hand 5
Partner opens 1♥ and the next player overcalls 1♠. You raise to 2♥ on the
hand below and North leaps to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠54 ♥A52 ♦9543 ♣QJ97?
First thoughts Partner opened 1♥, so the odds of finding him with the ♥K
must be at least reasonable. Will you lead the ♥A or attack with the ♣Q?

♠5 35.4% 3.01
♥A 37.8% 3.15
♦5/3 37.2% 3.05
♣Q 40.9% 3.20
The ♣Q is preferred at both IMPs and match-points. A profile of this

simulation shows that partner will hold the ♥K on 60.4% of the deals. When
it is South who holds the ♥K (17.7%), leading the ace is likely to give away
a trick. A club lead may find East with the ♣A (48.4%) or ♣K (40.0%).
Let’s dip our net deep into the simulation tank and see what comes out:

♠KQJ6
♥ 10
♦ Q J 10 6 2
♣643
♠54 ♠96
♥A52
N ♥KQJ843
♦9543 W E ♦AK7
♣QJ97 S ♣K2
♠ A 10 8 7 3
♥976
♦8
♣ A 10 8 5
1♥ 1♠
2♥ 4♠ all pass
West makes the approved lead of the ♣Q and East overtakes with the ♣K
to avoid a blockage in the suit. After this bright start to the defense, declarer
cannot avoid the loss of two clubs, one diamond and one heart.
Suppose instead that West is less inspired and begins by laying down the
♥A. This does no direct damage in the heart suit, as it happens, but it does
kill the side-entry to his hand. When he switches to the ♣7, East playing the
♣K, declarer holds up the ♣A. He wins the club return, draws one round of
trumps with the ace and plays a diamond to the queen and ace. With one
trump entry and two ruffing entries remaining to the dummy, he can take a
ruffing finesse in diamond and eventually set up a long card in the suit. This
will give him two discards for his remaining club losers.
Hand 6
Partner opens 1♥ and South overcalls 1♠. You raise to 2♥ (or 3♥ if that is
your style) and North leaps to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 7 5 ♥ A 9 8 5 ♦ J 10 9 7 6 ♣ 8 7 ?
First thoughts Partner holds opening-bid values and at least five of the
eight missing hearts, so there is a good chance of finding him with the ♥K.
Perhaps you can do better elsewhere.

♠5 16.9% 2.45
♥A 19.6% 2.69
♦J 19.6% 2.68
♣7 22.6% 2.56
A club lead gives you the best chance of beating the contract and should
be chosen at IMPs. At match-points it’s a toss-up between the red suits. Even
when partner has opened in a major, it is not automatic to lead the ace of his
suit. A profile of this simulation shows that the ♥K will lie with North
(16.6%), with East (67.4%) and with South (16.0%).
Even when West does find the club lead, some smart work is required to
beat 4♠ on this deal from the simulation:
♠QJ84
♥Q64
♦A2
♣ A J 10 9
♠75 ♠A
♥A985
N ♥ J 10 7 3 2
♦ J 10 9 7 6 W E ♦Q43
♣87 S ♣KQ32
♠ K 10 9 6 3 2
♥K
♦K85
♣654
1♥ 1♠
2♥ 4♠ all pass
Treat it as a defensive problem if you wish, taking the East cards. After
the bidding shown, your partner leads the ♣8. Declarer calls for the ♣J and
you win with the ♣Q. What now?
Crossing to partner’s ♥A for a second club lead will not be good enough;
declarer will rise with the ♣A and ditch his remaining club on the
established ♥Q. No, you must return a second round of clubs into dummy’s
♣A-10-9. You can then give partner a club ruff when you win with the ♠A.

Hand 7
hand below and North leaps to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 3 ♥ Q 8 2 ♦ K Q J 4 ♣ 9 8 3 2 ?
First thoughts Should you lead a heart, partner’s suit, or rely on the
diamonds that are before your eyes?

♠3 30.3% 2.85
♥2 36.1% 3.05
♦Q 37.1% 3.08
♣8/2 30.3% 2.83
The diamond lead is slightly better at both forms of the game.
Hand 8
Partner opens 1♥ and the next player overcalls 1♠. You raise the hearts and
North leaps to 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 7 5 ♥ K 9 8 5 ♦ Q J 10 7 ♣ 8 7 5 ?
First thoughts Which red suit do you lead now?

♠5 23.9% 2.64
♥5 27.4% 2.82
♦Q 30.7% 2.87
♣8/2 24.7% 2.66
As on the previous hand, the odds favor leading from the diamond
sequence.
Leading when partner has opened in a minor

What difference does it make when partner has opened in a minor suit rather
than a major? You can no longer rely on a suit of at least five cards opposite.
When you are considering an opening lead from the ace or king in partner’s

suit, there is correspondingly less chance of finding him with the matching
king or ace.
Hand 9
Partner opens 1♦ and the next player overcalls 1♠. You pass on the hand
below and North bids 4♠. What will you lead from:
♠74 ♥63 ♦A76 ♣J98764 ?
First thoughts Should you risk a diamond lead, when partner may hold
only four of the missing ten diamonds? If you think not, which of the other
three suits looks best?

♠4 34.5% 3.03
♥6 40.3% 3.15
♦A 38.4% 3.22
♣7 38.8% 3.19
The results are close but they do give us some information, nevertheless.
The trump lead is worst. The side-suit doubleton is best at IMPs; cashing the
ace of partner’s suit is best at match-points.
Hand 10
♠ J 9 ♥ J 10 7 6 5 ♦ K 8 3 ♣ 9 7 6 ?
First thoughts Now you hold K-x-x in partner’s suit and can expect to
find helpful diamond honors opposite. If a diamond lead does not appeal,
will you reach for a heart or a club?

♠J/9 23.1% 2.63
♥J/6 28.3% 2.82
♦3 26.6% 2.83
♣6 26.2% 2.73

The results are close but again we see that leading from three cards to an
honor in partner’s minor suit is not such a good prospect as you might
imagine. It is OK at match-points but a heart is preferable at IMPs.
Hand 11
♠ 10 4 ♥ K 4 ♦ 10 9 8 7 6 ♣ K 8 4 3 ?
First thoughts With five cards in partner’s diamond suit, is there a good
expectation of tricks there? Perhaps you will need to make an attacking lead
in hearts to beat the contract. What do you think?

♠4 33.9% 2.89
♥K 34.1% 2.80
♦10 39.1% 3.12
♣3 34.7% 3.02
The ♥K lead is hopeless at match-points and not much better at IMPs. It

is simply too risky. A lead from your five cards in partner’s suit is an easy
winner.
Hand 12
Partner opens 1♣ this time and the next player overcalls 1♠. You pass on the
hand below and North bids 4♠. What will you lead from:
♠ 7 ♥ K 6 5 4 ♦ J 10 9 6 5 4 ♣ 8 6 ?
First thoughts Partner has opened 1♣, but does this mean you should lead
from a doubleton club when holding only one trump? A heart lead looks a
bit wild, even though partner has opening-bid values. Perhaps the ♦J is right.

♠7 21.3% 2.64
♥4 20.1% 2.62
♦J 24.7% 2.76
♣8 25.6% 2.78

You should lead partner’s suit. The chance of a ruff is not that enormous
but by leading towards partner’s holding you may establish a winner or two
there. The diamond honor sequence may look pretty but it’s quite likely that
declarer or the dummy will contain a singleton diamond; your J-10-9 may be
no more valuable that lowly spot-cards would have been.
Hand 13
Partner opens 1♣, and the next player overcalls 1♠. You make a negative
double on the hand below and North bids 4♠. What will you lead from:
♠ 3 ♥ 10 9 5 2 ♦ K Q 10 9 6 ♣ K 9 5 ?
First thoughts You hold K-9-5 in the suit that partner opened. Do you
fancy a club lead or are you more impressed by those chunky diamonds?

♠3 39.7% 3.20
♥2 34.7% 3.05
♦K 42.0% 3.28
♣5 36.4% 3.10
You can bet that the ♣5 would be a popular lead. The table tells us that
this is not such a good idea. The ♦K is the best opening shot. A trump is also
better than a club. You have 9 points opposite an opening bid, so declarer
will doubtless have to score a good number of ruffing tricks to make the
game.
We will end this section by switching the hearts and clubs (both the cards
in the suit and East’s opening bid). We can then see if the K-9-5 lead
becomes more effective facing a known 5-card suit in partner’s hand.
Partner opens 1♥, and the next player overcalls 1♠. You raise the hearts
and North bids 4♠. What will you lead from:
♠3 ♥K95 ♦ K Q 10 9 6 ♣ 10 9 5 2?

♠3 36.9% 3.12
♥5 37.9% 3.16
♦K 41.2% 3.26
♣2 35.3% 3.07

The difference is marginal and a diamond is still best. Let’s consult the
profile to see the difference between East holding a major-suit and a minor-
suit.
East opens 1♣ East opens 1♥

Average suit length 4.7 5.3
East holds ♣A (♥A) 58.9% 67.6%
East holds ♣Q (♥Q) 49.3% 58.8%
East will hold an average of 4.7 clubs for his 1♣ opening, higher than
you might expect because of the spade shortage implied by the opponents’
bidding. When East opens 1♥ there is more chance that he will hold the ace
of his suit. This is not enough to affect the choice of opening lead, however.
Leading when partner has opened a weak two-bid

Your partner opens 2♥ and RHO overcalls 2♠. Whether or not you bid
something (perhaps raising the hearts), North closes the auction with 4♠. In
this section we will investigate which opening leads work best.
What quality of suit can you expect for partner’s 2♥ opening? Beginners
are often taught that you should hold a 6-card suit including two of the three
top honors. In some parts of the world, particularly those with a large student
population (ahem), it is common to open a weak-two based on a moderate 5-
card suit such as ♥K-10-8-6–3. Those are the two extremes. For our
simulations we will assume that East has a 6-card suit including at least one
of the three top honors.
Hand 14
hand below and North bids 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 4 ♥ A 8 3 ♦ A 10 5 4 ♣ J 10 8 6 4 ?
First thoughts You hold the ♥A and expect partner to hold at least one of
the ♥K and ♥Q. Is the ♥A the best start or will you try something different?

♠4 14.9% 2.60
♥A 26.2% 2.94
♦A 28.8% 2.98
♣J 22.0% 2.79
The ♦A is a better shot. Why might that be? Since you hold only one
trump, there is a fair chance that partner will be 3-6 in the majors. It is quite
possible, therefore, that he will hold a singleton or void diamond. A profile
or our simulation shows that this is a 14.4% chance. (If you held five
diamonds, the odds would be even higher).
Here is a deal from the simulation where the ♦A lead works well.
♠976
♥ 10 2
♦K963
♣AK73
♠4 ♠J53
♥A83
N ♥QJ9765
♦ A 10 5 4 W E ♦J
♣ J 10 8 6 4 S ♣Q52
♠ A K Q 10 8 2
♥K4
♦Q872
♣9

2♥ 2♠
3♥ 4♠ all pass
You make the recommended lead of the ♦A and give partner a diamond
ruff. When he returns the ♥Q, covered by the king, you win with the ace and
give him another diamond ruff. A further heart trick puts the game two
down.
Leading the ♥A is no good. What if you lead the ♣J? Declarer can win
and throw a heart on the second club. He then draws trumps and sees that
only East can hold a singleton diamond. He starts with the ♦Q and picks up
the diamond suit for only one loser, scoring eleven tricks instead of eight.

Hand 15
♠K95 ♥ A 10 ♦ 10 9 7 6 5 4 ♣ 8 5 ?
First thoughts You have strong hopes of scoring your two major-suit
honors. Which lead, probably one of the doubletons, will give you the best
chance of adding two more tricks to your pile?

♠5 10.8% 2.41
♥A 25.2% 2.92
♦6 22.6% 2.74
♣8 23.1% 2.73
East has only a 51.2% chance of holding the ♥K, according to the profile
of our 5000-deal simulation. Nevertheless leading the ♥A gives you the best
chance of beating the spade game.
The prospects of partner holding various club honors are fairly moderate:
♣A (15.2%), ♣K (17.8%), ♣Q (21.3%). So, a club lead is just a bit too
speculative.
Hand 16
Partner opens 2♥ and the next player overcalls 2♠. Whatever you say on the
hand below, North raises to 4♠. What will you lead from:
♠73 ♥J32 ♦A9865 ♣KQ6 ?
First thoughts There are four plausible winners in this contest. The ♦A
might work well if partner holds a singleton diamond. You also hold two
touching club honors. If neither of those leads appeal, you can fall back on
‘lead partner’s suit’ or choose a passive trump. What do you reckon?

♠3 19.8% 2.64
♥2 26.0% 2.84
♦A 22.3% 2.71
♣K 25.4% 2.80

The ♦A is not well rated. That’s because partner is likely to hold only
two trumps and would then need 2=6=1=4 shape to score a quick diamond
ruff. Meanwhile, a safe heart edges out the more speculative club.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading when partner has opened

• A singleton in an unbid side suit is a better lead than any non-singleton in
partner’s suit. Always lead a singleton in partner’s suit, even if you hold only
one trump.
• Be wary of leading from ace-doubleton in partner’s suit. The chance of

partner holding the king of his suit is little better than 50%, in general.
• Similarly, leads from A-x-x or K-x-x in partner’s suit may well misfire.
They are slightly more likely to work when partner guaranteed at least five
cards with a major-suit (rather than a minor-suit) opening, but the difference
is marginal.
• The longer your support, the less attractive a lead of partner’s suit
becomes.
• When partner has opened a weak-two bid and you are considering a lead
from A-x in his suit, the prospects will vary according to your general style
of such opening bids. If you open them freely, on a wide variety of hands,
then again the prospects of partner holding the matching king will be no
better than 50%.

Pick a Winner!
Leading when partner has opened
You must judge the best opening lead from the 12 West hands below.
Note also if a different lead would be best at MPs. In each case partner
opens the bidding; whether or not you respond, your RHO ends in 4♠.
The results are overleaf.
Auction is: 1♥–(1♠)–pass/bid–(4♠)

1. ♠ K 7 6 2. ♠ 6 4 3. ♠865
♥K7 ♥Q6 ♥98
♦ J 10 9 8 3 ♦ Q 10 8 5 ♦KQJ76
♣873 ♣KJ953 ♣ 10 9 7
4. ♠ 8 4 3 5. ♠86 6. ♠ 10 7 6
♥A8 ♥ J 10 9 ♥5
♦ Q J 10 5 ♦ 10 9 8 7 6 4 2 ♦J9654
♣ 10 9 8 4 ♣6 ♣AK98
Auction is: 1♣–(1♠)–pass/bid–(4♠)

7. ♠ J 4 8. ♠ 10 7 9. ♠ 10
♥K865 ♥J98654 ♥ K 10 9 8 3
♦J7654 ♦96 ♦K763
♣ K 10 ♣A73 ♣J96

10. ♠ A 8 11. ♠ Q J 5 12. ♠ 2
♥K6 ♥Q74 ♥A7
♦ Q 10 9 8 7 4 3 ♦84 ♦ Q J 10 7 6
♣ 10 4 ♣ K 10 6 5 2 ♣KJ863

Answers
IMPs MPs
1. ♠ K 7 6 ♥ K 7 ♦ J 10 9 8 3 ♣ 8 7 3 1st ♥K 46.5% 3.36
2nd ♦J 43.1% 3.29
2. ♠ 6 4 ♥ Q 6 ♦ Q 10 8 5 ♣ K J 9 5 3 1st ♠4 35.8% 3.10
2nd ♥Q 34.4% 3.09
3. ♠ 8 6 5 ♥ 9 8 ♦ K Q J 7 6 ♣ 10 9 7 1st ♥9 34.6% 3.06
2nd ♦K 33.5% 3.03
4. ♠ 8 4 3 ♥ A 8 ♦ Q J 10 5 ♣ 10 9 8 4 1st ♦Q 52.4% 3.53
2nd ♥A 51.0% 3.51
5. ♠8 6 ♥ J 10 9 ♦ 10 9 8 7 6 4 2 ♣ 6 1st ♣6 37.3% 2.94
2nd ♥J 27.7% 2.81
6. ♠ 10 7 6 ♥ 5 ♦ J 9 6 5 4 ♣ A K 9 8 1st ♥5 77.4% 4.34
2nd ♣A 75.9% 4.31
Auction is: 1♣–(1♠)–pass/bid–(4♠)

7. ♠ J 4 ♥ K 8 6 5 ♦ J 7 6 5 4 ♣ K 10 1st ♣K 40.9% 3.21
2nd ♦6 39.4% 3.16
8. ♠ 10 7 ♥ J 9 8 6 5 4 ♦ 9 6 ♣ A 7 3 1st(I) ♦9 32.9% 2.94
1st(M) ♣A 31.4% 3.03
9. ♠ 10 ♥ K 10 9 8 3 ♦ K 7 6 3 ♣ J 9 6 1st ♠10 40.1% 3.20
2nd ♣6 36.6% 3.12

10. ♠ A 8 ♥ K 6 ♦ Q 10 9 8 7 4 3 ♣ 10 4 1st ♥K 21.1% 2.77
2nd ♣10 16.9% 2.64
11. ♠ Q J 5 ♥ Q 7 4 ♦ 8 4 ♣ K 10 6 5 2 1st ♥4 15.6% 2.50
2nd ♣5 8.9% 2.28
12. ♠ 2 ♥ A 7 ♦ Q J 10 7 6 ♣ K J 8 6 3 1st ♦Q 14.4% 2.49
2nd ♠2 12.5% 2.44

Chapter 10
Leading when declarer

has a two-suiter
In this chapter we consider auctions where declarer has bid two suits and
responder has chosen to play a game contract in one of them. For example,
we will look at the auction 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥. Declarer is then playing in
hearts with a spade side-suit of at least five cards. How does this affect the
opening lead?
The bidding is 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥

On this auction declarer will often be in a 4–4 fit. Dummy’s club suit may or
may not be substantial. A forcing 1NT response is not part of Standard
American (or Acol), so responder would follow the present sequence with
2=4=3=4 or 1=4=4=4 shape.
Hand 1
After bidding of 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥, what would you lead from:
♠ A 9 4 3 ♥ K 10 8 ♦ J 10 9 8 3 ♣ J ?
First thoughts Singleton leads normally fare very well. Does this apply
when dummy has bid the suit and you have an honor sequence lead in the
unbid suit?

♠A 53.2% 3.65
♥8 23.9% 2.89
♦J 52.1% 3.55
♣J 57.1% 3.74
The singleton lead in dummy’s suit is a better prospect than the diamond
sequence. Much less expected is the strong showing of the ♠A. Wow! Why
should it be a good idea to release the ace of declarer’s known 5-card (or
Leading when declarer has a two-suiter 121

longer) side suit? The reason for this high marking is that such a lead allows
you to switch to the singleton club, ‘riding on the back’ of the lead that is
best. It does not imply that the ♠A is an intrinsically good lead.
Hand 2
♠ 10 7 6 ♥ 10 7 6 4 ♦J6 ♣A642 ?
First thoughts Now we hold a doubleton jack in the unbid suit. Does that
also represent a promising lead? A major-suit attack looks unpromising but
perhaps there is some reason to lead the ♣A. What do you think?

♠6 15.4% 2.68
♥4 15.9% 2.69
♦J 29.3% 2.94
♣A 20.3% 2.65
A huge win for the diamond doubleton. Nothing else needs to be said.
Hand 3
After bidding of 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥. what would you lead from:
♠543 ♥AQ2 ♦ K 9 7 4 ♣ 10 5 3 ?
First thoughts Leads from a king have received harsh appraisals from our
simulations so far. Does the fact that diamonds is the only unbid suit point a
spotlight on the ♦4, nevertheless? If not, which alternative do you like best?

♠3 18.6% 2.73
♥A 17.1% 2.65
♦4 22.3% 2.81
♣3 17.8% 2.71
There you have it. A lead from king fourth in the unbid suit is best. A
profile of the simulation gives these probabilities for East to hold a key
diamond honor: ♦A (26.0%), ♦Q (42.3%). When partner holds neither
honor, there is a good chance that you would never have scored the ♦K
122 Leading when declarer has a two-suiter

anyway. There would have been discards available on one or other black
suit.
Although one deal proves nothing, let’s look at a typical lay-out from the
simulation where a diamond lead is necessary to beat the contract:
♠Q8
♥J984
♦ A 10 5
♣KQJ7
♠543 ♠ 10 9 7
♥AQ2
N ♥75
♦K974 W E ♦Q862
♣ 10 5 3 S ♣A642
♠AKJ62
♥ K 10 6 3
♦J3
♣98
1♠
pass 2♣ pass 2♥
pass 4♥ all pass
West makes the recommended lead of the ♦4, setting up a diamond trick
for the defense before declarer has a chance to take discards on one of the
black suits. When the ♥Q is offside, the contract has to go one down.
Hand 4
♠ 9 7 6 ♥ 10 4 3 ♦ A J 10 8 6 ♣ 7 4 ?
First thoughts When we led from the ♦K on the last deal, either the ♦A or
the ♦Q would be useful in partner’s hand. Now we may need him to hold the
king — one card instead of two. Furthermore, the 5-card length suggests that
declarer will be ruffing at an early stage in one hand or the other. Will you
still reach for the ♦A?

♠6 13.6% 2.43
♥3 12.9% 2.41
♦A 21.0% 2.73
♣7 26.5% 2.72
A club lead is easily best at IMPs, with the ♦A a fair shot at match-points.
Hand 5
♠6 ♥KQ6 ♦ K Q 10 8 2 ♣ 9 7 6 5 ?
First thoughts Now the diamond holding is more attractive but faces
opposition from the singleton spade. How do you compare these two leads?

♠6 18.7% 2.81
♥K 6.5% 2.30
♦K 28.3% 2.98
♣7/5 14.0% 2.67
It’s a relief to see that singleton leads are not always best. Here you
would be leading into declarer’s first suit. Also, you have high hopes of two
trump tricks anyway. The ♦K lead (the unbid suit) wins by a good margin.
We reran this simulation, reducing the trump suit:
♠6 ♥K86 ♦ K Q 10 8 2 ♣ 9 7 6 5 ?

♠6 27.2% 2.73
♥6 8.9% 2.13
♦K 27.9% 2.84
♣7/5 16.2% 2.45
With a spare trump for ruffing, the ♠6 lead is much more attractive.
Hand 6
♠ K 9 6 ♥ A 7 3 ♦ 9 8 5 ♣ Q J 10 5 ?

First thoughts Next we compare a club honor sequence with three spot
cards in the unbid suit. Which of these appeals to you?

