A.1. globe, 2. Plan ,3. atlas., 4. locate places, 5. west
B.1. north arrow, 2. oblate spheroid, 3. Intersection, 4. legend/key, 5. Theme, 6. Four
c.1. Maps, globe, sketches and pictures.
2. A plan is a detailed drawing of a small area.
3. A scale is defined as the relation of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the same points on the ground.
4. The grid system of the Earth comprises of the network of horizontal and vertical lines called latitudes and longitudes. They help us locate places on the Earth.
C.1. Map: A map is a representation of the Earth on a flat surface. It gives us the detail and accurate information at one glance. A map is convenient to pack and easy to carry .
Globe: A globe is a model of the Earth. A globe shows the shape of the Earth accurately. It shows the continents, countries etc . It is mounted on an axle and inconvenient to carry and store.
2. Maps are a source of information about places. It is an important visual aid to study a place in detail. In fact it gives us detailed and accurate information on a limited space of paper. City and town planners use them to plan out roads and towns. A map is also used for navigation by sailors, pilots, miners, engineers, researchers and environmentalists.
OR
Maps present information about the world in a Simple, visual way. They teach about the world by Showing sizes and shapes of countries locations of features and distance between places. Maps help us to understand the complication of our large sized earth in an easy way by showing distribution of things.
3. Disadvantages: A globe cannot provide detailed information as it is small in size. It is inconvenient
to carry and store globe because it is bulky. Topographic details cannot be represented on a globe. A globe does not have a key or a legend which makes it difficult to read.
Advantages: A globe is an actual representation of the Earth. It shows the distribution of oceans, continents, countries and relief features. A globe is mounted on an axle and rotates freely showing a three-dimensional view of the Earth. A globe shows the grid system of the Earth. 4. Maps provide detailed information, not bulky and easy to carry and store. Maps let us make a comparison of the relief of two places and esay to understand. while globe can not provide detailed information and inconvenient to carry. Globe does not have a key or a legend which makes it difficult to read.
5. A sketch is a rough drawing without any scale based on memory or spot observation. They do not give accurate measurement of distance. While a plan is a detailed drawing of a small area on a large scale. It is an accurate detail of small are with actual measurement. They are made to understand the layout of buildings, parks, roads etc.
6. Different elements of a map are:
The title of a map is used to explain what it depicts
The key of a map explains what each symbol stands for. The symbols show and represent various features. The scale helps us to measure distances and calculate areas. The directions are also important feature of the map. The grid system helps to locate places on the Earth.
Think Box
The conventional symbols are standardized symbols used all around the world. These symbols show and represent various features. They are universally accepted to avoid confusion.
Picture Study
1. In order to be visible and to ensure it is protected
2. To be seen
Chapter – 2
Types of Maps
Reflect: Compass, Globe, sketch, legend, Plan,
Figure Out: The Vosges and the Black Forest
DIY: 1. Block mountain: Sierra Nevada in United States
2. Oxbow lake: Lake Chicot in Arkansas, North America
3. Delta: Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta
4. Tributary: River Missouri
Workout A. 1 cartography, 2. Altitude, 3. Water bodies
B. 1. Thematic, 2. physical, 3. small scale, 4. Symbols, 5. tributary
C.1. On the basis of scale, maps can be classified as small scale and large scale maps. On the basis of content, maps can be classified as political, physical and thematic.
2. A physical map shows the detailed picture of landforms and water bodies like the mountains,
plains, plateaus, oceans, rivers, seas and lakes with various colours.
3. Large scale maps are maps of a smaller area in a large size with more detail. An example is a map of town.
4. A topographical map shows the elevation of the Earth's surface using contour lines. Contour lines represent the height of a landform above the sea level. A topographical map is also known as contour map.
.D. 1. Maps are a source of information about places. City and town planners use them to plan out roads and towns. It is also used for navigation by sailors, pilots, miners, engineers, researchers and environmentalists.
2. Symbols that are used to show a variety of natural and man-made features on a map are called conventional symbols because they are accepted internationally. Some symbols represent natural features such as mountains, valley, plains and rivers while other show the cultural or man made features such as temples, roadways, railways etc.