♠6 6.2% 2.33
♥A 13.9% 2.75
♦9/8/5 18.1% 2.81
♣Q 16.6% 2.80
The club sequence trails behind three-low in the unbid diamond suit. A
profile of the simulation showed these chances of East holding a big club:
♣A (11.8%), ♣K (22.9%).
We reran the simulation, upgrading the clubs to ♣K-Q-J-5. A club lead
was then better than a diamond by 5.7%. When the club holding was
downgraded to ♣J-10-9-5 a diamond lead was better by 6.2%
The bidding is 1♠ – 2♣ – 2♥ – 4♠
Next we look at the situation where responder goes to game in declarer’s
first suit. Declarer’s side suit will then often be of only four cards rather than
five. Responder is likely to have three spades. He will hold four clubs when
his shape is 3=3=3=4 or 3=2=4=4, otherwise at least five clubs.
Hand 7
After bidding of 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠, what would you lead from:
♠ J 6 5 ♥ 5 ♦ 10 8 4 2 ♣Q6432 ?
First thoughts Singleton leads normally fare very well. Does this apply
when the singleton is in declarer’s (probably 4-carded) side suit?

♠5 9.2% 2.45
♥5 33.1% 3.05
♦2 19.4% 2.84
♣3 14.7% 2.65
The answer is ‘YES!’ (Sorry to shout).

Hand 8
After bidding of 1♠ - 2♣ - 2♥ - 4♠, what would you lead from:
♠J65 ♥5 ♦KQJ3 ♣Q6432 ?
First thoughts We have strengthened the holding in the unbid diamond

suit to a handsome king-high sequence. Do you have any idea how the
numbers in the table will change, compared with those for the previous
hand? You’re in for a big surprise.

♠5 4.5% 2.08
♥5 12.9% 2.42
♦K 12.6% 2.58
♣J 5.6% 2.18
We greatly strengthen West’s diamonds and the chance of beating the

contract drops from 33.1% to 12.9%. What do you make of that?
Before you throw the book out of the nearest window, give us a chance to
explain these numbers. The first point to note is that the 6 points in diamonds
are unlikely to be productive in terms of defensive tricks. Declarer will hold
a doubleton diamond 47.2% of the time, a singleton 18.7% and a void 1.1%.
North (the dummy) will hold two or fewer diamonds 14.0% of the time. So,
the chance of scoring two diamond tricks is not high.
Secondly, the fact that West has 6 points more in diamonds than on Hand
7 means that East will hold correspondingly fewer points. (East’s average
point-count drops from 12.4 to 6.8). We are swapping East honor cards that
might have taken tricks on Hand 7 for your ♦K-Q-J–3, which are less likely
to do so.
There is also a reduced chance that partner will have the entries to give
you a heart ruff or two. As a result, the singleton heart is only marginally
better than the diamond sequence at IMPs and well behind it at match-points.
Hand 9
♠ K 8 7 ♥ Q J 10 8 ♦ 9 3 ♣ Q 10 7 6 ?
First thoughts Next we compare a doubleton in the unbid suit with an

honor sequence in declarer’s side suit. Are you expecting a close contest?

♠7 13.7% 2.66
♥Q 17.6% 2.79
♦9 24.3% 2.89
♣6 14.6% 2.68
The doubleton wins by a good margin, aided by the presence of a top

trump that may increase the chance of receiving a ruff.
Let’s take a ‘lucky dip’ into the simulation and see a deal where the
diamond lead gains because it is a lead towards honors in partner’s hand.
♠QJ3
♥72
♦AJ7
♣KJ942
♠K87 ♠42
♥ Q J 10 8
N ♥965
♦93 W E ♦KQ864
♣ Q 10 7 6 S ♣A53
♠ A 10 9 6 5
♥AK43
♦ 10 5 2
♣8
1♠
pass 2♣ pass 2♥
pass 4♠ all pass
Suppose first that West leads the ♥Q. Declarer wins with the ace and
leads a club to the jack and ace. When East returns a trump, declarer can
succeed now by rising with the ace and ruffing two hearts with the ♠Q and
♠J. Even if he runs the trump return to West’s ♠K, he will still survive. He
wins the second trump with the ♠A, cashes the ♥K and ruffs a heart with
dummy’s last trump. He discards his remaining heart on the ♣K and ruffs a
club in his hand. After drawing the last trump he leads a diamond to the jack.
With nothing but diamonds in his hand, East has to win and lead into
declarer’s split diamond tenace.
A diamond opening lead is deadly. East wins and can beat the contract
with a spade or a diamond return.

Hand 10
After bidding of 1♠ - 2♣ - 2♥ - 4♠, what would you lead from:
♠42 ♥J97 ♦KJ95 ♣ 10 6 4 3 ?
First thoughts We have seen elsewhere that leads from a K-J fare poorly.
(You pay a price for leading from the jack as well as leading from the king).
Is this nevertheless the best available lead when diamonds is the unbid suit?

♠2 14.0% 2.45
♥7 10.1% 2.33
♦5 11.6% 2.46
♣3 10.5% 2.35
A trump lead will give you the best chance of beating the contract. A
diamond lead is as good as a trump at match-points.
Hand 11
♠ A 9 ♥ 8 7 ♦ A 10 9 6 5 4 ♣J76 ?
First thoughts Leading the ♦A will give you a chance of finding partner
with a singleton and delivering a ruff. How do you compare it with the other
leads?

♠A 27.6% 3.10
♥8 35.3% 3.20
♦A 38.4% 3.29
♣6 29.5% 3.08
The ace of the unbid suit comes out on top. Opposite this West hand the
chance of finding East with a singleton diamond is only 9.7% (void 0.4%)
but there is also a 25% chance of finding him with the ♦K. It is this second
chance that helps bring the lead to the fore. Note also that the doubleton lead
in declarer’s side suit is a better bet than a foray in one of the black suits.
We reran the simulation, downgrading the diamonds to ♦K-10-9-6-5-4.
The heart doubleton then won by over 6%.

The bidding is 1♠–1NT–2♥–3♥–4♥
We end the chapter by looking at a sequence where dummy has a minimum
response (1NT) and then shows a fit for opener’s second suit. The responder
will hold four hearts (occasionally five hearts) and at most two spades
Hand 12
The bidding is 1♠–1NT–2♥–3♥–4♥, what would you lead from:
♠76 ♥ Q J 10 5 ♦ A 10 7 6 ♣742 ?
First thoughts You have an honor sequence in hearts. When you know
that the opponents hold at least eight of the missing hearts, leading from
such a suit is risky. As for the three side-suit leads, it is anyone’s guess
which is most likely to be effective. Let’s see the results:

♠7 77.2% 4.19
♥Q 61.7% 3.81
♦A 81.3% 4.25
♣7/4/2 78.2% 4.25
You should avoid a heart lead, as we thought. The ♦A finishes ahead

of a passive black-suit lead, at IMPs anyway.
Hand 13
♠K643 ♥63 ♦Q76 ♣A642 ?
First thoughts If the presence of an unaccompanied honor in each of

the three side suits turns you off, you can fall back on a trump lead.
Meanwhile, which of the minor-suit leads do you prefer?

♠3 16.9% 2.54
♥3 28.9% 2.94
♦6 34.3% 3.07
♣2 29.9% 3.00

Once again a trump lead disappoints. The diamond lead wins by a fair
margin. Let’s dip into the simulation and look for a typical deal where the
diamond lead does well.
♠87
♥KQ72
♦J932
♣K83
♠K643 ♠J2
♥63
N ♥985
♦Q76 W E ♦ A 10 4
♣A642 S ♣QJ975
♠ A Q 10 9 5
♥ A J 10 4
♦K85
♣ 10
1♠
pass 1NT pass 2♥
pass 3♥ pass 4♥
all pass
If you make the approved lead of the ♦6, East will win and return a
diamond. Declarer is then booked for one down, losing two diamonds, the
♠K and the ♣A. On a passive trump lead, declarer can win and set up a
diamond discard on the ♣K.
Leading from three or four cards to a lone honor is not normally a good
idea but here there is too much chance of diamond losers vanishing on one
of the black suits. Remember also that leading from a queen is not so
dangerous as leading from a king or ace.
Hand 14
♠Q864 ♥K6 ♦KJ52 ♣987 ?
First thoughts There is no apparent reason to lead either major suit. Do

you prefer an aggressive diamond lead or a passive club? In diamonds, you
hold some honors and these may be converted into tricks if partner holds the

♦A or ♦Q. In clubs you have nothing to contribute yourself but may be
leading towards honors in partner’s hand. What do you think?

♠4 20.1% 2.66
♥K 11.8% 2.18
♦2 24.7% 2.81
♣9/8/7 26.0% 2.83
With leads from a K-J on our black list, the passive club lead wins. The
results were similar, with the club lead still winning, when the diamonds
were reduced to ♦K-9-6-2.
Hand 15
♠ 10 ♥Q742 ♦ 9 6 ♣ Q J 10 7 5 4 ?
First thoughts You can rule out a heart lead, but the three side suit leads
are all candidates. Which will receive your vote?

♠10 27.3% 2.86
♥2 17.2% 2.59
♦9 28.9% 2.92
♣Q 19.9% 2.65
The doubleton in an unbid suit eases out the singleton in South’s spades.
Are you surprised that leading from the ♣Q-J-10 fares so badly? A profile of
the 5000 deals in the simulation shows that South will hold a singleton club
63.8% of the time (void 13.0%, doubleton 22.0%). You need four tricks to
beat the heart game and these will not include many club tricks.

CONCLUSIONS
Leading when declarer has a two-suiter
• When the bidding starts 1♠–2♣–2♥ and ends in a major-suit game, it

is fine to lead a singleton club.
• When the bidding starts 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠, a singleton heart lead may

work well.
• When the bidding starts 1♠–2♣–2♥ and ends in a major-suit game, a

lead in the unbid diamond suit is often best.
• After bidding of 1♠–1NT–2♥ continuing to 4♥, a general guideline is

to lead your shorter minor suit. For example, a low doubleton diamond is
better than ♣Q-J-10-x-x-x.
• After bidding of 1♠–1NT–2♥ continuing to 4♥, consider a trump lead

when your spades are strong.

Pick a Winner! Leading against a two-suiter
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥)

1. ♠ J 7 2. ♠ A 10 9 4 3. ♠842
♥9732 ♥J82 ♥A93
♦A4 ♦Q74 ♦ K 10 7 5
♣Q7543 ♣J97 ♣732
4. ♠ K J 6 5. ♠ Q 10 8 7 6. ♠K2
♥J87 ♥974 ♥ 10 7
♦8762 ♦KQ843 ♦QJ75
♣ 10 7 6 ♣7 ♣ Q 10 8 7 5
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠)

7. ♠ 5 4 8. ♠ J 7 5 9. ♠K7
♥K843 ♥3 ♥ 10 6 5 4
♦KJ9 ♦ Q 10 8 5 3 ♦K75
♣J987 ♣ K 10 9 4 ♣8765
(Auction is: 1♠–1NT–2♥–3♥–4♥)

10. ♠ 3 11. ♠ J 10 9 6 12. ♠ A K J 9 6
♥K93 ♥87 ♥765
♦985 ♦QJ543 ♦Q85
♣ J 10 8 6 4 3 ♣J9 ♣ 10 6

Answers
IMPs MPs
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♥)
1. ♠ J 7 ♥ 9 7 3 2 ♦ A 4 ♣ Q 7 5 4 3 1st ♦A 26.4% 2.96
2nd ♥2 20.7% 2.72
2. ♠ A 10 9 4 ♥ J 8 2 ♦ Q 7 4 ♣ J 9 7 1st ♦4 26.7% 3.07
2nd ♣7 21.5% 2.95
3. ♠ 8 4 2 ♥ A 9 3 ♦ K 10 7 5 ♣ 7 3 2 1st ♦5 19.6% 2.76
2nd ♣2 18.1% 2.69
4. ♠ K J 6 ♥ J 8 7 ♦ 8 7 6 2 ♣ 10 7 6 1st ♦7/2 26.1% 2.99
2nd ♣6 23.8% 2.92
5. ♠ Q 10 8 7 ♥ 9 7 4 ♦ K Q 8 4 3 ♣ 7 1st ♣7 34.9% 3.13
2nd ♦K 29.8% 3.03
6. ♠ K 2 ♥ 10 7 ♦ Q J 7 5 ♣ Q 10 8 7 5 1st ♦Q 13.8% 2.59
2nd ♥10 10.5% 2.40
(Auction is: 1♠–2♣–2♥–4♠)

7. ♠ 5 4 ♥ K 8 4 3 ♦ K J 9 ♣ J 9 8 7 1st ♠5 16.6% 2.56
2nd ♦9 14.7% 2.55
8. ♠ J 7 5 ♥ 3 ♦ Q 10 8 5 3 ♣ K 10 9 4 1st ♥3 29.2% 2.97
2nd ♦5 17.5% 2.70
9. ♠ K 7 ♥ 10 6 5 4 ♦ K 7 5 ♣ 8 7 6 5 1st ♦5 21.3% 2.75
2nd ♥4 20.2% 2.65
(Auction is: 1♠–1NT–2♥–3♥–4♥)

10. ♠ 3 ♥ K 9 3 ♦ 9 8 5 ♣ J 10 8 6 4 3 1st ♠3 56.3% 3.63
2nd ♦9/5 54.4% 3.55
11. ♠ J 10 9 6 ♥ 8 7 ♦ Q J 5 4 3 ♣ J 9 1st ♣J 30.2% 2.97
2nd ♦Q 26.1% 2.92
12. ♠ A K J 9 6 ♥ 7 6 5 ♦ Q 8 5 ♣ 10 6 1st ♥7 65.8% 3.89
2nd ♣10 62.3% 3.79

Chapter 11
When to lead a trump
Trump leads have fared very poorly indeed, so far in the book. Against
slams, as we will see later, a trump lead is very often the worst lead of all. In
this chapter we will track down some hands where a trump lead is best. We
will then try to formulate some guidelines on the matter.
The most well-known advice, decades old, is ‘When in doubt, lead a
trump’. In other words, when you have no particularly obvious lead
elsewhere, a trump lead may be best. Our simulations so far have not backed
up this advice.
Leading a trump when all side suits contain honors

When the opponents’ sequence is 1♠–2♠–4♠, there is no particular reason
to lead a trump. It’s true that the dummy will often hold only three trumps
and you might cut down ruffs in the dummy. However, the most common
reason to lead a trump is nothing to do with reducing declarer’s ruffs. It’s
because you don’t like the look of the available side-suit leads.
Hand 1
The opponents bid 1♠–2♠–4♠. What will you lead from:
♠ 10 4 3 ♥ Q 10 6 ♦ K 10 9 8 6 ♣ Q 5 ?
First thoughts You have an honor in each of the side suits. Will you risk a
lead of one of those suits or fall back on a safe trump lead?

♠3 19.9% 2.66
♥6 16.5% 2.52
♦10 17.3% 2.57
♣Q 17.9% 2.58
Of the three side-suit leads, the ♣Q is best. It is far from attractive,

though, and a trump lead is a wiser investment at both forms of the game.
Sometimes a trump lead will succeed merely because one or more of the
When to lead a trump 135

other leads would have given away a trick. Let’s look for a deal from the
simulation where a trump is the only successful lead.
♠KJ5
♥83
♦QJ3
♣ J 10 9 8 3
♠ 10 4 3 ♠76
♥ Q 10 6
N ♥A942
♦ K 10 9 8 6 W E ♦742
♣Q7 S ♣A642
♠AQ982
♥KJ75
♦A5
♣K5
1♠
pass 2♠ pass 4♠
all pass
Suppose first that West leads a heart to the ace and East returns a trump
to dummy’s jack. Declarer crosses to the ♥K and ruffs a heart, bringing
down West’s queen. After playing the bare ♠K, he returns to hand with the
♦A and draws the last trump. He then plays a diamond. West wins and is
end-played, forced to play a diamond to dummy or a club. (Suppose the
cards lay differently and East won with the ♦K, returning a club. Declarer
would then need to guess correctly in the suit.)
Now see what happens on a trump lead, won in the dummy. Declarer
cannot avoid two heart losers and one further loser in each minor suit.
Suppose he guesses to play a heart to the king and continues with a second
heart. He can take one heart ruff but eventually finishes a trick short.
Hand 2
The opponents bid 1♠–2♠–4♠. What will you lead from:
♠ 5 4 ♥ K J 9 4 ♦ K 10 5 ♣ J 8 6 4 ?
136 When to lead a trump

First thoughts Leads from a king have not exactly covered themselves
with glory so far. Do you prefer a club or a trump?

♠5 33.2% 3.08
♥4 26.5% 2.88
♦5 27.0% 2.87
♣4 32.4% 3.06
A club lead is less likely to give away a trick than leading from a king.
However, it is not quite as safe as a trump lead, which heads the table.
If you reduce the club holding to a safer ♣10-8-6-4, it overtakes the
trump lead by a small margin.
Leading a trump when responder prefers second suit

Now we will look at a situation where a trump lead is universally advocated.
What can you deduce from the opponents’ bidding when it goes something
like 1♠-1NT-2♦-pass? If responder held two spades and three diamonds he
would generally give preference to spades, the known 5-card suit. It is quite
likely therefore that responder holds no more than one spade, alongside at
least three diamonds. Left alone, declarer will often score extra tricks by
ruffing spades in the dummy and a trump lead may thwart his intentions.
Hand 3
The opponents bid 1♠–1NT–2♦. What will you lead from:
♠ A K J 9 7 ♥ 10 7 6 ♦ 5 2 ♣ 8 5 4 ?
First thoughts You have been granted a fabled A-K combination but
unfortunately it is in declarer’s main suit. Will you lead from three low spot-
cards in an unbid suit or perhaps try a trump?

♠A 11.6% 4.11
♥6 12.8% 4.13
♦2 21.1% 4.41
♣8/5/4 12.7% 4.13

That’s a massive endorsement for the trump lead. Declarer’s spades are
relatively weak, with the defenders’ high cards lying over them. He will
surely be looking for a ruff or two in the dummy. Let’s see a simulation deal
where a trump lead will beat the contract.
♠8
♥A8432
♦J86
♣ J 10 7 3
♠AKJ97 ♠54
♥ 10 7 6
N ♥J95
♦52 W E ♦AQ43
♣854 S ♣K962
♠ Q 10 6 3 2
♥KQ
♦ K 10 9 7
♣AQ
1♠
pass 1NT pass 2♦
all pass
Suppose you lead the ♦2. East does best to play low, retaining the ♦A
so that he can play two more rounds of trumps later. Declarer wins in his
hand, cashes the ♥K-Q and exits with a low spade. You win with the ♠9 and
play another trump. East wins with the ♦A and returns the ♦Q to prevent
dummy winning the trick. Declarer wins with the ♦K and draws the last
trump, as you discard a heart and a club. When declarer puts you on lead
with a spade, you must give him a spade trick or a second club. He is still
one down.
After any other opening lead declarer can make an overtrick.
Hand 4
♠ J 10 9 7 5 ♥ K 8 5 2 ♦ J ♣ 9 7 3 ?
First thoughts This time you have only a singleton jack in the trump suit.
Will that be the best lead, nevertheless?

♠J 21.4% 4.60
♥2 20.7% 4.59
♦J 33.2% 4.97
♣7/3 23.0% 4.65
Yes, a trump lead is best at both forms of the game. Remember that an
average of 0.3 tricks per deal is a truly huge match-point advantage.
Hand 5
♠AKQ5 ♥K863 ♦9864 ♣7?
First thoughts The A-K-Q combination, normally described as an obvious

God-given lead, is perhaps not best when spades is South’s longest suit,
particularly as dummy is likely to hold a singleton in the suit. Do you prefer
the singleton club or a trump?

♠A/K 23.2% 4.64
♥3 26.1% 4.73
♦4 34.5% 4.92
♣7 30.7% 4.87
A trump lead is a better prospect than the singleton club. When you hold
the top spades, it is likely that any spade ruff declarer can score in dummy
will give him an extra trick. Start with a trump and you have an excellent
chance of winning the first round of spades and playing a second trump.
It is interesting to note that a lead from an A-K-Q combination is
sometimes the very worst that you can make!
Hand 6
♠ 8 7 6 3 ♥ 6 ♦ A 10 4 ♣ K Q 10 9 4 ?
First thoughts This deal offers two possible alternatives to the trump lead
that has so far proved to be best. The singleton heart has its attractions, as

does the broken sequence in clubs. Will either of those dissuade you from
leading a trump?

♠3 12.8% 4.19
♥6 20.2% 4.55
♦A 9.9% 4.00
♦4 9.4% 3.99
♣K 18.9% 4.51
The trump lead comes last! Why is that? One reason is your four low
cards in spades. This implies that declarer may not need to take many spade
ruffs; your partner’s spade honors (if any) will drop early in the play.
Another reason is that you may lose a natural trump trick by leading from
the A-10-4. Your ownership of the trump ace also increases the chance that a
singleton heart lead will be productive. Even if East does not win
immediately, you may be able to reach his hand later to receive a heart ruff.
Hand 7
♠ K Q 4 ♥ 5 3 ♦ A 8 4 3 ♣ 10 9 4 3 ?
First thoughts The reasons why a trump lead disappointed on Hand 7

have gone. If a trump is right, will you lead the ace or a low trump?

♠K 7.4% 3.90
♥5 14.4% 4.25
♦A 15.9% 4.25
♦3 17.5% 4.31
♣3 12.6% 4.20
A low trump is better than the ace at both IMPs and match-points. It will
work well when partner holds a doubleton king of trumps and the defenders
can then play three rounds of trumps immediately. A profile of this
simulation shows that East will hold the ♦K on 13.8% of the deals and a
doubleton diamond 58.9% of the time.

Hand 8
♠7653 ♥K832 ♦KJ2 ♣K2?
First thoughts Here your trump holding is ♦K-J-2 and we must ask the
question: should I still lead a trump despite the fact that it may well give a
trick away in the suit? What do you think? The alternative leads in the unbid
suits are also away from a king, so they are hardly attractive alternatives.

♠6/3 14.3% 4.15
♥2 16.7% 4.26
♦2 11.7% 3.78
♣K 16.7% 4.20
Well, there you have it. A trump lead is easily worst, even though
responder has preferred declarer’s second suit. You should pick a lead from
the two side-suit kings. (Again we note that the four low spades mediate
against a trump lead.)
Let’s see a typical deal from the simulation where a trump lead fares less
well than a side-suit lead:
♠4
♥J974
♦A975
♣J854
♠7653 ♠ Q 10 8
♥K832
N ♥ A 10 6 5
♦KJ2 W E ♦ 10 4
♣K2 S ♣AQ97
♠AKJ92
♥Q
♦Q863
♣ 10 6 3
1♠
pass 1NT pass 2♦
all pass

Suppose you make one of the recommended leads - a low heart. East
wins with the ace and notes the fall of declarer’s ♥Q. Seeing the need for
some club tricks, he switches brightly to the ♣7. You win with the ♣K and
continue clubs, East scoring two more tricks in the suit. A fourth round of
clubs now beats the contract. If South discards, you will ruff with the ♦2 and
score a second trump trick subsequently. If instead South ruffs with the ♦6,
you will overruff with the ♦J and exit passively. Declarer cannot avoid the
loss of a second trump trick. The play is similar if you lead the ♣K.
After a trump lead, the contract is easily made. Declarer wins East’s ♦10
with the ♦Q and draws a second round of trumps. Whether or not he finesses
the ♠J, he will establish the suit and make at least eight tricks.
Should I lead a trump against an obvious sacrifice?

You bid to 4♥ on good values, expecting to make the contract. The
opponents then sacrifice in 4♠, which you or your partner doubles. What
type of opening lead is likely to pick up the best penalty? You have more
high-card points than the other side, so perhaps you should lead a trump to
prevent declarer taking too many ruffs for your liking. Many players take
this view. Perhaps, though, it is better to lead a heart, in case your winners
there disappear.
For this section only, we will be using a different version of the ‘Beats
Contract’ figures. We will have four separate columns, stating how often a
particularly lead will put the sacrifice one, two, three or four down. At the
various vulnerabilities, you may need to aim for 500 to beat a non-vulnerable
game your way, or 800 to beat a vulnerable game.
Hand 9
East opens 1♥ and South overcalls 1♠. When you bid constructively to 4♥
the opponents sacrifice in 4♠ doubled. What will you lead from:
♠ 9 6 ♥ Q 8 6 3 ♦ K J 10 6 ♣ K J 6 ?
First thoughts Those players who think that a trump lead is best against a
clear sacrifice will see no reason to lead anything else here. Are they right?
We will look at the Beats numbers for 1/2/3/4 down, since that will tell us
the recommended lead whatever the vulnerabilities of the two sides.

(IMPS at the various vulnerabilities) (MPs)
1 down 2 down 3 down 4 down Avg. Tricks
♠6 94.5% 84.1% 62.1% 33.8% 5.87
♥3 95.3% 84.7% 64.0% 35.1% 5.93
♦J 94.2% 83.0% 61.7% 31.5% 5.81
♣6 93.7% 82.2% 59.9% 31.8% 5.77
As you see, a heart lead is best (ahead of a trump lead) whether your aim
is to beat the contract by 1, 2, 3 or 4 tricks. Suppose the score is Love all or
Game all and you need to beat the contract by three tricks to score 500
(instead of 420/450) or 800 instead of (620/650). A heart lead will give you a
64.0% chance of achieving this, rather than 62.1% for a trump lead.
The ranking order of the four leads is the same throughout, except that
the 4th-ranked ♣6, just about creeps into 3rd place when you are vulnerable
against non-vulnerable and need to take the sacrifice four down.
Hand 10
♠ 10 9 4 ♥ A 10 7 2 ♦ A J 5 3 ♣ Q 10 ?
First thoughts Once again, there will be many players reaching for a
trump the moment the auction is over. Can a red-suit ace or a lead from the
club doubleton be better than that?

♠4 96.4% 88.0% 68.5% 38.0% 5.87
♥A 97.0% 89.2% 71.4% 41.9% 5.93
♦A 96.5% 87.3% 66.2% 35.5% 5.81
♦3 95.7% 86.5% 66.5% 37.1% 5.81
♣Q 95.7% 86.4% 67.4% 39.9% 5.77
It’s much the same as for the last hand. The ♥A is slightly better than a
trump, whatever your trick target is. In fact the gap grows as the trick target
increases.
A low diamond lead can work better than the ace. This is of academic
interest only, since a heart is the best lead.

Hand 11
♠ Q J 10 ♥ K Q 6 5 ♦ K 10 2 ♣ J 8 4 ?
First thoughts We are still searching for a West hand where a trump lead
is better than a heart lead. If there is one, this will probably be it. We have an
unexpected Q-J-10 sequence in their trump suit. Should we now, at last,
choose a trump lead?

♠Q 97.6% 89.7% 68.8% 38.6% 6.09
♥K 98.0% 89.6% 67.9% 37.2% 6.06
♦2 96.8% 86.9% 64.1% 33.2% 5.91
♣Q 97.1% 88.2% 65.7% 33.3% 5.95
So, the ♠Q is better than the ♥K by a small margin, when aiming for 2,
3 or 4 down. It’s an exception to the rule, caused by the sequence of honors.
You will not go far wrong by leading partner’s suit in sacrifice situations.
Hand 12
East opens 1♥ and South overcalls 1♠. When you bid constructively to 4♥,
♠ 10 5 ♥ Q 9 7 2 ♦ A Q 2 ♣ K 8 6 5 ?
First thoughts One final tester, then. We are back to a nondescript

doubleton trump and expecting a heart lead to be best. Let’s just make sure
of that.

♠5 95.2% 82.3% 56.8% 28.2% 5.72
♥2 96.2% 85.3% 62.2% 32.8% 5.87
♦A 95.5% 82.4% 57.1% 28.5% 5.71
♣5 95.1% 83.7% 60.7% 31.1% 5.80

A heart is better than a trump, by the biggest margins that we have seen.
There is no need to run any more simulations in this category. We have
obtained a clear picture: lead partner’s suit!
Before moving on, let’s pick a typical deal from this simulation, one that
demonstrates how a trump lead can lose out by surrendering control:
Vul: Neither ♠A9874

♥ 10 6 4
♦ 10 4
♣ J 10 9
♠ 10 5 ♠6
♥Q972
N ♥AKJ85
♦AQ2 W E ♦J8763
♣K865 S ♣A3
♠KQJ32
♥3
♦K95
♣Q742
1♥ 1♠
2♠ 4♠ pass pass
dble all pass
You had an easy 450 available in hearts, so you need to get 4♠ three
down for a penalty of 500. This is straightforward enough if you lead a heart.
Your partner wins with the ♥K and switches to ace and another club. You
win with the ♣ K and give him a club ruff. A diamond switch then allows
you to score two tricks in that suit. The first six tricks are yours and the
required 500 is safely in the bag.
As you see, a trump lead would surrender the lead. Declarer would
simply draw trumps and establish the club suit, escaping for 300.
Which trump should I lead?

A general guideline when you lead a trump is to play your lowest trump. If
you are leading from something like 9-7–3, your top card may sometimes
have a role to play, later in the deal. In this section we will take a look at
such leads, also whether you lead an honor from such as J-10-6 and A-9-6.

Hand 13
The opponents bid 1♠–2♠. What will you lead from:
♠ A 10 5 ♥ K 9 7 6 ♦ Q 10 7 ♣ K 3 2 ?
First thoughts The side-suit leads do not look attractive. If you decide to
lead a trump, which card will it be?

♠A 21.6% 4.64
♠5 28.6% 4.86
♥6 25.9% 4.81
♦7 27.0% 4.83
♣2 26.0% 4.80
A low trump is the best of the five leads; the ace of trumps is the worst.
The ♠A lead is all too likely to blow a trump trick. Your partner has these
chances of holding a trump honor: ♠K (18.0%), ♠Q (20.2%), ♠J (29.1%).
Let’s look for a simulation deal where the ♠5 is the only lead to break the
contract:
♠932
♥A542
♦AJ86
♣95
♠ A 10 5 ♠J7
♥K976
N ♥ 10 3
♦ Q 10 7 W E ♦K952
♣K32 S ♣ Q J 10 7 4
♠KQ864
♥QJ8
♦43
♣A86
1♠
pass 2♠ all pass
West, who had recently read a rather unusual book on opening leads, put
his finger on the ♠5. East’s ♠J forced the ♠Q and declarer paused to take
stock. Three trump tricks, two hearts and two minor-suit aces would bring

his total to seven. Without a trump lead, he could have added a club ruff to
the pile. If he ducked a club now, though, East would win and send a second
trump through the king, allowing West to remove dummy’s trumps. As the
cards lay, there was no way to make the contract.
As you see, ace and another trump would give up the defenders’ second
trump trick. Any other lead would allow declarer to score a club ruff.
We ran a similar simulation with West holding ♠A-9-6 (and slightly
different honors in the side suits). The ♠6 won with 29.1% and the ♠A
lagged behind with 25.6%. As expected, the difference between leading high
or low was less than for ♠A-10-5.
Hand 14
The opponents bid 1♠–2♠. What will you lead from:
♠ J 10 6 ♥ K J 7 ♦ Q 6 5 2 ♣ A 5 4 ?
First thoughts The side suits do not demand attention. If you think a
trump lead is best, will you lead the ♠J or the ♠6?

♠J 17.6% 4.55
♠6 17.1% 4.54
♥7 14.1% 4.44
♦2 16.9% 4.55
♣A 14.3% 4.48
A trump lead is indeed best and you should lead the ♠J. There is a 22.1%
chance that partner will hold the ♠Q, but it is much more likely to be
doubleton than singleton.
How can the lead of a trump honor (rather than the ♠6) gain? We looked
in the simulation and found a variety of such deals. Sometimes declarer
could win cheaply in the dummy and benefit from the extra entry. On other
occasions, declarer would run into a trump promotion, as on this deal:

♠982
♥Q95
♦J7
♣ Q J 10 9 8
♠ J 10 6 ♠43
♥KJ7
N ♥A863
♦Q652 W E ♦ K 10 9 4
♣A54 S ♣K72
♠AKQ75
♥ 10 4 2
♦A83
♣63
1♠
pass 2♠ all pass
When West leads the ♠J, declarer wins with the ♠A and plays a low
diamond to the jack and king. He wins the trump return with the ♠K, cashes
the ♦A and ruffs a diamond. After a club to the ♣A, West plays the ♥K,
continuing with the ♥7 to East’s ♥A. A third round of hearts goes to
dummy’s ♥Q. East then wins the second round of clubs and leads a fourth
round of hearts to promote West’s ♠10.
If West’s opening lead had been the ♠6 instead, declarer would win
cheaply. He would then have two trump honors remaining in the end
position and would not succumb to the trump promotion.
We ran a further simulation with West holding:
♠ 10 2 ♥ K 10 7 ♦ Q 6 5 2 ♣ K 8 7 3
A trump was marginally better than a low diamond. Leading the ♠2 is

generally recommended from 10-2 in the trump suit but on none of our 5000
deals did it make any difference which trump you led.
Will my trump lead catch partner’s queen?
When you lead from one, two or three trump spot-cards, there is some
chance that you will catch partner’s queen, saving declarer a guess. This
small advantage to all the non-trump leads is not reflected in our double-
dummy simulations because the computer declarer ‘knows’ where the trump

queen is. Our ‘Beats’ and ‘Avg. Tricks’ tables may therefore give a
marginally inflated view of such leads in the trump suit. (Remember, though,
that side-suit leads too may occasionally assist declarer in a guess. This is an
example of how double-dummy effects may cancel each other out.)
In this section we will try to estimate how likely it is that a lead from
trump spot-cards will save declarer a queen-guess. We will look at a typical
West hand where a passive trump lead seems best. After a Stayman auction
the North-South trumps are very likely to be 4-4.
Hand 15
The opponents bid 1NT–2♣–2♠–4♠. What will you lead from:

♠82 ♥KJ82 ♦KJ53 ♣K84?
First thoughts The side-suit leads look risky. It seems to be one of those
deals where a trump lead will not achieve much directly but it should be the
least likely to give a trick away. What do you think?

♠8 27.9% 2.80
♥2 21.0% 2.53
♦3 19.1% 2.50
♣4 21.9% 2.56
The trump lead is a clear winner and but we must ask ourselves how
often it will give away the position of partner’s trump queen.
Although the times when an opening lead has given away the position of
the trump queen are engrained on our memory (and even more so on
partner’s memory) our investigations show there is only a small chance of
this happening. Why is that?
A profile of this simulation tells us that the chance of East holding the
various spade honors is: ♠Q (16.4%), ♠J (24.4%), ♠10 (31.6%). We will
look first at the situation where he has the trump jack alongside his queen:
(1) ♠ A 10 5 4 (2) ♠ 10 7 4 2
♠82 ♠QJ6 ♠82 QJ6
♠K973 ♠AK95
Most of the time when partner has the jack accompanying his queen,
declarer will not have a guess in the suit. Only in position (2) might a trump

lead prompt declarer to take a double finesse. He has the option of doing this
anyway, provided the necessary entries are present.
When partner’s ♠Q is accompanied by the ♠10, these are the two key
positions:
(3) ♠AJ54 (4) ♠J742

♠82 ♠ Q 10 6 ♠82 Q 10 6
♠K973 ♠AK95
On (3) declarer must lose a trump trick. On (4) declarer plays low at
Trick 1, winning East’s 10 with the ace. Since West is not likely to have led
from the queen, declarer will doubtless finesse against the queen on the next
round. Without a trump lead he might well have chosen to play the ace and
king, hoping to drop the queen. So, the trump lead may give away a trick.
When partner does not hold the jack or 10, the lead may save declarer a
two-way guess:
(5) ♠AJ54 (6) ♠J742

♠82 ♠Q96 ♠82 Q96
♠ K 10 7 3 ♠ A K 10 5
On (5) declarer might have misguessed the trumps. On (6) there is no

cost because declarer would probably have finessed the 10 anyway.
If we assume that declarer will take a two-way finesse correctly 50% of
the time, our calculations show that the low doubleton trump lead will give
away a trick no more than 2% of the time – in other words, only one eighth
of the time that partner holds the ♠Q. This is likely to be way less than the
potential cost of an alternative side-suit lead from an honor.

CONCLUSIONS - Leading a trump
• Against a one-suit auction to a major-suit game, a trump lead is rarely

best. Choose one only when all three of the side suits are headed by honors.
• When responder opts to stop in the opener’s second suit, a trump lead is
indicated. Nevertheless, prefer to lead a side-suit singleton or from a side-
suit honor sequence. A trump lead is less attractive when you hold four or
more low cards in declarer’s first suit.
• Many players recommend a trump lead when the opponents have

sacrificed and you have a clear balance of the points. Our simulations do not
back this up. If the opponents bid 4♠ over your 4♥ with a trump fit that is at
least 5–4, you are unlikely to prevent a ruff by leading a trump. Generally,
prefer a lead in the suit that partner opened.
• When you lead from three or four trumps to the ace, a low card is usually
better than the ace. Be wary of leading a trump from A-J-x or A-10-x. Even
a lead from A-9-x may cost a trick.

Pick a Winner! Leading a trump
On the twelve West hands below your main decision is whether or not you
should lead a trump. Note also if you think that a different lead would be
best at match-points. The results are given overleaf.
(Auction is: 1♠–1NT–2♦)
1. ♠ 8 4 2. ♠75 3. ♠ 10 4
♥J76542 ♥ K Q 10 8 ♥52
♦74 ♦ 10 8 5 2 ♦K985
♣AKJ ♣A97 ♣ A Q 10 8 3
4. ♠ A Q 9 3 5. ♠A6 6. ♠KQ95
♥ J 10 9 2 ♥K6 ♥QJ5
♦J6 ♦A6532 ♦9
♣K97 ♣Q876 ♣ J 10 9 8 5
7. ♠ J 10 6 8. ♠873 9. ♠764
♥J6 ♥KJ965 ♥KQ74
♦K7 ♦Q64 ♦KQ5
♣KJ9732 ♣K3 ♣Q86
10. ♠ J 3 11. ♠A7 12. ♠ 10 5

♥K843 ♥Q63 ♥Q962
♦ K J 10 6 ♦ K 10 8 7 ♦AQ2
♣A95 ♣KJ32 ♣K865

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands on the previous page .
IMPs MPs
(Auction is: 1♠–1NT–2♦)
1. ♠ 8 4 ♥ J 7 6 5 4 2 ♦ 7 4 ♣ A K J 1st (I) ♦4 10.8% 4.00
1st(M) ♣A 10.1% 4.10
2. ♠ 7 5 ♥ K Q 10 8 ♦ 10 8 5 2 ♣ A 9 7 1st ♦2 27.6% 4.83
2nd ♥K 21.1% 4.67
3. ♠ 10 4 ♥ 5 2 ♦ K 9 8 5 ♣ A Q 10 8 3 1st ♥5 36.0% 5.11
2nd ♦5 29.8% 4.91
4. ♠ A Q 9 3 ♥ J 10 9 2 ♦ J 6 ♣ K 9 7 1st ♦J 27.2% 4.72
2nd ♥J 24.3% 4.64
5. ♠ A 6 ♥ K 6 ♦ A 6 5 3 2 ♣ Q 8 7 6 1st ♦A 69.4% 6.05
2nd ♣6 49.9% 5.51
6. ♠ K Q 9 5 ♥ Q J 5 ♦ 9 ♣ J 10 9 8 3 1st ♦9 23.4% 4.56
2nd ♥Q 15.0% 4.17

7. ♠ J 10 6 ♥ J 6 ♦ K 7 ♣ K J 9 7 3 2 1st ♥J 30.9% 3.04
2nd ♦K 29.9% 2.93
8. ♠ 8 7 3 ♥ K J 9 6 5 ♦ Q 6 4 ♣ K 3 1st ♠3 24.3% 2.84
2nd ♦Q 20.9% 2.70
9. ♠ 7 6 4 ♥ K Q 7 4 ♦ K Q 5 ♣ Q 8 6 1st ♠4 20.7% 2.70
2nd ♥K 15.0% 2.56

10. ♠ J 3 ♥ K 8 4 3 ♦ K J 10 6 ♣ A 9 5 1st(I) ♣A 13.5% 2.51
1st(M) ♠3 12.9% 2.54
11. ♠ A 7 ♥ Q 6 3 ♦ K 10 8 7 ♣ K J 3 2 1st ♠A 13.4% 2.54
2nd ♥3 11.9% 2.41
12. ♠ 10 5 ♥ Q 9 6 2 ♦ A Q 2 ♣ K 8 6 5 1st ♥2 13.1% 2.39
2nd ♠5 11.7% 2.40

Chapter 12
Leading against a pre-emptive raise

A sequence such as 1♠–4♠ suggests that the responder is fairly weak but has
an excellent trump fit, often a 5-card fit. The same is true when an opponent
intervenes with a double or an overcall: 1♠–(dble)–4♠, or 1♠–(2♦)–4♠. In
this chapter we will look at the opening lead against such contracts.
Although responder is known to be fairly weak, the opener’s hand may be
either weak or strong. It will be interesting to see whether the optimal
leading style is any different from that when leading against a sound auction
to 4♠.
Which types of lead work well?
Hand 1
The bidding is 1♠–4♠ (where 4♠ is pre-emptive). What would you lead
from:
♠ A ♥ 10 9 8 5 4 ♦ 4 3 ♣KQ642 ?
First thoughts Members of a bridge magazine panel might pick any of

the four possible leads. Which is your choice?

♠A 38.1% 3.20
♥10 38.4% 3.22
♦4 37.8% 3.20
♣K 42.9% 3.31
The ♣K wins and there is a tight finish for second place. The club lead
would not be rated so highly from a shorter suit. Leading from K-Q-x carries
a greater risk of costing a trick than a lead from K-Q-x-x or K-Q-x-x-x.
That’s because declarer and the dummy are likely to hold more cards in the
suit and may score an undeserved trick with dummy’s jack.
154 Leading after a pre-emptive raise

To judge whether the pre-emptive auction makes any difference, we will
rerun the simulation for this West hand on an auction of 1♠–2♠–4♠:

♠A 32.5% 3.10
♥10 36.5% 3.21
♦4 32.2% 3.08
♣K 36.3% 3.23
The numbers all drop a bit because South will now have a strong playing
hand. Attacking with the ♣K loses its 4.5% lead at IMPs and falls behind the
passive heart lead.
Hand 2
The bidding is 1♠–(2♥)–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ J 9 4 ♥ K Q J 9 7 6 ♦ J 10 7 ♣ 9 ?
First thoughts You overcall 2♥ (or perhaps a weak 3♥) on these West
cards and North leaps pre-emptively to 4♠. Do you prefer a top heart or the
singleton club?

♠4 27.4% 2.90
♥K 39.7% 3.21
♦J 33.6% 3.09
♣9 48.9% 3.41
No contest! As is usually the case, the side-suit singleton lead is easily

best at both forms of the game.
Hand 3
♠ J 10 ♥ K J 9 5 ♦ K 2 ♣ Q 6 4 3 2 ?
First thoughts A bundle of unattractive leads, yes, but which will you
choose?
Leading after a pre-emptive raise 155

♠J 25.1% 2.76
♥5 23.5% 2.77
♦K 27.9% 2.70
♣3 29.2% 2.87
Leading the ♦K – an aggressive thrust that might beat the contract – is a

fair shot at IMPs. It comes a poor last at match-points, where it will often
concede an undeserved overtrick. The passive trump lead, doubtless the
choice of many, is not rated. The best start at both forms of the game is the
safest of the three side-suit leads, a club from the queen.
We reran this simulation against an auction of 1♠–2♠–4♠ and found that
the relative standings of the leads were identical (albeit with all the Beats
numbers roughly half of those above). It’s not surprising because all three
side-suit leads are aggressive rather than passive.
Hand 4
♠ J 2 ♥ Q J 4 ♦ K Q 10 7 ♣ 9 7 6 5 ?
First thoughts How do suits headed by two touching honors rate as

opening leads? Are they a better bet than leading from four low cards?

♠J/2 20.7% 2.55
♥Q 24.3% 2.65
♦K 25.5% 2.76
♣7/5 22.5% 2.62
It is better to lead from a suit headed by touching honors than from low
cards. The K-Q-10-7 combination is better than Q-J-4.
To judge the effect of the pre-emptive auction, once again, we will rerun
the simulation for this West hand after an auction of 1♠–2♠–4♠:

♠J/2 16.2% 2.54
♥Q 16.9% 2.57
♦K 17.7% 2.69
♣7/5 17.8% 2.63

The message from Hand 1 is confirmed. The aggressive red-suit leads
headed the poll against 1♠–4♠. They now fall back and are leap-frogged by
the passive club lead.
Hand 5
♠ 8 4 ♥ A ♦ J 10 9 5 4 2 ♣ A 10 5 2 ?
First thoughts What is your opinion of leading a singleton ace? If you

don’t like the idea for some reason, perhaps because you would prefer to
capture an honor with it, what else will you lead?