3. Political maps show the boundaries of countries, states and districts with different symbols. It also shows the location of cities, towns and villages.
Thematic maps show specific features like the distribution of soils, minerals, crops, and population. They focus on specific information, such as road maps, rainfall and distribution of natural vegetation etc.
Think Box: With the help of the Sun and the stars and constellations
Picture Study: 1. Compass, 2. to find out directions
Life Skills and Values: Maps show the elevation of a place, which is very useful while hiking. It also shows the direction and location of a place.
C .1. Landforms are the relief features on the surface of the Earth. They are of various types such as mountains, plains and valleys and plateaus.
2. Fold mountains are formed:
As a result of compression and folding of the Earth's crust by forces generated from the interior of the Earth. They are associated with sedimentary rocks that are exposed to horizontal compression. Folding compresses, the rock strata into a series of wave-like synclines and anticlines without breaking or fracturing the rock layers. 3. The different types of mountains are fold mountains, block mountains, volcanic mountains, and residual mountains.
4. Volcanic mountains are formed from the molten material found within the Earth. It accumulates on the surface as lava, ash, and other debris. Volcanoes are generally singular features resulting from deep-seated activity along fissures or fault zones where superheated material finds access to the surface of the Earth.
D 1. Mountains are important to us in many ways:
Mountains act as a natural barrier from winds. They influence climate by causing orographic rainfall and also act as natural barriers. Glaciers found in the mountains are a source of perennial rivers that are navigable and provide water for irrigation and for generating hydroelectricity. Mountain slopes are ideal for rearing cattle due to the presence of healthy pastures. These regions are terraced for cultivating a variety of crops such as tea, fruits and rice. The dense vegetation found in the mountains is home to many animals and birds. Large reserves of timber and medicines are also found in these forests. Mountains are also famous for scenic beauty and tourist destinations.
2. Landforms are created by two major natural processes-internal processes and external processes.
The internal processes: Endogenous processes originate deep inside the Earth's interior.
These processes include the movement of the tectonic plates, mountain building, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
The slow movements build mountains and continents whereas, sudden movements cause volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
The vertical movement within the Earth's crust causes faulting and forms features such as block mountains, river valleys and plateaus. The external forces: Exogenous processes, occur on the Earth's crust and include agents of gradation like rivers, wind, glaciers, waves and water.
Weathering and mass movement are also external forces.
They are slow processes operate and under the force of gravity.
They wear down the higher elevated areas and deposit the materials in the lower regions.
These actions give rise to various types of landforms.
3. Block mountains –( Fault mountain)
Fault mountains are formed by the displacement of segments of the Earth's surface along faults. This movement is very slow, taking place in short jerks over thousands of years. The displacement may be vertical or horizontal, but the result is elevation of one block in relation to another.
4. There are few types of folds:
1.A symmetrical fold is formed when there is an equal force of compression applied from both sides of the rock layers. The two limbs are of equal size.
2.An asymmetrical fold is formed when there is greater compression from one side of the rock layer. One limb of an asymmetrical fold is steeper than the other.
Picture Study: 1. Conical volcano
2. They have a circular, gently sloping base and a steep summit, whereas, a shield volcanoes are gently-arched domes with bases merging into the surrounding landscape.
C1. A plateau is a flatland that rises abruptly from the surrounding area.
2. Plateaus can be classified as tectonic plateaus, residual plateaus and volcanic plateaus. 3. Tectonic plateaus are continental blocks formed when the supercontinent, Pangaea, disintegrated into separate masses of land. It rises abruptly from the lowlands or is surrounded by seas. It is formed due to slow continental uplift.
4. Plains are flat, low-lying stretches of land, with gentle slopes.
5. Structural plains are formed where the layers of rocks are aligned horizontally. It is formed by the uplift of continental shelves or structurally depressed areas. They are also called tectonic plains.
D.1. The depositional plains are classified into:
Alluvial plains: Formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers and streams.
Lava plains: Formed by the accumulation of the sheets of lava that ooze out and spread over the surrounding area. Loess plains: Found in arid regions, materials are deposited by wind to form large extensive plains. . Lacustrine plains: Formed by the deposition of sediments in a depression or a lake basin. Coastal plains: Formed by the deposition of sediments in the coastal areas by the action of waves. Drift plains or the outwash plains: Formed by the deposition action of the glaciers.