♠4 45.1% 3.43
♥A 73.0% 4.21
♦5 51.3% 3.69
♣A 67.5% 3.99
It’s a massive win for the singleton ace at both IMPS and match-points.
Your idea will be to reach partner’s hand for a ruff, which is what can
happen on this deal from the simulation:
♠ Q 10 9 7 2
♥ K 10 5 2
♦Q
♣QJ6
♠84 ♠6
♥A
N ♥Q97643
♦ J 10 9 5 4 2 W E ♦A7
♣ A 10 5 2 S ♣9843
♠AKJ53
♥J8
♦K983
♣K7
1♠
pass 4♠ all pass

You lead the ♥A and the ♥2 is played from dummy. What signal should
East give now? Holding six hearts, he can guess that the lead is a singleton
and that you would like some assistance with your lead at Trick 2. However,
suppose East follows with the ♥9. Is that obviously a suit preference card
from West’s point of view? If the lead was from ♥A-x, East might feel that
he should encourage from something like ♥Q-9–4–3.
On this particular deal, West does not have to commit himself at Trick 2.
He plays the ♣A next. When East signals his discouragement with the ♣3,
West switches smartly to a low diamond. East wins with the ace and delivers
a heart ruff to beat the contract.
Hand 6
The bidding is 1♠–(2♣)–4♠. What would you lead from:

♠4 ♥AJ3 ♦K93 ♣AJ9763 ?
First thoughts Which combination headed by the A-J is the better lead?
Perhaps the singleton trump tops the list. Let’s see the figures:

♠4 59.4% 3.69
♥A 57.1% 3.66
♦3 54.0% 3.60
♣A 60.7% 3.79
Why is the ♣A better than the ♥A? The first reason is that there is a
12.0% chance that East will hold a singleton or void club, only a 2.0%
chance of a singleton or void heart. Although East holds an average of 4.0
hearts and only 2.8 clubs, he has about the same chance of holding the ♣K
as the ♥K (31.9% compared with 31.4%). Does that surprise you? It’s
because East holds an average 2.8 of the 7 missing clubs, 4.0 of the 10
missing hearts. The two fractions are identical.
Hand 7

♠ 8 ♥ Q 3 ♦ 10 7 6 3 ♣ Q J 10 8 7 4 ?

First thoughts There can be little reason to lead the singleton trump. It is
fairly safe against a likely 5-5 fit, yes, but so is a club and that may have a
constructive benefit. Which of the three side-suit holdings catches your eye?

♠8 11.7% 2.38
♥Q 13.1% 2.39
♦3 12.6% 2.46
♣Q 15.0% 2.52
Your partner may hold a good hand, with around opening-bid values.
Even so, there is no guarantee that you will find him with something useful
in a chosen red suit. The odds favor the safe club lead, despite the fact that
this is the most likely place for declarer to be short in one hand or the other.
Hand 8
♠A4 ♥Q8432 ♦Q6 ♣J863 ?
First thoughts Look at a standard text-book on opening leads and you

will not find any of these holdings in the ‘Highly Recommended’ list. A
club is the most passive of the leads, since there is not so much difference
between a jack and a spot-card. Against that, we have often noted that side-
suit doubletons can work well. What will you choose?

♠A 28.6% 3.03
♥3 31.2% 3.09
♦Q 34.6% 3.12
♣3 29.8% 3.06
Another win for the previously under-rated ‘Doubleton Lead Society’.

We will have to send their president an apology. Many players have been
sniffy about doubleton leads throughout their lives, with no real justification.
The two aggressive leads from a queen are rated better than the more passive
club lead.
One purpose of this chapter is to identify whether there is any difference
in leading against a pre-emptive auction rather than a full-value one.
Continuing our comparisons, we will rerun against a 1♠–2♠–4♠ auction.

♠A 22.6% 2.85
♥3 24.0% 2.90
♦Q 24.0% 2.86
♣3 25.3% 2.91
Much to our relief, previous findings are confirmed. The aggressive lead
from ♦Q-6 is less attractive against the stronger auction and loses its top
place. The relatively passive club lead rises from third place to first.
Hand 9
♠ A 8 5 ♥ Q 6 3 ♦ K 9 ♣ A 10 7 6 4 ?
First thoughts You have an honor in every suit, often a sign that you may
have a difficult lead to make. How do you rank the possible leads?

♠A 56.0% 3.62
♠5 56.3% 3.63
♥3 53.5% 3.56
♦K 44.5% 3.40
♣A 52.4% 3.56
Any lead will give you a good chance of beating the contract. That’s
because your own high point-count suggests that the opener may hold a
minimum hand opposite the pre-emptive raise. That said, the three side-suit
leads are not particularly attractive and your best bet is a low trump.
Lead the ♠A instead and you will find East with a singleton ♠K 3.9% of
the time.
Hand 10
♠ Q J 2 ♥ K 10 ♦ 8 7 6 4 ♣ K 9 6 2 ?
First thoughts A trump lead is clearly a non-starter. In many other

simulations we have seen that a passive lead from spot-cards is rated more

highly than a lead from a king. Is there any reason why this should be an
exception?
♠Q 25.1% 2.77
♥K 41.1% 3.26
♦7/4 42.4% 3.27
♣2 43.3% 3.29
Leading from the ♣K is the winner! The margin is minimal, but top-rated
leads from a king are rare and we must try to understand the cause.
The main benefit of leading from spot-cards is that you may promote
honors in partner’s hand. This is less likely when you have length in the suit,
also when the other side’s strength is with declarer rather than the dummy.
That said, it is scarcely believable that the two leads from a king will fare
so well against a full-value auction. Let’s rerun against 1♠–2♠–4♠:

♠Q 27.9% 2.90
♥K 23.6% 2.80
♦7/4 35.3% 3.12
♣2 31.1% 3.02
Normal service is resumed. The passive diamond lead assumes its

rightful top spot and the madly aggressive lead from ♥K-10 plunges a full
20 percentage points compared with the trump lead.
Hand 11
The bidding is 1♠– 4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 3 ♥ A 2 ♦ A 6 2 ♣ J 8 7 6 4 3 ?
First thoughts Should you lead a macho ace or go passive with a black-
suit lead?

♠3 46.6% 3.44
♥A 57.0% 3.69
♦A 55.9% 3.67
♣6 45.2% 3.56

We have a huge margin in favor of an ace lead, with the doubleton ace
preferred. Here is a deal from the simulation where the ♥A pays off in an
unexpected way.
♠QJ87
♥ 10 8 6
♦ K Q 10 9 3
♣ 10
♠ 10 3 ♠K4
♥A2
N ♥Q95
♦A62 W E ♦854
♣J87652 S ♣AQ952
♠A9652
♥KJ743
♦J7
♣K
1♠
pass 4♠ all pass
You lead the ♥A and another heart to the queen and king. With three aces
to lose, declarer must reach dummy for a trump finesse. When he leads the
♦7, you rise with the ♦A and cross to partner’s hand with a club for your
heart ruff.
We reran this simulation against the 1♠–2♠–4♠ auction and found that
the two aces leads were still on top, but by a smaller margin:

♠3 36.1% 3.25
♥A 48.4% 3.53
♦A 48.6% 3.53
♣6 43.5% 3.47
We have a different winner in both the ‘red aces’ and the ‘black sixes’
classifications.

Conclusions –
• As we have seen on many other auctions, a trump is nearly always the
worst of the four leads.
• Aggressive leads from an honor (particularly two touching honors) are

more likely to succeed against a pre-emptive auction than against a sound-
value auction such as 1♠–2♠–4♠.
• Risky leads from Q-x (and even K-x) come into the reckoning against a
pre-emptive auction because there is more chance of finding partner with
matching honors. Consider a lead from K-x when your own hand is weak
and partner therefore has more chance of holding the matching ace.

Pick a Winner!
Auction is: 1♠–4♠

1. ♠ J 10 3 2. ♠7 3. ♠7
♥Q8 ♥KQ5 ♥76
♦AQ85 ♦ J 10 8 6 4 ♦ Q J 10 8 4
♣ K 10 5 2 ♣Q754 ♣AQ972
4. ♠ K 3 5. ♠ 10 6. ♠52
♥7432 ♥ A 10 8 3 2 ♥K3
♦A5 ♦Q8765 ♦A7652
♣ K 10 9 8 4 ♣83 ♣AQ54
Auction is 1♠–(dble)–4♠
7. ♠ — 8. ♠2 9. ♠A3
♥A642 ♥AQ95 ♥Q973
♦KJ986 ♦K982 ♦AQ76
♣QJ73 ♣ K 10 6 5 ♣ Q 10 5
Auction is: 1♠ – (2♦) – 4♠

10. ♠ — 11. ♠QJ5 12. ♠ J 6
♥65 ♥ 10 6 ♥KQ8
♦ A 10 7 5 4 3 2 ♦AKJ9853 ♦KQ8742
♣KJ54 ♣A ♣Q4

Answers
IMPs MPs
Auction is: 1♠–4♠
1. ♠ J 10 3 ♥ Q 8 ♦ A Q 8 5 ♣ K 10 5 2 1st ♠J 40.5% 3.20
2nd ♥Q 38.8% 3.17
2. ♠ 7 ♥ K Q 5 ♦ J 10 8 6 4 ♣ Q 7 5 4 1st ♦J 29.2% 2.89
2nd ♣4 28.6% 2.85
3. ♠ 7 ♥ 7 6 ♦ Q J 10 8 4 ♣ A Q 9 7 2 1st ♦Q 41.7% 3.27
2nd ♥7 39.2% 3.17
4. ♠ K 3 ♥ 7 4 3 2 ♦ A 5 ♣ K 10 9 8 4 1st ♦A 49.4% 3.48
2nd ♥4/2 46.1% 3.34
5. ♠ 10 ♥ A 10 8 3 2 ♦ Q 8 7 6 5 ♣ 8 3 1st ♣8 41.7% 3.21
2nd ♦6 39.2% 3.20
6. ♠ 5 2 ♥ K 3 ♦ A 7 6 5 2 ♣ A Q 5 4 1st ♦A 53.3% 3.65
2nd ♠2 52.5% 3.51
Auction is 1♠–(dble)–4♠
7. ♠ — ♥ A 6 4 2 ♦ K J 9 8 6 ♣ Q J 7 3 1st ♣Q 44.6% 3.36
2nd ♥A 39.6% 3.26
8. ♠ 2 ♥ A Q 9 5 ♦ K 9 8 2 ♣ K 10 6 5 1st ♠2 49.3% 3.45
2nd ♦2 44.7% 3.34
9. ♠ A 3 ♥ Q 9 7 3 ♦ A Q 7 6 ♣ Q 10 5 1st ♠A 44.6% 3.40
2nd ♥3 43.5% 3.36
Auction is: 1♠ – (2♦) – 4♠
10. ♠ — ♥ 6 5 ♦ A 10 7 5 4 3 2 ♣ K J 5 4 1st ♦A 53.8% 3.57
2nd ♥6 52.4% 3.50
11. ♠ Q J 5 ♥ 10 6 ♦ A K J 9 8 5 3 ♣ A 1st ♣A 57.1% 3.72
2nd ♦A 53.1% 3.63
12 ♠ J 6 ♥ K Q 8 ♦ K Q 8 7 4 2 ♣ Q 4 1st ♦K 18.6% 2.47
2nd ♥K 15.7% 2.42

Chapter 13
Leading when declarer opened 1NT
South opens 1NT and ends in 4♥ or 4♠, North having used Stayman or a
transfer response. How does this affect the choice of opening lead? After a
Stayman sequence the trump fit will usually be 4–4. After a transfer
sequence there will usually be five trumps in dummy, while declarer will
hold 3 or 4 trumps. Whether these slight differences in the trump lay-out will
affect the opening lead is not clear. We will see what we can discover.
Auction is 1NT–2♣–2♠–4♠
We begin with a typical Stayman auction where declarer will usually be in a
4–4 trump fit.
Hand 1
The bidding is 1NT–2♣–2♠–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ K 4 2 ♥ K 10 9 3 ♦ Q 8 5 2 ♣ 10 4 ?
First thoughts A red-suit lead could easily cost a trick. It looks likely that
the doubleton club lead is best. This may result in a ruff, perhaps after
getting in with the trump king. Let’s see:

♠2 13.0% 2.42
♥10 12.1% 2.36
♦2 14.3% 2.47
♣10 17.5% 2.57
Yes, the club lead is a clear winner. As always, when you lead from two-
low, the main intention is to lead towards whatever honors partner may hold
rather than seeking a ruff.
166 Leading when declarer opened 1NT

Hand 2
♠ 754 ♥QJ72 ♦KQ3 ♣985 ?
First thoughts All four suits might attract votes from a panel. Do you like
the aggressive thrust from the touching diamond honors? If you lean towards
passive leads, which black suit do you like?

♠4 10.6% 2.24
♥Q 11.7% 2.21
♥2 10.1% 2.17
♦K 7.7% 2.16
♣8/4 11.1% 2.25
It’s all very close but the ♥Q surprises us by claiming first place at IMPs.
At match-points you do slightly better to choose a passive black-suit lead.
Let’s run a comparison simulation, using the same West hand and an
auction of 1♠–2♠–4♠:

♠4 13.0% 2.48
♥Q 10.9% 2.21
♥2 10.0% 2.17
♦K 9.5% 2.16
♣8/4 11.6% 2.25
The ♥Q drops to a less surprising third place. The trump lead swaps
places, grabbing the top spot. Perhaps we can draw one message – that trump
leads are less effective when declarer is known to be in a 4–4 fit.
Back in Chapter 1, we looked briefly at leads that might launch a forcing
defense. We will now rerun the simulations against a Stayman auction, to
see if a forcing defense is more promising against a 4–4 trump fit.
Hand 3
♠ A 9 7 3 ♥ K J 9 7 2 ♦ 9 4 ♣ 10 8 ?
Leading when declarer opened 1NT 167

First thoughts If you lead a low heart and find partner with the ♥A or
♥Q, the ensuing forcing defense may defeat the contract. Against an auction
of 1♠–2♠–4♠ we found that the risk of leading from the K-J outweighed
any potential forcing advantage. These are the numbers after a Stayman
sequence:

♠3 28.6% 2.94
♥7 23.6% 2.80
♦9 30.8% 3.00
♣10 30.2% 3.00
The results are similar. The heart lead is easily last and you should pick
one of the minor-suit doubletons.
When the hearts were improved to ♥K-Q-9-7-2, the ♥K lead won with a
‘Beats Contract’ of 29.5% against 25.4% and 25.2% for the doubletons.
When the heart suit was ♥Q-J-10-9-4, the heart lead won again - this time
with 27.6% against 23.7% for the each of the doubletons.
Hand 4
♠742 ♥7652 ♦A875 ♣K7 ?
First thoughts It seems to be a choice between a trump and a passive

heart. The minor-suit leads look over-aggressive and dangerous. What would
you choose?

♠2 14.2% 2.55
♥2 15.5% 2.61
♦A 20.3% 2.70
♣K 15.7% 2.34
Well, that shows how much we know! The two aggressive leads have
ended at the top of the IMPs table. We will look at the idea of leading
unsupported aces in the next section. Meanwhile, let’s rerun this simulation
against an auction of 1♠–2♠–4♠ to see if the outcome is similar.

♠2 23.4% 2.80
♥2 25.5% 2.87
♦A 25.9% 2.90
♣K 22.8% 2.64
The ♦A just manages to squeak home, but the ♣K tumbles into last place
(where it deserves to be, you may think). It seems that leading from suits
headed by an honor is more promising when declarer has opened 1NT and
will therefore hold a balanced hand.
Leading unsupported aces

The ultra-aggressive ♦A lead on Hand 4 was a surprise winner. How can
that be? We were all taught that aces are meant to capture kings and queens
and should not be played on thin air. When you lead the ♦A here, the
nightmare scenario is that South holds the ♦K and you have found the only
way to rescue a doomed contract.
The first point to note is that the ‘Beats Contract’ expectation of the
passive leads from Hand 4 is not very high, around 15%. This suggests that
desperate measures may be called for. Also, the ‘nightmare scenario’ does
not arise as frequently as you may think.
• South may not hold the king (51%)

• South’s king may be matched with the queen in his hand or the dummy
• South may have the K-J and would have finessed the jack anyway.
• South may have the king, also the jack and 10 between the two hands
• South may have the king with a singleton in dummy.
Although your ace lead will sometimes cost in the above situations, this
leaves only about 7% for the ‘nightmare scenario’. Out of that 7%, declarer
will sometimes be able to discard some or all of his diamonds.
When can the lead of an unsupported ace have a positive effect? Firstly, it
may succeed in the suit led. Perhaps you can give partner an immediate ruff.
Even if he has a doubleton, you may win the lead before partner’s trumps
can be drawn. Partner may hold the ♦K (23% here) or the ♦Q over
dummy’s king, good for a trick on the third round.
In addition, leading an ace may allow you to avail yourself of the benefits
of the alternative leads. You may choose to switch to the ♣K (15.7%
‘Beats’) or a heart (15.5% ‘Beats’). By looking at dummy, and possibly at

partner’s signal, you will have a good chance of diagnosing the best play at
Trick 2. This ability to ‘take a look at dummy’ has been well understood for
leads from an A-K. We may have underestimated the similar benefits of
leading a stand-alone ace lead because of its clearer downside.
If you do decide to lead unsupported aces more often, you should
consider leading the king from ace-king. This method, which is already in
common usage at the five-level and above, allows partner to signal
accurately. (Otherwise an ace lead may or may not be from the ace-king and
partner does not know how to signal when he holds the queen.)
Let’s look at two deals from the simulation where the ♦A lead fares well:
♠AJ85
♥QJ9
♦K4
♣8652
♠742 ♠96
♥7652
N ♥ 10 8 4 3
♦A875 W E ♦ Q 10 9 2
♣K7 S ♣ A 10 3
♠ K Q 10 3
♥AK
♦J63
♣QJ94
1NT
pass 2♣ pass 2♠
pass 4♠ all pass
A passive heart or trump lead gives declarer an easy ride; he will lose just
three tricks in the minor suits. A dangerous lead of the ♣K would (as it
happens) allow the defenders to take the first four tricks. Suppose West starts
with the recommended ♦A lead. With dummy’s ♦K precluding any further
tricks in diamonds, partner’s signal is suit preference. He plays the ♦2 to
suggest something good on clubs and a switch to the ♣K defeats the game.
On the next deal (after the same auction) all leads except a club beat the
contract:

♠ K Q 10 5
♥K3
♦943
♣Q642
♠742 ♠J8
♥7652
N ♥ A 10 9 8
♦A875 W E ♦ K 10 2
♣K7 S ♣ 10 9 5 3
♠A963
♥QJ4
♦QJ6
♣AJ8
This time the dangerous club lead would prove disastrous. Once again,
West makes the recommended lead of the ♦A. West cannot be entirely
certain of the best continuation when East follows with the ♦10, but the odds
strongly favor continuing diamonds. At any rate a switch to the ♣K would
be very wild, with the evidence on view. East wins the second diamond and
the contract is defeated.
The ♦A lead might prove costly, of course, but it will often allow you to
judge the best play at Trick 2.
Auction is 1NT–2♥–2♠–3NT–4♠
Next we look at a transfer auction to 4♠. Typically dummy will hold five
trumps and declarer, who chose to play in 4♠ rather than 3NT, will have
three or four trumps.
Hand 5
The bidding is 1NT–2♥–2♠–3NT–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ A J 10 6 ♥ Q J 10 8 2 ♦ 9 ♣ J 9 7 ?
First thoughts Throughout this book singleton leads have fared well.
Here, though, you have a powerful trump holding and a forcing defense may
be better than seeking a diamond ruff. What do you think?

♠A 27.7% 3.00
♥Q 53.7% 3.55
♦9 57.1% 3.59
♣7 47.3% 3.41
If we needed any further evidence in favor of singleton leads (which is

debatable), we have found it. Perhaps it is not so surprising. If the ♠A-J-10
are worth two tricks anyway, a third trump trick from a diamond ruff will
still be welcome.
Hand 6
The bidding is 1NT–2♣–2♠–3NT–4♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 7 6 4 ♥ A J 10 ♦ 10 4 ♣ K J 9 5 3 ?
First thoughts A heart or club lead looks risky and there seems to be no
great reason for a trump lead. We have seen doubleton leads do well several
times, so the diamond ten looks the best bet. Let’s see.

♠4 23.8% 2.77
♥A 11.8% 2.39
♥J 16.1% 2.47
♦10 22.6% 2.74
♣5 14.9% 2.47
It’s close but the trump lead edges out the doubleton lead. North will
frequently have a doubleton diamond, killing our ruffing potential. There
will also be some cases where our trump lead prevents a ruff in declarer’s
hand. That’s the situation on this deal from the simulation:

♠Q9853
♥Q85
♦KJ82
♣Q
♠764 ♠ J 10
♥ A J 10
N ♥K9763
♦ 10 4 W E ♦Q93
♣KJ953 S ♣ 10 8 6
♠AK2
♥42
♦A765
♣A742
1NT
pass 2♥ pass 2♠
pass 4♠ all pass
Suppose you lead the ♦10. Declarer wins with the ♦A and ducks a heart,
preparing for a ruff in his hand. When you win and play a second diamond,
declarer rises with the ♦K and ducks another heart. A heart ruff in the short
trump hand (South) will produce a tenth trick.
Make the recommended trump lead instead, continuing trumps if declarer
ducks hearts, and you beat the contract.
Hand 7
♠ 9 8 ♥ A 8 6 4 ♦ 10 7 4 3 ♣ A 7 2 ?
First thoughts By all normal standards, the safe diamond lead should be
the one to choose. However, you will remember the West hand in the
Stayman section where ace leads did well. Will we see the same again here?

♠9 20.7% 2.88
♥A 26.5% 3.05
♦3 24.7% 2.97
♣A 27.8% 3.07

Indeed we do! As we saw on the earlier two-ace West hand, leading an
ace gives you a double chance. The lead itself may prove effective. If not,
you will retain the lead and have a good chance of diagnosing the best
continuation.
A look at the profile tells us that on the majority of deals where a
particular ace was the only one to defeat the contract, this was because East
held a singleton in the suit. The chance of East holding a singleton heart
(which, after North’s chosen sequence, can happen only when South has 5
hearts to North’s 3) is just 1.5%. The chance of East holding a singleton or
void club is only 2.6%. So, the reason for the large gap between an ace lead
and a passive trump lead is largely because such a lead retains control and
allows a continuation or a switch, once dummy has been seen.
The success of these ace leads is such a surprising finding that we will
once again look into the simulation to pick out a deal where leading an ace
works well.
♠ K Q 10 3 2
♥952
♦A52
♣ 10 6
♠98 ♠765
♥A864
N ♥QJ7
♦ 10 7 4 3 W E ♦96
♣A72 S ♣KJ864
♠AJ4
♥ K 10 3
♦KQJ8
♣Q93
1NT
pass 2♥ pass 2♠
pass 4♠ all pass
West makes the recommended start of the ♣A. East encourages, wins the
club continuation and switches to the ♥Q, picking up two heart tricks to beat
the contract. On a passive lead, as you see, declarer can ditch one of
dummy’s clubs on the fourth round of diamonds.

Hand 8
♠ 4 3 2 ♥ A J ♦ K Q 10 8 7 6 ♣ 4 2 ?
First thoughts A heart lead looks risky, although we would not freak out
if any of the four leads was rated best. Which one do you fancy?

♠2 9.0% 2.32
♥A 7.0% 2.22
♦K 12.1% 2.50
♣4 10.3% 2.36
The often-favored low doubleton lead fails to win. Leading from the
♦K-Q-10 is better than a trump, even though you can scarcely hope for more
than one diamond trick unless partner holds the ace.
Hand 9
♠ 10 9 6 ♥ J 10 8 6 3 ♦ K 7 3 ♣ 9 8 ?
First thoughts We can surely exclude a diamond lead but any of the
remaining three leads could work well. Partner will be stronger now, so
perhaps the club doubleton will best.

♠10 9.0% 2.26
♥J 11.7% 2.39
♦3 9.5% 2.22
♣9 14.6% 2.43
Indeed, the weakness of our hand improves the prospects for a club lead.
Partner is more likely to hold club honors that can be developed.
Hand 10
♠ A 9 3 ♥ A 10 6 4 ♦ 9 2 ♣ A 4 3 2 ?

First thoughts We’ve seen unsupported ace leads do well earlier. Will
they surprise us again or should we stick to the ‘normal’ ♦9 lead?

♠A 30.6% 3.32
♠3 30.7% 3.31
♥A 45.8% 3.53
♦9 35.6% 3.42
♣A 47.0% 3.57
The two side-suit ace leads are best once again. The ♣A edges it over the
♥A, presumably due to the presence of the ♥10. You will remember that the
presence of a secondary, non-touching honor, makes a lead more likely to
give away a trick. (For example, it is more dangerous to lead from K-J-x-x
than K-x-x-x). Again, partner is too weak for the doubleton lead to shine.
Hand 11
♠ Q 8 7 2 ♥ A Q 9 5 ♦ 4 3 ♣10 8 3 ?
First thoughts A minor-suit lead looks best and, if there’s any justice, the
doubleton will edge out the tripleton.

♠2 16.3% 2.45
♥A 13.4% 2.47
♥5 11.4% 2.25
♦4 22.6% 2.65
♣3 22.0% 2.60
No surprises this time. Remember that the main objective when leading
from two-low or three-low is to promote partner’s honors. When you hold
two cards, rather than three, there is more chance that partner’s promoted
honors will stand up. Declarer will hold one more card between the hands.
Hand 12
♠ J 7 3 ♥ 10 8 6 4 2 ♦ 7 5 2 ♣A 3 ?

First thoughts How do you like the ♣A lead? We saw a side-suit lead
from the ♥A-J failing to win earlier, but perhaps the presence of the ♥J
made that less attractive. The hand is weak, so an inspired strike may be
necessary to beat the game.

♠3 9.1% 2.31
♥4 15.2% 2.56
♦2 15.1% 2.56
♣A 20.1% 2.76
The ♣A wins easily, as you see, but we need to understand why. The
clue is in the low ‘Beats’ figures, around 15% after the alternative passive
leads. This suggests that even a quite modest chance of finding partner
with the ♣K may justify attacking in the suit. (If the lead misfires, we
probably wouldn’t have beaten the contract anyway.)
With our hand being so weak, East has an average of 9.2 points and a
30.9% chance of holding the ♣K. The fact that the ♣A lead wins well at
match-points too shows that it will not give away an unnecessary trick too
often, even if the game succeeds. Meanwhile, if we find partner with the
♣K and score a ruff, we will at least prevent declarer from scoring an
overtrick.
CONCLUSIONS
• Leading aces from A-x-x-x, A-x-x or A-x fares surprisingly well when
declarer has opened 1NT. If you bring such leads into your partnership’s
repertoire, consider leading the king from ace-king combination.
• Do not lead an ace when it is accompanied by a queen or jack.
• When defending a likely 4–4 fit after a Stayman auction, a trump lead
is (even) less effective than against auction such as 1♠–2♠–4♠.
• Leading from suits headed by one or two honors is less dangerous

when declarer has opened 1NT than when he opened in a suit.

Pick a Winner!
(Auction is 1NT–2♣–2♠–4♠)
1. ♠ K Q 9 3 2 2. ♠K4 3. ♠ A 10 8 6
♥ 10 ♥ J 10 9 8 ♥QJ92
♦QJ832 ♦96 ♦J952
♣94 ♣K7532 ♣A
4. ♠ 9 8 5. ♠ A J 10 6. ♠ 10 9 7
♥ J 10 6 5 4 3 ♥K3 ♥K974
♦854 ♦ Q J 10 8 2 ♦Q54
♣ 10 7 ♣764 ♣987
(Auction is 1NT–2♥–2♠–3NT–4♠)
7. ♠ K 8 4 8. ♠9842 9. ♠9
♥974 ♥943 ♥ K Q 10
♦K62 ♦9 ♦KQ73
♣K754 ♣ J 10 9 7 3 ♣K9876
10. ♠ Q 10 5 3 11. ♠ J 2 12. ♠ Q 6 4 3

♥ Q 10 ♥KJ9 ♥ A J 10 9 7 6
♦932 ♦ K J 10 9 5 ♦94
♣KQ42 ♣976 ♣ 10

Answers
IMPs MPs
(Auction is 1NT–2♣–2♠–4♠)
1. ♠ K Q 9 3 2 ♥ 10 ♦ Q J 8 3 2 ♣ 9 4 1st ♥10 76.9% 4.13
2nd ♣9 75.3% 4.01
2. ♠ K 4 ♥ J 10 9 8 ♦ 9 6 ♣ K 7 5 3 2 1st ♥J 19.2% 2.60
2nd ♦9 18.2% 2.53
3. ♠ A 10 8 6 ♥ Q J 9 2 ♦ J 9 5 2 ♣ A 1st ♣A 45.9% 3.42
2nd ♥Q 44.0% 3.38
4. ♠ 9 8 ♥ J 10 6 5 4 3 ♦ 8 5 4 ♣ 10 7 1st ♣10 11.6% 2.33
2nd ♥J 7.6% 2.28
5. ♠ A J 10 ♥ K 3 ♦ Q J 10 8 2 ♣ 7 6 4 1st ♦Q 33.9% 3.17
2nd ♣4 32.8% 3.14
6. ♠ 10 9 7 ♥ K 9 7 4 ♦ Q 5 4 ♣ 9 8 7 1st ♣9/7 11.7% 2.33
2nd ♠10 10.2% 2.27
(Auction is 1NT–2♥–2♠–3NT–4♠)
7. ♠ K 8 4 ♥ 9 7 4 ♦ K 6 2 ♣ K 7 5 4 1st ♥4 18.0% 2.55
2nd ♦2 13.7% 2.36
8. ♠ 9 8 4 2 ♥ 9 4 3 ♦ 9 ♣ J 10 9 7 3 1st ♦9 30.0% 2.76
2nd ♥3 14.5% 2.39
9. ♠ 9 ♥ K Q 10 ♦ K Q 7 3 ♣ K 9 8 7 6 1st ♥K 44.7% 3.42
2nd ♠9 42.6% 3.35
10. ♠ Q 10 5 3 ♥ Q 10 ♦ 9 3 2 ♣ K Q 4 2 1st ♦2 15.3% 2.45
2nd ♥Q 15.0% 2.40
11. ♠ J 2 ♥ K J 9 ♦ K J 10 9 5 ♣ 9 7 6 1st ♣6 18.4% 2.57
2nd ♠J 15.2% 2.42
12.♠ Q 6 4 3 ♥ A J 10 9 7 6 ♦ 9 4 ♣ 10 1st ♣10 29.8% 2.77
2nd ♥A 24.8% 2.70

Chapter 14
Leading against a small slam
In our companion volume, Winning Notrump Leads, we included a chapter

on leading against 6NT. A clear message emerged that you should lead
passively. It was rarely right to lead from a suit headed by an honor or two.
Against a suit slam the traditional advice has always been to make an
aggressive opening lead. If instead you lead passively, it is all too likely that
declarer will be able to discard any potential loser(s) that he may have. We
aim to discover by the end of this chapter whether this idea is right or not.
There is a big problem when simulating opening lead situations against
suit slams: the auctions tend to be long and complicated. There are many
hundreds, even thousands, of auctions that may lead to a contract of 6♥, for
example. There would not be much value in choosing one particular auction
and evaluating the leads from several different hands against it. You would
rightly push the book to one side, saying ‘What’s the chance of that auction
coming up?’
So, you will be shown a West hand and no bidding will be given. The
simulations will generate 5000 deals where it is likely that a contract of 6♥
would be bid, via one auction or another. We will then give the simulation
results, describing the best opening lead in the absence of any information to
the contrary. Let the wagons roll!
Disciplined and undisciplined slam auctions

Each chosen West hand will be tested against a set of deals where the other
three hands are randomly generated and found to represent a likely 6♥
contract. North-South will hold 26–34 HCP, a trump fit of 8-13 cards and a
combined loser-count of 10-12. They will also contain at least four of the
five key-cards (the four aces and the trump king). Our tests show that hands
fitting these requirements give a worthwhile play for a small slam.
One question remains. When we run the simulations, should we include
deals where two tricks are cashable in a side suit? When good players bid a
slam, using an auction that involves control-showing cue-bids, it is
reasonable to rule out the possibility that you can cash the ace and king of
one suit. When opponents of an unknown standard bid a slam in an auction
180 Leading against a small slam

that does not involve cue-bids, there are at least two possibilities. Maybe
they do not incorporate cue-bids in their methods (you can discover this
from their convention card). Alternatively, the cards in front of their eyes
may tell them that all the suits are controlled and there is no need for a cue-
bid exchange.
In an attempt to cover both good and bad slam auctions, we will generate
deals in two different categories: ‘All slams’, which include deals where
there may be two quick losers in one of the side suits, and ‘AK-proof slams’.
The latter category will not include any deals where the defenders can cash
the ace and king of a suit. It is for you to judge, from the particular auction
you have witnessed (and the studious nature, or otherwise, of the
opponents…) whether their slam is likely to be AK-proof.
Leading against a possibly undisciplined slam auction
Should you lead an ace against a suit slam? Players have held differing
views on this since the early days of the game. Fifty years ago there were
many players who would always lead a side-suit ace. To some extent this
was because slam bidding was less disciplined in those happy-go-lucky days
and there was a fair chance of finding your partner with the king of the suit.
Nowadays, we like to think that slam bidding has improved and many
pairs (particularly good pairs) will use cue-bidding to determine whether
they are missing the ace and king of a suit. Consequently, fewer players
regard it as automatic to lead an ace against a slam.
In this section we will evaluate ace leads. We will give the results against
both disciplined auctions (no cashable ace-king) and possibly undisciplined
auctions. It will be for you to judge which type of auction you are facing
when at the table.
Hand 1
The opponents bid 6♥, without using cue-bids. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 8 4 3 ♥ 9 ♦ A Q 7 2 ♣ 10 6 5 2 ?
First thoughts With only four diamonds, the chance of giving partner a
second-round diamond ruff is small. The risk of the ace lead giving declarer
a critical extra trick in diamonds is considerable. Should you still lead the
♦A?
Leading against a small slam 181

(All slams) Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)
♠3 14.3% 0.72
♥9 13.0% 0.70
♦A 17.6% 1.11
♣2 14.3% 0.72
The ♦A is best at IMPs and best by a landslide margin at match-points.

The chance of partner holding a singleton or void diamond is only 2.6%. .
On auctions that have not confirmed a diamond control by cue-bidding (our
current assumption), there is a 24.7% chance that partner will hold the ♦K.
You may then have two diamond tricks to cash. Note that South will hold a
diamond control by shortage 28.5% of the time; North will hold such a
control 22.7% of the time.
South will hold the ♦K with frequency 36.1%, so leading the ♦A will
often set up this card. Nevertheless, it is best in the long run to lead the ace.
What sort of deal lies behind an ‘undisciplined slam auction’? Let’s pick
one from the simulation, so that we have some idea.
♠KQ762
♥ 10 3 2
♦ 10 5
♣AK9
♠ 10 8 4 3 ♠5
♥9
N ♥75
♦AQ72 W E ♦K9643
♣ 10 6 5 2 S ♣Q8743
♠AJ9
♥AKQJ864
♦J8
♣J
1♥
pass 1♠ pass 4♥
pass 4NT pass 5♣
pass 6♥ all pass
A disciplined bidder would cue-bid 5♣ on the North cards, seeking a

diamond control from partner. Here North blasts into the slam via RKCB. As

you see, the slam meets our criteria. There are only 12 losers in the
combined North-South hands and (at least) 4 of the 5 key cards are held.
Of course, it is one thing to say that a particular pair may bid a slam with
two top losers in a suit, another to say that they will bid such a slam (when
they hold the general values for a slam). When we said above that there was
a 24.7% chance of East holding the ♦K, this was under the assumption that
opponents who don’t employ cue-bids would always bid a slam when they
held the general values. That is obviously an exaggeration; also, on many
deals you will not have the faintest idea how competent the current
opponents’ bidding is. So, the whole business of running simulations to
determine what to lead when there may be two top losers in a suit is an
imprecise art. You must take it as you find it!
We will rerun the simulation, this time assuming an auction (perhaps
using cue-bids) that persuades you that the opponents will not have two top
losers in any side suit. These are the new results:
(AK-proof) Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

♠3 15.0% 0.75
♥9 13.6% 0.73
♦A 11.5% 1.04
♣2 14.9% 0.76
With the chance of two cashable diamonds removed, the ♦A is no longer

best at IMPs. Indeed, it is worst and you should choose one of the black-suit
holdings. At match-points, however, it is absolutely essential to score a trick
with the ♦A before declarer can discard diamonds from one hand or the
other. Preventing an overtrick may be worth a bundle of match-points.
Hand 2
The opponents bid to 6♥. What would you lead from:
♠ Q 10 7 5 ♥ 9 5 3 ♦ 5 2 ♣ A 10 5 4 ?
First thoughts How do you rate the ace lead here? If you are not going to
lead the ♣A, should you perhaps try a low spade, hoping to find partner with
the ♠K? You may then be able to set up a spade winner before declarer
establishes discards on the club suit. Let’s see the simulation results:

♠5 12.5% 0.74
♥3 13.3% 0.79
♦5 14.2% 0.80
♣A 16.9% 1.07
Once again the ace lead is best. You have a 3.8% chance of finding
partner with a singleton or void club. (Natural club bids by the opponents en
route to 6♥ may have increased this chance, but it is true that they have
preferred hearts as trumps.) There is also a 23.1% chance of finding partner
with the ♣K, when the opponents have not precluded this with their cue-
bidding.
We will rerun the simulation assuming that the opponents’ auction has
ruled out the chance that the ♣A and ♣K will cash.

♠5 10.4% 0.76
♥3 9.5% 0.79
♦5 10.1% 0.79
♣A 8.7% 0.98
The ♣A lead goes from best to worst, at IMPs. There is relatively little
chance that partner has a singleton club. When the opponent’s cue-bidding
auction implies that two club tricks cannot be cashed, there is no reason to
think that a club lead will help you to beat the contract. That said, the ♣A
lead is still easily best at match-points, largely to prevent an overtrick.
Even against a sound cue-bidding auction, where partner will not hold a
cashable king opposite your ace, leading an ace may work well when it is
part of a long suit. Partner may then be able to ruff the second round. We
will see next see how ace leads are affected by the length of the suit
containing them.
Hand 3
The opponents bid to 6♠, on an auction suggesting they do not have two top
losers in a suit. What would you lead from:
♠84 ♥98 ♦AQ9743 ♣ 10 4 2 ?

First thoughts Should you lead the ♦A? partner may hold a singleton
diamond. Against that, declarer may hold the ♦K and a diamond lead would
then set up this card. How do the odds lie?

♠8 7.6% 0.48
♥9 8.3% 0.48
♦A 11.3% 0.91
♣2 8.2% 0.48
A particular auction may offer evidence on partner’s diamond length, one

way or another. Overall, our profile of the 5000 deals in this simulation tells
us that partner will hold a singleton diamond with frequency 5.3% (void
0.5%). This is a fairly large number in the context of the generally low Beats
figures for this West hand.
Note also what a huge winner the ♦A lead is at match-points. In addition
to scoring well when you can give partner a ruff and beat the contract, you
may also prevent an overtrick by banking your ace. (The length of your own
diamonds also increases the chance that declarer can discard diamond losers,
given time.)
Hand 4
♠84 ♥98 ♦AQ974 ♣ 10 9 4 2 ?
First thoughts With only a 5-card diamond suit, the chance of giving a
ruff will now be less. Should you still lead the ♦A?

♠8 8.9% 0.55
♥9 9.9% 0.56
♦A 10.0% 0.95
♣2 9.7% 0.57
The chance of a singleton diamond with partner drops to 3.0% (void

0.4%). Prospects of a diamond ruff are consequently diminished, while the
chance that the ♦A lead will set up declarer’s ♦K is increased. That’s
because the diamond length for declarer/dummy will be slightly more.

We ran one more simulation, reducing the diamond length to four:
♠ 8 4 ♥ 9 8 ♦ A Q 9 7 ♣ 10 9 5 4 2 ?
The ‘Beats’ numbers are: ♠8 13.1%, ♥9 13.7%, ♦A 10.5%, ♣4 14.6%.

The ace lead drops into last position, as you see. However it is still an
enormous winner at match-points (0.70, 0.70, 1.02, 0.74).
Hand 5
The opponents bid to 6♥, without cue-bidding. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 9 8 ♥ 4 ♦ K Q 4 ♣ A 9 8 7 5 2 ?
First thoughts Now we put two very attractive leads face-to-face. You
hope to score the ♣A and there will surely be a good chance of adding a
diamond trick if you lead the ♦K. Perhaps it is better to lead the ♣A and
hope that partner can ruff the second round. What is your preference?

♠10 15.3% 0.87
♥4 14.3% 0.85
♦K 20.9% 0.94
♣A 26.4% 1.13
It’s surprising, yes, but the ♣A is the best lead. Opposite this hand, your
partner will hold a singleton club 12.1% of the time (void 2.2%). If you lead
the ♦K instead, declarer will usually be able to draw trumps immediately
and the ruff will be lost. There will still be some chance of scoring a
diamond and a club, but not often enough to compensate for the lost ruff.
As you would expect, with the ace being in a 6-card suit, there was little
difference in the figures when we reran the simulation for a disciplined
auction.
Should I lead a side-suit singleton?

A side-suit singleton is a splendid lead against a suit slam — everyone
knows that! Does that mean it will always be the best choice? Let’s see.

Hand 6
The opponents bid to 6♥ without cue-bidding. What would you lead from:
♠ J 10 9 4 3 ♥ J 9 6 4 ♦ J ♣ 6 4 3 ?
First thoughts Your trump holding offers high hopes of a trick. Your
singleton diamond is an honor, also, so there is some chance of the lead
giving away a trick. Are these drawbacks enough to deter the ♦ J lead?

♠J 65.4% 1.75
♥4 30.7% 1.10
♦J 71.2% 1.83
♣6/4/3 62.9% 1.70
The singleton lead wins the day, at IMPs and match-points. Opposite this
West hand your partner will hold an average of 8.2 points and these will
include the ♦A 26.7% of the time, the singleton ♥A 3.4% of the time.
Hand 7
The opponents bid to 6♥ without cue-bidding. What would you lead from:
♠ K Q 8 7 2 ♥ J 10 9 7 ♦ 10 9 6 ♣ 9 ?
First thoughts Now you hold a rock-solid trump trick and an attractive
honor lead in spades. Will you still lead the singleton ♣9?

♠K 90.3% 2.20
♥J 81.0% 2.01
♦10 81.7% 2.03
♣9 82.7% 2.05
A spade honor is easily best. You expect to score a trump trick and a
spade lead will increase your chance of scoring a spade also.
Hand 8
The opponents bid to 6♥, without cue-bidding. What would you lead from:
♠ A 9 8 3 ♥ 10 6 2 ♦ 4 ♣ J 10 9 7 5 ?

First thoughts You may think that there are three promising leads here:
an ace, a singleton and an honor from a sequence. How would you rank
these three leads?

♠A 21.6% 1.15
♥2 15.7% 0.90
♦4 16.9% 0.91
♣J 18.0% 0.94
The ♠A is best, a fair margin ahead of the ♣J. Why does the singleton
diamond lead fare so badly? It is because you hold an ace in your hand.
Unless the opponents are madmen, they will not have bid a slam with two
aces missing. You cannot therefore expect partner to hold the ♦A or the ♥A
(unless, perhaps, one of the opponents has a void spade but the bidding
would often reflect this). Nor, in these days can you expect him to hold the
♥K. In that case Roman Key-card Blackwood would have kept the
opponents out of a slam.
Should I choose an active or passive lead?

It is commonly thought that you should lead aggressively against a small
slam in a suit. When you can judge that dummy has a threatening side suit,
this may well be the case (we will investigate this in Chapter 15). On many
slam auctions, however, it is better to make a passive lead. Whatever side-
suit kings and queens you may hold, you sit back in the hope that declarer
will eventually concede a trick in that direction.
In this section we will look at some West hands offering both active and
passive leads. Again we will not give a specific slam auction, since there are
so many sequences possible. We will create 5000 deals featuring the given
West hand, where you would expect North-South to bid a small slam.
Hand 9
♠ 2 ♥ J 7 5 3 ♦ 10 8 7 2 ♣ K J 9 2 ?
First thoughts Do you like an active lead in clubs or a passive start in one
of the other three suits? Let’s see what the simulation results tell us.

♠2 16.2% 0.87
♥3 17.2% 0.91
♦7 17.6% 0.92
♣2 11.0% 0.81
An attacking lead in clubs is easily worst at both forms of the game. East
will hold an average of 6.9 points opposite this hand. These will include the
♣Q on 30.6% of the deals. They will include the ♣A on 16.0% of the deals,
but a club lead will not then give you two quick tricks because the opponents
will hold a control by shortage.
Let’s see how the odds change if the opponents’ auction is less
convincing and gives you hope that they may have two top club losers:

♠2 18.2% 0.80
♥3 19.2% 0.83
♦2 20.0% 0.85
♣2 17.5% 0.77
A club lead edges upwards, as you would expect, but it is still the worst
of the four leads. Partner will now hold the ♣A on 12.7% of the deals and
you may then be able to cash two club tricks. (All such figures are
approximate, of course, because it is anyone’s guess when a particular pair
of moderate opponents will choose to bid a slam with two losers in a suit).
Hand 10
♠ 9 3 ♥ Q J 8 4 ♦ Q 6 5 ♣ K 10 7 2 ?
First thoughts You have honors in all three side suits. Will you choose
one of those combinations or is a trump lead better?