2. Plains have many facilities that are not easily accessible to mountainous regions.
The plains have fertile soil but the soil in mountains is unsuitable for agriculture The rivers that flow in the plains are mostly navigable and can be used for irrigation purposes unlike those in mountain regions Plains provide better living conditions. Lower rate of soil erosion in plains Easy to plough and till unlike mountain regions as the land is levelled and does not slope
3. A plateau is an elevated flat stretch of land that rises. abruptly from the surrounding area. They have at great economic value because:
They are a storehouse of minerals.
Plateaus are rich in a variety of minerals such as gold, iron ore, coal, copper, bauxite and manganese. The rivers that flow through plateaus form waterfalls as they drop abruptly from great heights and steep slopes, which can be utilized for generating hydroelectricity. The soil formed by volcanic rocks is fertile and ideal for cultivation of certain crops. Many tourist destinations of the world are located on plateaus. Plateaus also support grazing and forestry
. 4. Erosional plains are formed due to erosion by win water, waves and glaciers classified into:
Peneplains: low lying areas
Pediplains: formed in deserts by merging of neighbouring rocks Karst plains: formed by dissolution of rocks made of limestone, dolomite or gypsum by water
5. Plains are important to us in many ways.
These lowlands form some of the most fertile regions of the world. Plains are also good for constructing transportation networks such as roadways and railways. The rivers that flow in the plains are mostly navigable and can be used for irrigation purposes as well. They also support industrialization and urbanization. Majority of the world's population is found in the plains. Plains and river valleys have supported large populations right from the ancient times. All the river valley civilizations of the world like the Mesopotamian Civilization, the Indus Valley Civilization, and the Egyptian Civilization developed around the plains and flourished there.
DIY: 1. A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water such as sea, by sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs.
2. Chilika Lake is the largest brackish water lake with estuarine character that sprawls along the east coast of India. It is considered to be the largest lagoon in India and counted amongst the largest lagoons in the world. It is the largest wintering ground for migratory waterfowl found anywhere on the Indian sub-continent. It is one of the hotspot of biodiversity in the country, and some rare, vulnerable and endangered species.
B.1. The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean.
2. It is the largest ocean; the deepest trench, Mariana Trench is found here. 3. An inland, or a landlocked sea, is a shallow sea that is completely enclosed by land. The Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and the Dead Sea are some examples.
4. The five Great Lakes-Lake Superior, Lake Michigan. Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
5. Atlantic Ocean
1. Oceans are important to us in many ways:
.They play a very important role in moderating the climate of the coastal regions. . A large variety of marine plants and animals live in the deep oceans. Oceans also have large reserves of minerals and salts. Energy is stored in the oceans which can be harnessed to generate tidal energy. They have contributed to trade and commerce by means of transportation.
2. Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean in the world.
It is shaped like the letter 's. . It is the busiest ocean in the world. The Atlantic Ocean has a highly-indented coastline. The deepest point in the ocean is the Puerto Rico Trench. The most remarkable feature of the Atlantic Ocean basin is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is an undersea mountain range.
3. The significance of the riversers also host a range of species, adding to the biodiversity of a region.
4. Rivers get polluted by various ways:
agricultural runoff that contains chemical contaminants toxic industrial wastes untreated domestic sewage oil spill and leakage
5. i. The Mississippi river is one of the major river systems of the world. It is the longest river in North America flowing from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. The Missouri river is a major tributary of the Mississippi.
ii. The Mackenzie is the longest river in Canada, flowing northwards from the Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean. It is a slow flowing, braided river.
iii. The Saint Lawrence River is one of the most important rivers in North America as it is a vital inland waterway in the world. It flows in a northeasterly direction from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
iv. The Amazon River in South America is the largest river in the world. It rises in the Andes, flows westward and drains into the North Atlantic Ocean.
v. The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is the longest river in the world. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea and is the primary water source for Egypt and Sudan.
3. By reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reducing urban runoff, industrial effluents should be treated before they are released into water bodies, the domestic sewage should also be treated before discharging it into rivers and streams.