♠9 15.7% 0.78
♥Q 17.0% 0.85
♦5 12.7% 0.74
♣2 7.3% 0.67

The presence of two touching heart honors is just enough for a lead of
that suit to edge ahead of a safe trump lead. Occasionally the heart lead will
give away a trick. Against that, you may find partner with the ♥K or ♥A and
benefit accordingly.
Hand 11
♠ J ♥ Q 10 9 6 4 ♦ K Q 8 7 3 ♣ 5 3 ?
First thoughts We can assume that a heart lead will be well down the list.
Nor is a trump lead appealing, particularly as it may assist declarer in
guessing the suit correctly. Which minor-suit lead do you prefer?

♠J 9.7% 0.70
♥10 10.4% 0.77
♦K 14.0% 0.85
♣5 9.7% 0.71
Why is it better to lead a diamond honor than a club? Declarer will

sometimes be able to set up a discard on the club suit and the defenders need
to cash a diamond winner when a club trick is surrendered. Let’s peek into
the simulation to see if this is the case.
Yes, there were examples of partner holding the ♣A or ♣K, where he
would gain the lead as declarer set up the clubs for a discard. There was the
occasional deal where East had a void diamond over dummy’s ace, also
deals where dummy had a running side suit but East held a trump trick.
These situations could also arise when West holds ♦K-10-8-7–3 and East
has the ♦Q. That doesn’t imply that a diamond lead would be right from
such a holding. Whenever East did not hold the ♦Q, a lead from the king
might give away a critical trick.
Hand 12
The opponents bid 6♥ without using cue-bids. What would you lead from:
♠ J 7 6 4 ♥ J 10 3 ♦ 6 5 ♣ Q J 10 5 ?

First thoughts There is no reason to lead a major — let’s agree on that. It
is not so easy to decide between the minors, perhaps. Do you prefer the low
doubleton diamond or the club honor sequence?

♠4 15.7% 0.96
♥3 12.8% 0.87
♦6 15.9% 0.96
♣Q 20.4% 1.08
The club honor is best and maybe you think that’s obvious. It is right
only because the contract is a slam. We reran the simulation with a contract
of only 4♥ and the minor-suit leads finished neck-and-neck with a Beats
figure of 23.8%. That’s because partner will hold more high cards when you
are defending a game. A diamond lead may be essential to set up one or
more diamond tricks in partner’s hand.
Hand 13
♠ J 3 ♥ 6 5 ♦ A 10 8 7 3 ♣ K 10 8 3 ?
First thoughts Those who favor attacking leads would consider a low
club, hoping to find partner with the ♣Q. A lead of the ♦A might result in a
ruff for partner. Are either of the major-suit leads worth a look?

♠J 13.6% 0.84
♥6 15.6% 0.87
♦A 19.4% 1.09
♣3 10.8% 0.73
A club lead is too risky. A profile of the simulation shows that East will
hold the ♣Q surprisingly often (41.0% of the time). You are far from
guaranteed to beat the slam in that case, however. On the remaining 59% of
the deals, a club lead could give the slam away.
East will hold 1 or 0 diamonds only 7.5% of the time, but this is a large
number in the context of the ‘Beats’ numbers in this table.

Hand 14
♠96 ♥Q75 ♦KJ32 ♣K953?
First thoughts You have attacking leads available in all three side suits. If
you are beginning to doubt that attacking leads are a good idea against a
small slam in a suit, you can reach for a trump. What is it to be?

♠6 20.6% 0.86
♥7 17.0% 0.81
♦2 11.3% 0.72
♣3 12.1% 0.73
An attacking lead from an honor is a poor idea, as the table shows. Best is a
trump, sitting back and waiting to score a couple of honors (you hope!)
One deal proves nothing (have we said that before?), but let’s see a deal
from the simulation where a trump lead works well in a constructive sense.
♠K432
♥KJ932
♦76
♣87
♠96 ♠ 10
♥Q75
N ♥ A 10 8 6 4
♦KJ32 W E ♦ 10 9 8 4
♣K953 S ♣ 10 6 3
♠AQJ875
♥—
♦AQ5
♣AQJ4
2♣
pass 2♦ pass 2♠
pass 3♠ pass 4♣
pass 4♥ pass 6♠
all pass

You lead the recommended ♠6. Declarer wins in the dummy and finesses
the ♣Q. You win with the ♣K and play another trump. Declarer can ditch a
diamond from dummy on a club, but he has three minor-suit losers
remaining and only two trumps in dummy. He will have to finesse in
diamonds, going one down. A lead in any of the side suits would have given
declarer the slam.
Hand 15
♠ 8 5 3 2 ♥ A J 10 ♦ J 10 9 3 ♣ Q 5 ?
First thoughts The ♣Q would be a gamble. Is there any reason to cash

the ♥A? If not, you must choose a passive leads in diamonds or trumps.

♠2 18.7% 0.99
♥A 8.2% 1.00
♦J 17.1% 0.94
♣Q 17.3% 0.93
The ♥A is a hopeless proposition at IMPs, giving up the chance of

scoring two heart tricks. More of a surprise is the fact that a trump lead is
ranked ahead of the ♦J.
On the next page we will look at a simulation deal where a trump lead is
successful. To fill the remaining white space here, meanwhile, we will rerun
the simulation for an undisciplined auction to 6♠. With two cashable heart
tricks now possible, we can expect the evaluation of the ♥A to improve.

♠2 18.7% 0.97
♥A 12.1% 1.04
♦J 17.1% 0.93
♣Q 16.4% 0.90
A small bump in its rating but the ♥A lead is still worst. It greatly lessens
the chance of scoring two heart tricks.
Here is the promised deal from the simulation:

♠ A 10 9 7
♥7542
♦2
♣AK87
♠8532 ♠6
♥ A J 10
N ♥K9863
♦ J 10 9 3 W E ♦8765
♣Q5 S ♣J43
♠KQJ4
♥Q
♦AKQ4
♣ 10 9 6 2
1♦
pass 1♥ pass 1♠
pass 4♦ pass 4NT
pass 5♥ pass 6♠
all pass
Our methodology gives the results for all AK-proof spade slams. When
you are faced with a particular deal at the table, you will usually have further
clues from the auction. Here South has opened 1♦, so that makes the
diamond lead less attractive. Also, North has made a splinter bid, which
brings the possibility of a cross-ruff into focus.
Any lead but a trump permits a cross-ruff for twelve tricks. If West finds
a trump lead, he can win the first round of hearts and play a second trump.
This leaves declarer a trick short. Stopping a cross-ruff is just about the only
way in which a trump lead can work positively (as opposed to being merely
a safe lead). It’s still a bit surprising that it will happen often enough to bring
a trump lead to the top of our ranking list.
What difference does a cue bid make?
You will recall that we are assuming a wide variety of auctions to the
specified slam contract and investigating the best leads in general from a
given West hand. We will now see what difference it makes if you know (or
are fairly sure) that a particular side-suit ace will lie in the dummy. Perhaps
that player has cue-bid in the suit and the opponents cue-bid only on aces.

Should you be less inclined to lead that suit, armed with this extra piece of
knowledge?
Hand 16
South opens 1♠ and they reach 6♠ on a disciplined auction (no cashable AK
in a suit). North holds the ♥A. What would you lead from:
♠ 7 2 ♥ J 10 8 3 ♦ J 10 8 3 ♣ K 9 2 ?
First thoughts A club is no good, clearly, and a trump is rarely best. How
does the fact that North has shown the ♥A affect your choice in the red
suits?

♠2 16.1% 0.82
♥J 15.9% 0.82
♦J 18.3% 0.91
♣2 8.3% 0.72
Even though you would be leading through the ace, perhaps to partner’s
king, a heart lead is not as good as a diamond lead. The relatively big
advantage for a diamond lead at match-points is because partner has a
surprisingly high 35.1% chance of holding the ♦A and this trick will
sometimes vanish on a non-diamond lead.
Right, now we will rerun the simulation and specify that the ♥A is
known to lie in the South hand (rather than the North hand). Will that make
any difference?

♠2 14.8% 0.79
♥J 13.6% 0.78
♦J 16.6% 0.88
♣2 8.5% 0.74
There is no difference to the ranking of the four leads. The numbers dip
somewhat overall, because the defenders can no longer hold the ♥K sitting
over the ♥A. Again a diamond lead is easily best at match-points because
partner may hold the ♦A. A non-diamond lead may allow declarer to
dispose of any diamond losers and score an overtrick.

CONCLUSIONS - Leading against a suit slam
• Many text-books will tell you to lead aggressively against a small slam in
a suit, but our results do not support this idea. It may well be right to choose
the most passive lead in a side suit.
• Side-suit singletons are usually excellent leads.
• Do not lead a side-suit singleton when you have a natural trump trick or a
side-suit ace.
• When the opponents’ auction does not appear to have checked on the
possibility of an A-K being cashable in one of the side suits, an ace lead
becomes more attractive.
• When the auction involved cue-bids, or the opponents use cue-bids in

general but chose not to, it is unlikely that an ace lead will allow you to score
two tricks in the suit. At IMPs you should lead an ace when you have length
in the suit and partner may hold a singleton opposite.
• Lead a trump against a small slam only when the three side-suit leads
look too risky.
• At match-points (duplicate pairs) it is usually right to lead a side-suit ace,

to prevent declarer from making an overtrick.
• When either dummy or declarer has indicated possession of a side-suit

ace, a lead in that suit becomes less attractive.

Pick a Winner! Leading against a suit slam
On the first six hands the opponents did not employ cue bids and may
therefore have two top losers in one of the side suits. On the second batch
of six the opponents were superior characters, employing cue-bids to
ensure that they did not have two top losers in one of the side suits. You
must judge which is the best opening lead and note if you think a different
lead would be better at match-points. The results are given overleaf.
(The opponents bid to 6♥, any auction.)
1. ♠ Q J 10 6 2. ♠Q762 3. ♠A98
♥932 ♥64 ♥ 10 6
♦ A 10 5 4 ♦9643 ♦J32
♣ 10 9 ♣KQ2 ♣Q9842
4. ♠ K 10 8 5 5. ♠QJ63 6. ♠963
♥54 ♥98 ♥82
♦9 ♦ 10 9 6 4 ♦AJ8743
♣KQ9854 ♣ J 10 7 ♣87
(The opponents bid to 6♠ and their auction, perhaps using cue-bids,

convinces you that each side-suit contains a 1st- or 2nd-round control.)
7. ♠ 8 3 2 8. ♠973 9. ♠ 10 3 2
♥2 ♥Q ♥AJ3
♦J8643 ♦KQJ876 ♦QJ853
♣ A 10 4 2 ♣863 ♣84
10. ♠ J 10 3 11. ♠ 7 12. ♠ —

♥A5 ♥QJ92 ♥854
♦ J 10 9 2 ♦ K 10 9 8 ♦J932
♣ 10 9 8 4 ♣9754 ♣ A J 10 9 5 3

Answers
as calculated from 5000-deal simulation
IMPs MPs
(Opponents bid 6♥, cashable AK possible in a side suit)
1. ♠ Q J 10 6 ♥ 9 3 2 ♦ A 10 5 4 ♣ 10 9 1st ♦A 13.9% 1.05
2nd ♠Q 13.3% 0.87
2. ♠ Q 7 6 2 ♥ 6 4 ♦ 9 6 4 3 ♣ K Q 2 1st ♣K 20.9% 0.92
2nd ♠2 10.6% 0.71
3. ♠ A 9 8 ♥ 10 6 ♦ J 3 2 ♣ Q 9 8 4 2 1st ♠A 16.1% 1.11
2nd ♦2 11.2% 0.82
4. ♠ K 10 8 5 ♥ 5 4 ♦ 9 ♣ K Q 9 8 5 4 1st ♦9 29.8% 0.92
2nd ♣K 20.1% 0.89
5. ♠ Q J 6 3 ♥ 9 8 ♦ 10 9 6 4 ♣ J 10 7 1st ♠Q 13.2% 0.83
2nd ♦10 10.5% 0.76
6. ♠ 9 6 3 ♥ 8 2 ♦ A J 8 7 4 3 ♣ 8 7 1st ♦A 16.9% 1.00
2nd ♠6 8.9% 0.55
(Opponents bid 6♠, indicating no cashable AK in a side suit)

7. ♠ 8 3 2 ♥ 2 ♦ J 8 6 4 3 ♣ A 10 4 2 1st(I) ♦4 15.1% 0.86
1st(M) ♣A 12.9% 1.04
8. ♠ 9 7 3 ♥ Q ♦ K Q J 8 7 6 ♣ 8 6 3 1st ♥Q 25.7% 0.81
2nd ♦K 8.1% 0.74
9. ♠ 10 3 2 ♥ A J 3 ♦ Q J 8 5 3 ♣ 8 4 1st(I) ♣8 14.1% 0.96
1st(M) ♥A 8.2% 1.02
10. ♠ J 10 3 ♥ A 5 ♦ J 10 9 2 ♣ 10 9 8 4 1st(I) ♣10 15.4% 0.99
1st(M) ♥A 14.6% 1.12
11. ♠ 7 ♥ Q J 9 2 ♦ K 10 9 8 ♣ 9 7 5 4 1st ♥Q 20.9% 0.97
2nd ♣7/4 18.5% 0.91
12. ♠ — ♥ 8 5 4 ♦ J 9 3 2 ♣ A J 10 9 5 3 1st ♣A 24.4% 1.16
2nd ♥4 17.9% 0.81

Chapter 15
Leading against a slam

When the dummy in a slam contract is known to hold a worthwhile side suit,
one that might eventually provide discards, this may affect your choice of
opening lead. In this chapter we will look at some small slams where dummy
has either opened or made the first response in a different suit.
We saw in the previous chapter that leading an ace can work well, as can
leading a singleton. Now we will see what difference it makes if the ace or
singleton is in a suit that the dummy is known to hold well.
Note that in this chapter we will assume that the opponents’ slam bidding
is disciplined and that they will not have two top losers in a side suit, nor be
missing two of the five top key cards.
Should I lead a singleton in dummy’s suit?

When you are defending a game contract, it may not be such a good idea to
lead a singleton in dummy’s best side suit. Even if partner wins with the ace
(or later with the ace of trumps) and gives you a ruff, this may be at the
expense of setting up dummy’s suit for discards. The situation is not the
same against a slam contract. If partner can win an early trick and give you a
ruff, the slam will already be defeated.
Hand 1
North opens 1♥, South responds 1♠ and you make some club bid. The
opponents then bid to 6♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 8 6 ♥ 9 ♦ 10 9 4 ♣ K Q J 10 8 4 2 ?
First thoughts It’s hard to see how a diamond lead could work better than
a club. It is therefore a two-horse race between a club and the singleton
heart. Where is your money?
Leading against a slam with a side suit in dummy 199

♠8 9.2% 0.67
♥9 26.3% 0.87
♦10 12.6% 0.77
♣K 14.9% 0.88
The singleton heart is hugely best at IMPs. Your partner will hold the ♥A
20.1% of the time and the ♥K 11.5% of the time. On some deals it may pay
off to establish partner’s ♥K before he gains the lead in another suit. Here is
an example of that from the simulation:
♠ K 10 7 2
♥ A J 10 5 3
♦8
♣A63
♠86 ♠54
♥9
N ♥K8762
♦ 10 9 4 W E ♦A765
♣ K Q J 10 8 4 2 S ♣95
♠AQJ93
♥Q4
♦KQJ32
♣7
1♥ pass 1♠
3♣ 3♠ pass 4NT
pass 5♣ pass 6♠
all pass
Suppose you lead the ♣K. Declarer wins with dummy’s ace and leads the
singleton diamond. If East takes the ♦A, declarer will have four discards for
dummy’s heart losers. If instead East plays low, declarer will win and draw
trumps. He can then give up a heart trick and easily make twelve tricks.
Lead the recommended ♥9 and declarer is sunk.
Hand 2
Dummy opens 1♥ and the opponents bid to 6♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 9 6 4 ♥ Q ♦ Q J 9 4 2 ♣ 9 8 5 ?
200 Leading against a slam with a side suit in dummy

First thoughts Now the heart singleton is an honor. Will that make any
difference?

♠4 32.8% 1.16
♥Q 53.8% 1.45
♦Q 39.9% 1.37
♣9 38.0% 1.31
Again the singleton heart wins by a clear margin. We saw in the previous
chapter that a singleton is generally the best lead against a slam, unless you
hold an ace in your hand or the ruff will be from a natural trump trick. It
seems that we can safely extend this advice to the situation where the
singleton is in dummy’s best suit. The ‘Beats’ numbers are unusually high
because both of declarer’s long suits are breaking badly.
Hand 3
♠ K 5 2 ♥ J ♦ K 10 9 4 3 ♣ J 10 8 3 ?
First thoughts You have a good chance that the ♠K lies over the ace and
will score a trick. How does that affect the prospects of a singleton lead?

♠2 19.4% 1.07
♥J 25.8% 1.16
♦10 21.7% 1.09
♣J 28.8% 1.20
The singleton lead is less attractive now. That’s because the ♠K is a

likely trick (South will hold the ♠A on 62.4% of the deals). If partner
happens to gain the lead, to give you a ruff, that will then be a second trick
for the defenders anyway. Also, East cannot hold the ♥A or the slam would
have been bid with two keycards missing.
Should I lead the ace of dummy’s suit?

It may seem like a poor idea to lead the ace of dummy’s main suit. Yes, but
when you hold several cards in the suit your partner may have a singleton or

void there. Even if this is not particularly likely, and it is just as possible that
declarer is short in the suit, it may still be your best chance of beating the
slam. Let’s see, by running some simulations.
Hand 4
♠ J 10 ♥ A 9 8 4 2 ♦ 8 7 6 ♣ J 5 3 ?
First thoughts A minor-suit lead may, just possibly, set up a king in

partner’s hand. Meanwhile, leading the ♥A may allow you to give partner a
second-round ruff. Where is your money?

♠J 15.2% 0.99
♥A 33.3% 1.16
♦8/7/6 20.7% 1.05
♣3 19.2% 1.02
The ♥A is a massive winner. Opposite this hand, East will hold a

singleton heart with frequency 29.1% and a void with frequency 2.5%. North
holds at least five hearts, of course. When he happens to hold six, declarer
will hold a singleton as well as your partner. On some of the deals where
partner is void in hearts, he may have ventured a Lightner Double.
Nevertheless, the ♥A is easily the best lead.
Hand 5
♠ 9 6 ♥ A 10 7 6 ♦ J 10 4 2 ♣ 7 6 3 ?
First thoughts Now you hold only four hearts, so the chance of giving
partner a ruff will be lower. Will the ♥A lead be best, nevertheless?

♠9 10.5% 0.95
♥A 13.7% 1.00
♦J 14.9% 0.98
♣7/6/3 17.2% 1.00

The ♥A loses its big lead, tumbling into third place. Opposite this West
hand East will hold a singleton heart with frequency 6.5%, a void with
frequency 0.3%. A club, the shorter of the unbid suits, is the best prospect.
When is it right to lead dummy’s suit?

Suppose you have a sequence in dummy’s main side suit. Should you lead
from the sequence, despite the advertised length over you? What if the leads
in the other three suits are very uninviting? Will it then be best to make a
passive lead in dummy’s suit? We will investigate such situations in this
section.
Hand 6
♠ J 9 ♥ Q J 10 ♦ K Q 8 3 ♣ J 10 8 7 ?
First thoughts The Q-J-10 combination would normally catch your eye.
Should you choose something else now that North has opened 1♥? If you
decide to lead one of the minors, which holding is more promising?

♠J 5.1% 0.43
♥Q 7.0% 0.53
♦K 9.5% 0.62
♣J 6.8% 0.56
The ‘Beats’ figures are low, because the West hand is balanced, with all
the suits breaking well for declarer. The heart lead is not top of the list, with
the suit having been bid. A diamond honor is a more promising lead than a
club honor. For example, setting up a diamond trick may work well when
declarer has a trump loser.
Hand 7
♠ K 7 ♥ 10 8 5 4 ♦ K 6 5 ♣ K 7 5 4 ?

First thoughts Suit slams can be bid on much lower point-counts than
notrump slams. If the opponents hold only 26 points between them, your
partner could hold a 5-count and may hold a minor-suit queen. Should you
risk a lead from one of your kings or push out a passive heart, despite the
fact that this may assist declarer in setting up dummy’s advertised side suit?

♠7 4.8% 0.36
♥4 19.5% 1.02
♦5 14.1% 0.93
♣4 14.6% 0.94
A heart lead is easily best. Against disciplined slam bidders, you cannot
expect to cash the ace and king of a minor suit. A profile of our simulation
shows that East will hold an average of 3.4 HCP opposite this West hand.
This will include the ♦Q on 29.9% of the deals and the ♣Q on 30.9% of the
deals. So, lead from a minor-suit king and there is around a 70% chance that
declarer will own the ace and queen of the suit.
Which unbid suit should I lead?

Most of the time you will choose an opening lead from one of the unbid
suits. Very occasionally (miracles do happen), it may even be right to lead a
trump.
Hand 8
South opens 1♦ and North responds 2♣. What do you lead against 6♦ from:
♠ 10 8 6 5 4 ♥ 7 6 2 ♦ 3 2 ♣ 9 8 2 ?
First thoughts There is no apparent reason to lead one of the suits bid by
the opponents. Will you lead a heart or a spade?

♠5 7.6% 0.75
♥6/2 9.3% 0.74
♦3 4.8% 0.55
♣8/2 6.0% 0.58

There are two main chances of beating the slam. The first is to score two
quick tricks in the major suit that you lead, perhaps finding partner with the
ace-queen over dummy’s king. The second is to set up a major-suit king in
partner’s hand, which he will be able to cash when he scores a winner in one
of the other suits.
In both these situations you do better to lead your shorter unbid suit,
hearts here. Declarer or the dummy will hold a spade singleton or void with
frequency 47.9%. They will have a heart shortage only 25.1% of the time.
Here is a deal from the present simulation that illustrates the point:
♠9
♥ J 10 9 8
♦AJ7
♣KQJ43
♠ 10 8 6 5 4 ♠KQ3
♥762
N ♥KQ53
♦32 W E ♦54
♣982 S ♣ A 10 7 6
♠AJ72
♥A4
♦ K Q 10 9 8 6
♣5
1♦
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 3♦ pass 4NT
pass 5♦ pass 6♦
all pass
Cast aside any opinions you may have about the North-South bidding and
look at the opening lead situation from West’s point of view. If he starts with
a heart, he will set up a heart trick for East before declarer can establish
discards on dummy’s clubs. A spade lead would not be so effective, despite
East holding the ♠K-Q, because dummy has a singleton in the suit.
Hand 9
♠ 8 ♥ J 6 ♦ A Q 9 5 3 ♣ K Q 10 8 3 ?

First thoughts With a K-Q combination before your very eyes,
accompanied by an ace, the ♣K may seem the world’s most obvious lead.
How do you rate leading the ♦A?

♠8 14.9% 0.66
♥J 15.7% 0.68
♦A 15.7% 1.10
♣K 20.3% 0.78
The ♣K is indeed best at IMPs. As we have seen many times before, it is

essential to lead an ace (here the ♦A) at match-points. If you don’t, there is a
big chance that declarer can offload his diamonds on dummy’s heart suit.
The ♦A’s edge at match-points, 0.32 tricks per deal is gargantuan. Let’s
use our alternative measure for that form of the game, where the West cards
remain the same in a 5000-board duplicate pairs tournament and the 13 West
cards act as competitors. The eventual leader-board will be:
1st ♦A 77.8%
2nd= ♣K/Q 60.4%
4th ♥J 56.3%
A massive win for the diamond ace, as you see.
Hand 10
♠ A 10 6 ♥ Q 10 9 4 2 ♦ 8 7 3 ♣ K 5 ?
First thoughts Should you cash the ♠A, risk a heart or lead a trump?

♠A 12.8% 1.10
♥10 16.4% 0.89
♦3 19.9% 0.96
♣K 8.3% 0.75
At IMPs a passive trump is best. We assume a disciplined auction, so

there’s no chance of cashing the ♠A followed by partner’s ♠K. A heart
might find partner with the ♥K but could give away a trick.

Let’s see a deal from the simulation where a trump lead is necessary:
♠72
♥J873
♦AJ
♣AQ972
♠ A 10 6 ♠J985
♥ Q 10 9 4 2
N ♥65
♦873 W E ♦42
♣K5 S ♣ J 10 6 4 3
♠KQ43
♥AK
♦ K Q 10 9 6 5
♣5
1♦
pass 2♣ pass 2♠
pass 2NT pass 3♦
pass 4♦ pass 4NT
pass 5♥ pass 6♦
all pass
A trump lead prevents a ruff, defeating the slam. Otherwise declarer

ruffs a spade, finesses the ♣Q, and ditches a spade on the ♣A.
Hand 11
♠ Q J 10 8 3 ♥ 10 4 3 ♦ A 4 ♣ J 10 6 ?
First thoughts This is the first time that West has held the ace of trumps.
Is ace and another trump a good idea? If not, which side suit catches your
eye?
♠Q 10.5% 1.11
♥3 10.3% 1.10
♦A 7.3% 1.07
♣J 7.8% 1.08

The ♠Q edges ahead of a heart (the lead from the shorter unbid suit),
partly because of the honor sequence and partly because partner may hold a
singleton spade (3.1%), allowing you to give him a second round ruff.
Hand 12
♠QJ3 ♥ K Q 8 7 2 ♦ 3 ♣ J 10 6 3 ?
First thoughts No reason to lead a minor suit springs to mind. If you

are going to lead a major, which one do you prefer?

♠Q 13.4% 0.76
♥K 12.4% 0.80
♦3 8.6% 0.67
♣J 6.8% 0.60
There is not much in it. A spade lead edges it at IMPs (because spades is
the shorter unbid suit). The ♥K is better at match-points.
Hand 13
South opens 1♦, you overcall 1♠ and North responds 2♣. What do you lead
against 6♦ from:
♠ Q 10 8 7 4 3 ♥3 ♦A5 ♣ Q 10 9 5 ?
First thoughts Does your singleton heart represent a good lead? If you
think not, what other lead will you select?

♠7 13.8% 1.14
♥3 9.1% 1.10
♦A 8.9% 1.10
♣10 15.5% 1.16
The reason to lead a side-suit singleton is that you hope partner may be
able to give you a ruff subsequently. If East can win a trick here, the contract
will go down anyway, since you hold the ace of trumps!

Why is the club lead rated ahead of the spade lead, when you might think
that a spade would give you a fair chance of finding partner with a singleton
for a second-round ruff? A profile of the simulation shows that East has a
7.4% chance of a singleton/void spade. However, because North responded
in clubs, East has a 10.3% chance of a club singleton/void!
Imagine that East had been on lead against the same contract. He would
have made the obvious lead of his side-suit singleton. When you hold the
trump ace and are considering your lead from the other side of the table, you
may have to calculate which side-suit singleton your partner is most likely to
hold.
Hand 14
♠K873 ♥A54 ♦765 ♣982?
First thoughts ‘You should make an attacking lead against a suit slam!’
How many times have you heard that? If it’s true, surely you should lead a
spade, hoping partner has the ♠Q. If you win subsequently with the ♥A, you
can cash the setting trick in spades. That’s the theory. Let’s see the facts.

♠3 4.9% 0.59
♥A 7.1% 1.03
♦5 9.4% 0.79
♣9/2 8.7% 0.79
A spade lead is hopelessly last at both forms of the game. A trump is best
at IMPs (particularly when dummy has only two trumps, if the bidding
suggests that). At match-points you must place your ♥A on the table!
Hand 15
♠K873 ♥982 ♦765 ♣A54?
First thoughts If a spade lead was wrong on the previous West hand,
let’s move the side ace into dummy’s strong side suit. Declarer will usually
have to develop the clubs (as opposed to the hearts on Hand 16) and you

would then be happy to have set up a spade trick, if possible. Is the spade
lead right now?

♠3 9.0% 0.94
♥9/2 10.9% 1.01
♦5 6.1% 0.98
♣A 3.4% 0.93
The aggressive spade lead moves upwards in the ranking, as you would
expect, but it cannot overtake the passive lead in the other unbid suit.
CONCLUSIONS
Leading against a slam with a side-suit in dummy
• The traditional advice is to make aggressive leads against a small slam in

a suit. Our simulations do not support this. Even when dummy has
announced a side-suit that may supply discards, it is not with the odds to lead
away from a king or a queen in some different side-suit.
• It is generally right to lead a singleton in dummy’s main suit, unless you

have an ace in your hand or any ruff would be from a natural trump trick.
• It is often right to lead the ace of dummy’s main suit when you have four
or more cards and therefore some chance of giving partner a ruff.
• At match-points (duplicate pairs) it is usually essential to lead an ace in

an unbid suit, to prevent declarer from making an overtrick.
• When you have no singleton or ace, it is often right to lead the shorter of
similar holdings in the unbid suits.

Pick a Winner!
Leading against a suit slam with a side suit
On the twelve West hands below, the opponents have bid a slam via a
disciplined auction. You cannot therefore expect to cash the ace-king in
any side suit. Try to judge which is the best opening lead and note if you
think a different lead would be better at match-points. The results are
given overleaf.
(North opens 1♥ and South ends in 6♠.)
1. ♠ 6 2 2. ♠ 10 9 7 4 3. ♠Q93
♥Q ♥K ♥A95
♦A9842 ♦QJ842 ♦ 10 5 4
♣ J 10 9 8 5 ♣ 10 8 6 ♣ J 10 9 7
4. ♠ 8 6 3 5. ♠96 6. ♠8
♥ J 10 8 ♥ A 10 6 ♥J8654
♦865 ♦ 10 9 4 ♦64
♣AQ93 ♣J9642 ♣AQJ42
(South opens 1♦, North responds 2♣ and South ends in 6♦.)
7. ♠ 7 3 2 8. ♠4 9. ♠95
♥K62 ♥ Q 10 9 8 7 ♥ 10 9 8 5 4
♦ 10 8 5 2 ♦K4 ♦ K 10 6
♣ 10 8 4 ♣98764 ♣985
10. ♠ J 6 5 4 2 11. ♠ K J 8 4 12 ♠ A Q 9
♥ 10 9 8 3 2 ♥K96 ♥7632
♦Q7 ♦ 10 9 3 ♦J5
♣8 ♣ 10 9 4 ♣ 10 9 8 7

Answers
(North opens 1♥ and South ends in 6♠.)

IMPs MPs
1. ♠ 6 2 ♥ Q ♦ A 9 8 4 2 ♣ J 10 9 8 5 1st ♦A 22.1% 1.15
2nd ♣J 13.6% 0.75
2. ♠ 10 9 7 4 ♥ K ♦ Q J 8 4 2 ♣ 10 8 6 1st ♥K 54.8% 1.50
2nd ♦Q 42.6% 1.40
3. ♠ Q 9 3 ♥ A 9 5 ♦ 10 5 4 ♣ J 10 9 7 1st ♥A 49.8% 1.47
2nd ♣J 44.5% 1.41
4. ♠ 8 6 3 ♥ J 10 8 ♦ 8 6 5 ♣ A Q 9 3 1st ♣A 16.5% 1.10
2nd ♦5 10.4% 0.48
5. ♠ 9 6 ♥ A 10 6 ♦ 10 9 4 ♣ J 9 6 4 2 1st(I) ♦10 16.1% 1.00
1st(M) ♥A 11.4% 1.03
6. ♠ 8 ♥ J 8 6 5 4 ♦ 6 4 ♣ A Q J 4 2 1st ♣A 29.2% 1.25
2nd ♥5 21.5% 0.86
(South opens 1♦, North responds 2♣ and South ends in 6♦.)
7. ♠ 7 3 2 ♥ K 6 2 ♦ 10 8 5 2 ♣ 10 8 4 1st ♠2 17.1% 0.84

2nd ♣4 14.8% 0.75
8. ♠ 4 ♥ Q 10 9 8 7 ♦ K 4 ♣ 9 8 7 6 4 1st ♣6 24.3% 1.10
2nd ♥10 17.9% 1.02
9. ♠ 9 5 ♥ 10 9 8 5 4 ♦ K 10 6 ♣ 9 8 5 1st ♠9 32.6% 1.28
2nd ♥10 30.7% 1.26
10. ♠ J 6 5 4 2 ♥ 10 9 8 3 2 ♦ Q 7 ♣ 8 1st ♣8 22.1% 0.74
2nd ♥10 16.9% 0.74
11. ♠ K J 8 4 ♥ K 9 6 ♦ 10 9 3 ♣ 10 9 4 1st ♣10 10.2% 0.57
2nd ♦3 9.5% 0.53
12. ♠ A Q 9 ♥ 7 6 3 2 ♦ J 5 ♣ 10 9 8 7 1st(I) ♣10 14.6% 0.64
1st(M) ♠A 13.3% 1.10

Chapter 16
Leading against a grand slam
We may be proved wrong but we are not expecting this to be a very long
chapter. Most grand slams are either destined to succeed or destined to fail
(perhaps because a side-suit finesse is wrong or a key suit breaks badly). It is
not so often that the opening lead will make much difference.
If you have a side suit that is at least six cards in length, partner may be
void there and be able to score a ruff. We will discuss in a moment whether
it is good tactics for him to make a (lead-directing) Lightner Double in such
a situation.
It will usually be a poor idea to lead away from a king or a queen against
a grand slam. It would not help you at all if you happened to find partner
with a matching honor in the suit. Meanwhile, you risk giving a trick away.
There is usually little advantage in leading from combinations headed by the
K-Q or Q-J either, since setting up a trick is worth little when the contract is
a grand slam. Even if such leads do not surrender a trick directly, they will
give away the position of high cards and may assist declarer to find the
winning line.
A lead from a solid sequence such as Q-J-10-x-x is safe, it’s true, but in
these days of Roman Key-card Blackwood a trump lead is probably safe too.
RKCB is usually employed to confirm that the three top trumps are present.
Even a singleton trump should then be a safe lead, unless the opponents are
in an 8-card fit and partner’s J-x-x-x or J-10-x-x could be put at risk.
In rough terms, it is likely that on 80-90% of grand slams, the result is
pre-ordained (in the absence of some foolish lead from an honor). Our task
will be to identify which leads are likely to be effective on those deals where
the opening lead can make a difference.
As in the two chapters on leading against small slams, we are not going
to mention any explicit auctions here. There are many thousands of possible
auctions resulting in a grand slam. We will take a particular West hand and
then create 5000 random deals where North-South have the requirements for
bidding a grand slam. They will hold all six key cards: the four aces and the
trump king and queen.
Leading against a grand slam 213

Should I lead a trump or from touching honors?
You will know that many text books recommend leading a trump against a
grand slam. It may seem obvious to make a passive lead of some sort, since
there can be no direct benefit from setting up a trick. (If your side ever
gained the lead to cash it, the grand would be down anyway!)
That said, on our very first exploratory run, choosing random West hands
on lead against 7♦, a trump was the best lead on only 6 West hands out of
50! How can that be? It is because a side-suit lead may remove a key entry
to dummy; a lead from a long side suit may give partner a ruff.
In this section we will see whether it is better to lead from touching
honors in a side suit than to lead a trump.
Hand 1
The opponents bid to 7♦. What would you lead from:
♠ 9 7 ♥ K Q 7 2 ♦ 8 5 ♣ 10 8 7 5 4 ?
First thoughts Should you lead a trump or is there some reason why the
♥K may be a better shot? In all probability it will not make much difference
what you lead, but we will see…

♠9 12.2% 0.13
♥K 13.7% 0.14
♦8 12.6% 0.13
♦5 12.7% 0.13
♣5 13.5% 0.14
Well, there you have it. Your choice of lead will make very little
difference on most grand slam deals. Those who take the game seriously
may still be interested in finding the best lead on those deals where the
choice can make a difference. Remember too that the IMP-swing may be
enormous. Suppose the other table plays in a small slam. By beating the
grand you may pick up 17 IMPs instead of losing 13.
The ♥K wins narrowly. Occasionally it will knock out a key entry to
dummy, perhaps preventing the establishment of a side suit.
When will a club lead be the winner? Our profile of the 5000 deals in this
simulation shows that East will be void in clubs 1.6% of the time. Would he
then have made a Lightner Double? Maybe, but many players are rightly
214 Leading against a grand slam

concerned about a flight to 7NT; they rely on their partner to lead a long side
suit anyway.
Look now at the figures for a trump lead. The ♦5 is rated fractionally
ahead of the ♦8. This confirms the standard recommendation to lead low in
the trump suit, in case your higher trump(s) may be of use later. Let’s see a
deal from the simulation where this policy would prevent an expensive loss:
♠J2
♥AJ9854
♦62
♣AJ2
♠97 ♠ Q 10 8 6 4 3
♥KQ72
N ♥ 10 3
♦85 W E ♦943
♣ 10 8 7 5 4 S ♣96
♠AK5
♥6
♦ A K Q J 10 7
♣KQ3

1♥ pass 4NT
pass 5♥ pass 7♦
all pass
The immediate 4NT was not asking for key-cards in hearts, it was straight
Blackwood for aces. Suppose West decides to lead a trump and mistakenly
selects the ♦8. Declarer wins in his hand and plays on the heart suit, hoping
for a 3–3 break. He crosses to the ♥A, ruffs a heart, returns to dummy with
the ♣J and ruffs another heart. When the suit does not break 3–3, he has to
take a spade ruff. He plays the ♠A-K, leads a third spade and… disaster for
West! He is out of spades but, after his misguided opening lead, cannot ruff
higher than dummy’s ♦6. The grand slam is made.
Hand 2

♠ K Q 10 8 ♥ J 8 7 ♦ 9 4 2 ♣ Q 7 6 ?

First thoughts A club lead is out of the question. (Imagine if West had
held ♠Q-7-6 on our Hand 1 and led the suit. Dummy’s ♠J would win!) Even
a heart from the jack carries some risk. For example, partner might hold the
♥Q and the lead could give declarer three heart tricks. So, it is between a
spade and a trump.

♠K 11.9% 0.13
♥7 10.6% 0.11
♦2 11.2% 0.12
♣6 8.1% 0.08
It’s a narrow win for the ♠K over a trump. When you lead from a spade
combination like this and the contract is at some lesser level, you run the risk
that dummy will hold ♠J-x-x and declarer will hold the ♠A-x or ♠A-x-x.
This is not a worry at the seven-level of course, since one spade winner will
defeat the contract.
Hand 3
♠ J 10 7 ♥ K 8 3 ♦ 7 6 4 ♣ Q J 10 6 ?
First thoughts You would choose a heart lead only if you had recently
committed a serious crime and were hoping to plead not guilty on grounds of
insanity. The ♠J is fairly safe but the main choice is between a trump and the
club sequence. Let’s see the numbers:

♠J 17.3% 0.18
♥3 8.4% 0.09
♦7 17.7% 0.19
♣Q 17.5% 0.18
A trump lead is best by a tiny margin. Let’s look for a simulation deal
where a trump leads works better than the ♣Q:

♠AKQ32
♥AJ975
♦AK3
♣—
♠ J 10 4 ♠8654
♥K83
N ♥Q6
♦764 W E ♦85
♣ Q J 10 6 S ♣K5432
♠9
♥ 10 4 2
♦ Q J 10 9 2
♣A987
North opens 2♣ and the diamond fit soon comes to light, the partnership
going all the way to 7♦. Suppose that West starts with the ♣Q. Declarer can
ruff with the ♦K, cross to his hand with a trump and ruff another club with
the ♦A. Ace and another spade, ruffed, establishes that suit and declarer
draws the outstanding trumps. A heart to dummy’s ace then allows him to
discard two hearts and a club on dummy’s three spade winners.
Meanwhile, a trump lead would have beaten the contract. Declarer does
not then have the entries to score two club ruffs and enjoy four spade
winners.
On other deals from the simulation, club and spade leads (even
occasionally a heart lead) removed a critical entry to the dummy. Remember
that our ‘Beats’ figures are the average for all 5000 simulated deals. On a
particular auction to 7♦, at the table, you will often pick up clues as to which
lead may work against the current lie of the cards. For example, when
dummy has shown a strong side suit, an attacking lead in one of the other
side suits might remove a useful entry.
Leading a long suit to seek a ruff
When you hold a side suit of six cards or more, there is a fair chance that
your partner will be void in the suit. This chance becomes slightly better
when you are short in the trump suit, since you can expect partner to hold
trump length (which slightly increases his chance of a void in the side suit).
In this section we will investigate leads from long side suits against a grand
slam.

Hand 4
♠ J 10 7 ♥ Q 9 7 6 4 3 2 ♦ 8 ♣ 10 8 ?
First thoughts Leading from a queen is not normally attractive. Here you
hold seven cards in the suit and this gives you some expectation of a void in
partner’s hand. It is also less likely that you will give away a third trick in
the suit when partner is not void.

♠J 13.5% 0.14
♥6 15.0% 0.16
♦8 12.5% 0.13
♣10 13.1% 0.14
The heart lead comes out best but you may think the 15.0% figure should
be reduced to account for the situations where partner will make a Lightner
Double when void in hearts. A profile of the 5000 deals showed that East
will be void in hearts 2.9% of the time opposite this West hand. Maybe your
partner would have doubled with a void heart. Remember, though, that it is
extremely expensive to make a Lightner Double that causes the opponents to
run to a making 7NT.
This is a typical deal from the simulation:
♠2
♥ K 10 8 5
♦A953
♣A932
♠ J 10 7 ♠KQ96543
♥Q976432
N ♥—
♦8 W E ♦ 10 4 2
♣ 10 8 S ♣654
♠A8
♥AJ
♦KQJ76
♣KQJ7
North-South bid to 7♦, surviving any intervention you may have thrown
at them in the majors. The question then is: should East make a Lightner

Double to make sure of a heart lead? If he does, South may well take flight
to 7NT. East’s double will place West with the ♥Q, allowing declarer to
score three heart tricks in addition to the ten top winners in the other suits. It
is probably better tactics to hold back the Lightner Double and rely on
partner leading his long heart suit anyway.
Hand 5
♠ J 10 ♥ Q 8 7 ♦ 7 4 ♣ J 10 6 5 4 2 ?
First thoughts Here you have only a 6-card suit. To compensate, you will
not be leading away from a queen. Do you like the look of a club lead?

♠J 8.9% 0.09
♥7 7.5% 0.08
♦4 8.5% 0.09
♣J 11.0% 0.12
♣5 10.5% 0.11
The profile gives East a 3.3% chance of holding a void club. As usual,
you should lead the jack, rather than a low card, to deal with situations
similar to this:
♣Q7
♣ J 10 6 5 4 2 ♣K83
♣A9
A low lead (in a situation where you’re surely not underleading a king)
allows declarer to play low from dummy, scoring two club tricks.
Hand 6
♠8 ♥95 ♦854 ♣K976432?
First thoughts You have a 7-card suit but it is headed by the king. Should
you risk giving a trick away, leading from a king, to pick up the cases where
partner is void in the suit? If not, what other lead do you fancy?

♠8 17.0% 0.19
♥9 16.8% 0.18
♦4 16.0% 0.17
♣6 14.0% 0.15
A club lead is worst. East will be void in clubs 2.1% of the time, so there
is some chance of a ruff. Against that, he will hold the ♣Q only 44.7% of the
time. When he does not have this card, you may well be giving declarer two
club tricks on a plate. Not a worthwhile exchange.
You may be puzzled why partner has a lower chance of a club void on
some deals where West has a 7-card suit, compared with others where West
has only a 6-card suit. This is due to the algorithm we use to determine
whether the North-South hands merit bidding a grand slam. When a side-suit
king is missing, for example, it is quite likely that declarer or the dummy
will hold a singleton (or void) in the suit.
Leading when dummy has announced a side suit
Next we will see what effect it has when dummy has announced a side suit,
by opening or responding in the suit. We will take the case where North has
opened 1♥ and South responded 1♠, the bidding proceeding in disciplined
fashion to 7♠.
Hand 7
North opens 1♥ and South arrives in 7♠. What would you lead from:
♠J42 ♥K7632 ♦J6 ♣J72?
First thoughts Again there is a chance of giving partner a heart ruff, but is
it safe to lead away from the ♥K? If you don’t like the look of a heart lead,
should you lead one the minors, hoping to dislodge an entry to dummy, or
stick with a safe trump?

♠2 24.4% 0.25
♥2 17.2% 0.18
♦J 20.5% 0.22
♣2 21.6% 0.22

A trump is best and a ruff-seeking heart worst. There are two ways in
which a trump lead can work well. Firstly, it may save you from giving a
trick away with an unlucky side-suit lead from an honor. Secondly, it may
prevent a ruff for declarer when the dummy is relatively short of trumps.
Hand 8
♠ 3 ♥ 10 8 6 4 3 ♦ Q 10 4 ♣ 10 9 7 6 ?
First thoughts Leading from the ♦Q looks hopeless but none of the other
three leads can be dismissed immediately. A club lead might dislodge a side
entry to be used for establishing the hearts; a heart lead might be ruffed by
partner; a trump lead might possibly save a ruff in dummy.

♠3 12.3% 0.13
♥4 17.7% 0.19
♦4 12.5% 0.14
♣10 13.1% 0.14
A heart lead is easily best but the second place is closely contested. Our
profile shows that East will be void in hearts 6.1% of the time and this is
what gives the heart lead its advantage.
You may be thinking: ‘My partner would always make a Lightner Double
with a void heart’. We reran the 5000 deals in the present simulation with a
final contract of 7NT and found that a run-out to the notrump grand would
be successful 67% of the time. So, it is by no means obvious to make a
Lightner Double in such circumstances.
Hand 9
♠852 ♥4 ♦KJ9643 ♣J74?
First thoughts We can guess that a diamond lead from the king will not be
favored. Is there any reason to lead the singleton heart? Let’s find out:

♠2 21.5% 0.23
♥4 21.8% 0.24
♦6 14.7% 0.15
♣4 20.4% 0.23
We’ll call it a dead-heat between a trump and the singleton heart. There
are obviously some cases where a singleton lead in dummy’s main side suit
disrupts declarer’s communications. For example, dummy’s hearts might be
headed by the A-K-Q. If there is no side entry to dummy in a minor suit,
declarer would have to ‘draw trumps, ending in the dummy’ to enjoy more
than one heart trick. This would not be possible if dummy held either two
trumps or three trumps headed by a card lower than the eight.
Here’s a simulation deal where a heart lead gains for a different reason:
♠ Q 10 7
♥ A Q J 10 9
♦—
♣ A K 10 9 5
♠852 ♠4
♥4
N ♥K732
♦KJ9643 W E ♦ Q 10 8 7 2
♣J74 S ♣Q86
♠AKJ963
♥865
♦A5
♣32
Suppose West leads a trump against 7♠. Declarer wins in hand and ruffs
a diamond in the dummy. He then draws trumps in two further rounds.
Before relying on the heart finesse, he plays the ♣A-K and ruffs a club high.
Glory be! The suit breaks 3–3 and will provide two discards for his heart
losers. He crosses to the ♥A and plays the two established clubs, throwing
two hearts.
As you see, a heart lead will prevent this line of play by removing the
♥A. Declarer cannot rise with the ♥A and set up the clubs, planning to
‘draw trumps, ending in the dummy’, because he needs a diamond ruff.

Hand 10
♠542 ♥KQJ7 ♦J32 ♣ 10 8 5 ?
First thoughts A trump may prevent a ruff and a heart looks safe. A
diamond or a club might remove an entry that could assist in setting up five
hearts in dummy opposite a singleton in declarer’s hand. What will it be?

♠2 19.1% 0.20
♥K 16.4% 0.17
♦2 16.2% 0.17
♣5 17.3% 0.18
A heart lead is unproductive since East will be void in hearts only 0.4%
of the time. A diamond or a club could remove an entry from dummy; the
diamond lead is slight more risky, being away from a jack. The trump lead
heads the listing since it might gain in two different ways. It could prevent a
ruff; it could also remove an important entry if dummy held, say, ♠A-J.
We looked into the simulation and found plenty of deals where dummy
held five or six hearts opposite a singleton in declarer’s hand. A lead of the
♥K allowed the hearts to be set up. A trump lead (sometimes a minor-suit
lead) removed an entry and thwarted that line of play.
Hand 11
♠ — ♥ 9 7 6 4 2 ♦ Q J 10 9 4 ♣ Q 8 3 ?
First thoughts A club looks wild, so it’s a choice between the two red
suits. It ‘feels good’ to lead from a sequence of honors. Is that the best idea
here, though?

♥4 28.3% 0.33
♦Q 24.4% 0.30
♣3 22.7% 0.28

Why is a heart lead better than a diamond? There are two main ways in
which it can succeed. Firstly, you may be able to give partner an immediate
ruff. A profile of this simulation showed that East would hold a void heart
7.4% of the time. In addition to that, a heart lead may cut declarer off from
the dummy when declarer has a singleton heart, which is a 47.3% chance.
Let’s see an example of that from the simulation:
♠Q832
♥AKQJ85
♦2
♣52
♠— ♠ J 10 6 4
♥97642
N ♥ 10
♦ Q J 10 9 4 W E ♦53
♣Q83 S ♣ K J 10 9 7 4
♠AK975
♥3
♦AK876
♣A6

1♥ pass 1♠
pass 4♦ pass 4NT
pass 5♦ pass 5♥
pass 6♥ pass 7♠
all pass
South uses RKCB to discover that North holds the ♥A and then the ♠Q
with the ♥K. You can see what would happen on the ♦Q lead. Declarer
would win in hand and lead low to the ♠Q, because he can pick up a 4-0
trump break only if East holds the trump length. When a second round of
trumps is led, let’s say that East splits his J-10. Declarer wins, crosses to
dummy with a diamond ruff and picks up the trumps with a finesse of the 9.
He can then return to dummy with a heart to discard his remaining losers.
A heart lead defeats the contract. Declarer wins in the dummy and again
plays the ♠Q, West showing out. When he plays a second top heart, East can
either ruff or discard a diamond. The situation is then hopeless for declarer.

CONCLUSIONS - Leading against a grand slam
• It is only on a relatively small fraction of grand slams that your opening
lead will make any difference.
• Unless you have some specific purpose in mind, do not lead away from a
king or queen against a grand slam. The occasions where a lead in the
chosen suit proves to be a killer for some reason, are outnumbered by the
times when you give away a trick in the suit.
• Traditional text-books recommend leading a trump. It’s true that this is

unlikely to give a trick away but it is less likely to be a killing lead than one
in a side suit. (A trump lead may prevent a ruff when dummy’s trumps are
short; a side-suit lead may destroy a key entry.)
• When you have a side suit of six cards or more, or length in dummy’s
main suit, finding partner with a void and giving him a ruff may be your best
chance. Even so, do not lead from a king and be wary of leading from a
queen.
• When declarer is in a grand slam after the dummy has shown a good side
suit (by opening or responding in that suit), consider a lead of dummy’s suit.

Pick a Winner! Leading against a grand slam
The opponents have a disciplined auction to a grand slam. You must
judge which is the best opening lead and note if you think a different lead
would be better at match-points (unlikely against a grand slam). The
results are given overleaf.
(The opponents bid 7♦ on a disciplined auction that identifies all 6 key

cards.)
1. ♠ 3 2 2. ♠84 3. ♠QJ9
♥K987 ♥KQJ742 ♥ Q 10 6 3
♦3 ♦873 ♦6
♣J96532 ♣J9 ♣ 10 7 5 4 2
4. ♠ K Q 6 5 4 2 5. ♠8765 6. ♠765
♥J753 ♥QJ ♥ Q J 10 9
♦3 ♦4 ♦J65
♣K3 ♣ Q 10 8 7 6 2 ♣KQ4
(North opens 1♥, South responds 1♠ and ends in 7♠ after a disciplined

auction that identifies the 6 spade key cards.)
7. ♠ 10 7 3 8. ♠98 9. ♠987
♥J2 ♥ K 10 8 2 ♥K932
♦ Q 10 9 5 2 ♦QJ52 ♦8542
♣762 ♣ Q 10 2 ♣Q7
10. ♠ 10 8 7 4 11. ♠ 2 12. ♠ 9

♥Q ♥98763 ♥ J 10 8
♦J643 ♦ 10 8 4 3 2 ♦J96542
♣ J 10 7 5 ♣97 ♣72

Answers
IMPs MPs
(Opponents bid 7♦, disciplined auction)
1. ♠ 3 2 ♥ K 9 8 7 ♦ 3 ♣ J 9 6 5 3 2 1st ♣5 22.4% 0.24
2nd ♠3 19.8% 0.21
2. ♠ 8 4 ♥ K Q J 7 4 2 ♦ 8 7 3 ♣ J 9 1st ♠8 12.6% 0.13
2nd ♥K 12.3% 0.13
3. ♠ Q J 9 ♥ Q 10 6 3 ♦ 6 ♣ 10 7 5 4 2 1st ♣4 12.7% 0.13
2nd ♦6 10.8% 0.11
4. ♠ K Q 6 5 4 2 ♥ J 7 5 3 ♦ 3 ♣ K 3 1st ♠K 30.7% 0.33
2nd ♥3 29.3% 0.31
5. ♠ 8 7 6 5 ♥ Q J ♦ 4 ♣ Q 10 8 7 6 2 1st= ♠8 11.0% 0.12
1st= ♣7 11.0% 0.12
6. ♠ 7 6 5 ♥ Q J 10 9 ♦ J 6 5 ♣ K Q 4 1st ♣K 18.6% 0.19
2nd ♥Q 17.7% 0.19
(North opens 1♥, South responds 1♠ and ends in 7♠)

7. ♠ 10 7 3 ♥ J 2 ♦ Q 10 9 5 2 ♣ 7 6 2 1st ♣6 12.1% 0.13
2nd ♠3 11.5% 0.12
8. ♠ 9 8 ♥ K 10 8 2 ♦ Q J 5 2 ♣ Q 10 2 1st ♠9 18.2% 0.19
2nd ♦Q 14.4% 0.15
9. ♠ 9 8 7 ♥ K 9 3 2 ♦ 8 5 4 2 ♣ Q 7 1st ♠9 17.0% 0.18
2nd ♦5 15.8% 0.16
10. ♠ 10 8 7 4 ♥ Q ♦ J 6 4 3 ♣ J 10 7 5 1st ♥Q 38.1% 0.42
2nd ♣J 33.9% 0.38
11. ♠ 2 ♥ 9 8 7 6 3 ♦ 10 8 4 3 2 ♣ 9 7 1st ♥9 15.4% 0.16
2nd ♣9 9.7% 0.11
12. ♠ 9 ♥ J 10 8 ♦ J 9 7 6 5 4 2 ♣ 7 2 1st ♦6 17.7% 0.19
2nd ♣7 16.3% 0.17

Chapter 17
Methodology
In this final chapter of the book, we will discuss the methodology that we
used for the simulations, both in this book and in Winning Notrump Leads.
We will justify using double-dummy simulation to evaluate the leads and
explain why we rejected some possible alternative approaches.
Background
One of the ways in which you can improve your performance at any game is
to learn from experience. With bridge, this is not so easy. The best play, bid
or opening lead is far from guaranteed to give the right result for the
particular lie of the cards confronting you. Even if you are a bridge
enthusiast, playing many times a week, you can never hope to accumulate
from experience enough information to judge the best opening leads in
various situations.
Instead of learning from experience, players are forced to rely on expert
opinion that has been passed down through the decades. General guidelines
and tables of recommended leads are a reasonable start, but there are many
situations where these basic measures will not tell you the most productive
opening lead. It is therefore desirable to use the impressive number-
crunching power of modern computers to analyze which opening leads work
best.
Which methodology is best?

In some way we needed to take a given auction and a given West hand, then
evaluate the possible opening leads. As there is no mathematical formula to
guide us in opening lead selection, we have to rely on actual play of the
hands and make a note of the results. To cover the scenarios in this book,
millions of hands need to be played to get any degree of confidence in the
results. Indeed that is precisely what we’ve done. Not by playing the hands
228 Methodology
ourselves over the hundreds of years that it would take but by using
computer software.
How can computer software assist in such a task? There are three
approaches and we have at various points deployed all three:
1. For a given West hand, generate thousands of random deals that

match the bidding. Play the hands at double-dummy and aggregate
the results.
2. As for (2) but use single-dummy software that tries more faithfully
to emulate a human’s play.
3. Look at real-life deals that have been played over the decades and
analyze which opening leads worked well.
While none of these is perfect, we found that the first method was easily
the best. Single-dummy software was far too slow to analyze enough hands.
It was also not a good enough representation of a real player, even though
hand-playing software has improved considerably over the years.
Nevertheless, we did use single-dummy software (in our case WBridge5,
which won the World Bridge Computer Championships in 2005, 2007 and
2008) to compare its results with those given by our double-dummy
methodology. We saw nothing to make us question the approach we have
taken.
How about analyzing deals from real play? We did look at tens of
thousands of hands played at both club and tournament level, including
world bridge championships from 1955 to 2009. This was still not sufficient
to get a realistic assessment of a particular lead situation, such as an auction
of 1♠–2♣–2♠–4♠. Each deal was only played a few times, often just twice.
Our analysis of tournament results showed us how important the opening
lead is. Even in world championship play, an average of 0.22 tricks are given
away by the opening lead (when compared with the result after the best
opening lead on that complete deal). This may not sound a lot but our
analysis shows that it is a bigger difference than the entire defensive
performance between a top and average player.
Our double-dummy methodology

How were the numbers shown in this book obtained and how reliable are
they? We will discuss the reliability later but first let’s look at how we
generated the data.
Methodology 229
Suppose we set a bidding sequence of 1♠–2♠–4♠, and want to calculate
the best opening lead from: ♠ 87 ♥ KQ76 ♦ J7 ♣ QJ872. We fix that
West hand and randomly generate a large number of complete deals (often
several million), until we find 5000 deals where all four hands conform to
the bidding sequence.
In the present example, South would have to hold at least five spades and
a hand strong enough to advance to game after a single raise from partner.
North would hold the requirements for a single raise and East would not hold
any hand worthy of intervention over the 2♠ raise. Perhaps you are worried
that our ideas of a hand worth a raise to 2♠ do not match those of your
opponents? It is not a cause for concern. We have seen from experience that
small variations of definition (for example, using a range of 6-10 HCP for a
single raise instead of 5-9 HCP) cause only a very small change to the
numbers in the Beats Contract and Average Tricks tables. More importantly,
they very rarely change the relative ranking order of the different possible
leads.
Once we have 5000 52-card deals conforming to the chosen bidding, the
software plays each deal automatically, at double-dummy. It does this 13
times, once for each of the possible opening leads. By accumulating the
results we can determine which opening lead will give the best chance of
beating the contract (the aim at IMPs) and which will give the defenders the
most tricks on average (the aim at match-points). To check this process we
have occasionally generated two different 5000-deal sets for the same
situation. Although the numbers may go up or down slightly, again it is very
rare for the relative order of the potential leads to change. We can therefore
be confident in our recommended ‘Best Leads’.
Our initial action, when looking at a particular bidding sequence for the
first time, would be a fishing expedition. Typically, we might ask the
software to create 100 random West hands, for each of which it would
generate 1000 complete deals conforming to the chosen auction. By looking
at each West hand, along with the recommended best lead, we would get a
good early idea on which types of lead worked well. For example, are short-
suit leads better than long-suit leads? Is it a good idea to lead aggressively,
from honors, or to seek passive leads? We might also unearth a few
interesting West hands where the recommended lead was somewhat
surprising. Deals which appeared to be worthy of inclusion in the book
would be rerun, this time increasing the accuracy by asking for 5000 deals to
be created for each West hand. We would also construct some West hands
manually, to compare leads from different suit holdings.
Although we mainly use two metrics in the preceding chapters – Beats
Contract frequency and Average Tricks – our software produces a number of
230 Methodology
additional metrics. For example, we can simulate a pairs tournament of 13
East-West pairs. Each is represented by one of the 13 possible leads in a
given West hand and we calculate the match-point scoring. For example, the
♠K might win the event with a match-point score of 72.3% against the rest
of the field. Eventually, we felt that presenting the Average Tricks figures
was as good a way as any to display the potency of each opening lead at
pairs scoring.
Reliability of the data

We needed to satisfy ourselves on two fronts for this methodology.
1. Do we have a large enough sample to trust the results?
2. How representative is double-dummy analysis?
It would be inappropriate for us to discuss the science of statistical

sampling in depth here, but we are happy that 5000 deals per West hand
gives a satisfactory accuracy. With that sample size, it is very unlikely that
any given figure in our tables will be incorrect by more than 1%.
Whether it is valid to use double-dummy analysis needed more research.
Would the play of a hand when both declarer and defenders can see all four
hands relate meaningfully to play in the real world? Many commentators
claim that the advantages for declarer and the defenders of playing at
double-dummy more or less cancel each other out. We needed to verify this
against data that was better known to us.
We did an analysis of hands from Nikos Sarantakos’ Vugraph Project,
which captures hands from world championships and other top class
tournaments. We also analyzed data from club nights over 2 years at a local
bridge club to see if there was a significance difference from top-class
events. All in all, we ran the double-dummy analysis on over 100,000 plays
of the hands and compared the actual result to that predicted by double-
dummy analysis.
The results surprised us. Looking at top-class results, the actual number
of tricks made corresponded to the double-dummy prediction around 55% of
the time! Around 19% of the time an extra trick was made and 16% one
fewer trick than at double- dummy. This variation is not because the double-
dummy is off target; the actual results themselves varied with each other.
Indeed, if you look at the results from any board at the table, you will see a
similar spread of tricks made. At club level, we saw a somewhat bigger
spread, with about 45% corresponding to the double-dummy result and
similar figures for the adjacent ‘tricks made’ scores, reflecting a broader
range of abilities at the typical bridge club.
Methodology 231
These results encouraged us to persist with the double-dummy approach.
Suppose, in an imaginary world, that we lined up competent bridge players
to play each West hand 65,000 times (13 different leads, for each of the
5,000 deals for that West). Would we have a better basis for evaluating the
best leads? It’s not clear that we would.
It should also be noted that, even if a particular deal has an effect due to
double-dummy (for example, double-dummy play drops a singleton king
instead of finessing) this occurs only a small fraction of the 5,000 deals.
More importantly, such a deviation from normal play is unlikely to affect
whichever opening lead is chosen. Our intention is to assess the relative
merits of the various leads, rather than get accurate statistics for them.
Acknowledgements
Although we had to produce additional custom software to generate our
results, we were fortunate to be able to rely on pioneering work in bridge
software that preceded this project. Portable Bridge Notation (PBN) gave us
a way of representing bridge deals in a standard way that could be processed
by existing bridge software as well as our own. See http://www.tistis.nl/pbn.
We were able to use Bo Haglund’s Double Dummy Solver (DDS) as a
double dummy engine. We could invoke this from our own software to get
the double dummy results for the 13 possible leads at a reasonably fast level
of execution. This same DDS engine is used by several commercially
available bridge programs. See http://privat.bahnhof.se/wb758135
For dealing the hands, we made good use of Thomas Andrews’s Deal 3.1
program. See http://bridge.thomasoandrews.com/deal/. This gave us a lot of
useful functions to generate the specific hands we needed for our purpose.
The Vugraph Project and Bridge Base Online have captured a vast
number of hand records from international tournaments and we were able to
use this data to verify our methodology.
WBridge5 is a free bridge playing program that has won the World
Computer Bridge Championship a number of times. We were able to
automate it to play hundreds of hands at a time, with the help of its creators.
This allowed us to compare and contrast results with the double-dummy
executions. See http://www.wbridge5.com.
We evaluated existing commercial software for applicability to our
project. Bridge Analyser (myweb.tiscali.co.uk/lorne.anderson/Bridge/) has
a nice user interface and Dealmaster Pro (http://www.dealmaster.com/) a
comprehensive set of dealing functions. Although in the end we found it
more suitable for our purpose to write custom software, both these products
are worthy of attention.
232 Methodology
INTERMEDIATE/ADVANCED
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF OPENING LEADS

Winning Notrump Leads was a ground-breaking and very well-received book
that used the power of computers to determine which opening leads work best
against a variety of auctions at notrump. Using enhanced software, the authors
now turn their attention to suit contracts. They generate millions of random
deals, retaining those that match the chosen auction, for example 1-2-4.
By playing these deals automatically against each of the 13 possible opening
leads from a given hand, they are able to discover which lead is most likely to
beat the contract (also the best lead at matchpoint pairs). The authors provide
insightful commentary to each result, answering timeless questions such as:
• When should I lead a trump?

• When is a doubleton a good opening lead?
• Should I lead differently against a partscore?
• Should I make an aggressive or a passive lead?
• Should I lead an ace against a small slam?
• Which leads work best against a grand slam?
By using the number-crunching computer power available nowadays, there is

no longer any need to rely on general opening-lead guidelines passed down by
our ancestors. We think you will be surprised by many of the discoveries made
during this investigation!
DAVID BIRD (top) and TAF ANTHIAS were

contemporaries at Cambridge University, both reading
mathematics. They carried out research and development
on software systems for over 30 years at IBM’s UK
Laboratories. In the 1970s they formed a successful bridge
partnership, winning a number of national events.
David is now one of the world’s top bridge writers
with 116 books to his name. Taf moved on to the USA,
where he became a vice president of Cisco Systems.
They have joined forces on this ground-breaking book.
A N H O NO RS eB O O K FRO M MASTER POIN T PR ESS

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David Bird &

AN HONORS eBOOK FROM MASTER POINT PRESS

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Honors eBooks is an imprint of Master Point Press. All contents,

Master Point Press

Layout and Editing: David Bird & Taf Anthias

Chapter 1 Leading against a one-suit auction to game 5

Chapter 2 Leading against a part-score 16

Chapter 3 Leading after a competitive part-score auction 31

Chapter 4 Leading from different combinations 41

Chapter 5 When to lead a singleton 52

Chapter 6 When to lead a doubleton 65

Chapter 7 Leading against game with side suit in dummy 77

Chapter 8 Leading after a splinter-bid auction 93

Chapter 9 Leading when partner has opened 105

Chapter 10 Leading when declarer has a two-suiter 121

Chapter 11 When to lead a trump 135

Chapter 12 Leading against a pre-emptive raise 154

Chapter 13 Leading after a 1NT opening 166

Chapter 14 Leading against a small slam 180

Chapter 15 Leading against a small slam with a side suit 199

Chapter 16 Leading against a grand slam 213

Chapter 17 Methodology 228

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

The ♥A is a clear winner at both IMPs and match-points. The ♣10,

Leading against a one-suit auction to 4♠

Which leads work well against 1♠–3♠–4♠?

Leading against Four Spades 5

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

6 Leading against Four Spades

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

Leading against Four Spades 7

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

At IMPs a low heart is best. At match-points a trump is just as good.

The opponents bid 1♠–2♠–4♠

8 Leading against Four Spades

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

First thoughts There is no particular reason to lead a trump, it seems. Do

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

There is little constructive purpose in leading a club, unless partner

Should I lead aggressively or passively?

Leading against Four Spades 9

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

First thoughts Leading a singleton trump is not usually a good idea

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

10 Leading against Four Spades

Leading when you have good trumps

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

Leading against Four Spades 11

12 Leading against Four Spades

Beats Contract (IMPs) Avg. Tricks (MPs)

CONCLUSIONS - Leading against 4♠

• Side-suit singletons are excellent leads and should nearly always be

• Side-suit doubletons are better leads than most players realize. In

• Against one-suit auctions (such as 1♠–2♠–4♠ and 1♠–3♠–4♠), it is

• Leading an unsupported ace, from such as A-6–4 or A-9-8–3 is not such

Leading against Four Spades 13

(Auction is: 1♠–2♠–4♠)

(Auction is: 1♠–3♠–4♠)