High Valyrian works by always putting the verb at the end of the sentence.

Basic nouns ending in 'a' are singular and

basic nouns ending in 'i' are plural. E.g: riña/riñi. when using 'and the' in a sentence you must use the plural form for
the verb. E.g Muña taobā edrusi.

ñuha = my/mine (lunar class, nominative singular) vali = men

vala = man ābri = women
taoba = boy taobi = boys
ābra = woman riñi = girls
riña = girl azantyssy = knights
kepa = father kirini = happy, glad, pleased (plural)
muña = mother nagesi = they are sweating
kirine = happy, glad, pleased (singular) līrisi = they are smiling
issa = he/she/it is vāedis = they are singing
sȳz = good (singular) kepi = (the) fathers
iksan = I am muñi = (the) mothers
iksā = you (singular) are hontesse = a/the bird, birds
līris = he/she/it smiles, he/she/it is smiling sȳri = good (plural)
vāedas = he/she/it sings, he/she/it is singing ñuhi = my (lunar class, nominative plural)
ēdrus = he/she/it sleeps, he/she/it is sleeping ābrā = and a/the woman
nages = he/she/it sweats, he/she/it is sweating ābrī = and (the) women
hontes = bird muñī = and (the) mothers
azantys = knight kepī = and (the) fathers
iksi = we are valā = and a/the man
iksāt = you (plural) all are valī = and (the) men
issi = they are taobā = and (the) boy
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The accusative case gets introduced here. It's when a verb acts on a noun - "The man sees a girl" - "a girl" will take
the accusative form in High Valyrian. The accusite form changes singular nouns from an 'a' ending to an 'e' ending.
For plural nouns it changes from 'i' to 'ī'.

urnen = I see ābrī = women (accusative)

urnes = he/she/it sees riñī = girls (accusative)
urnesi = they see taobī = boys (accusative
vale = man (accusative) issa = yes/just so
taobe = boy (accusative) rytsas = hi/hello/greetings
ābre = woman (accusative) biarvose = you're welcome
riñe = girl (accusative) kirimvose = thank you/thanks
rȳban = I hear jiōrna = welcome
rȳbas = he/she/it hears se = and
jorrāelza = he/she/it loves daor = no, not, is/does not
jorrāelzi = they love valar morghūlis = all men must die
azanti = knight (accusative) valar dohaeris = all men must serve
hontī = bird/birds (accusative) drīvose = actually
muñe = mother (accusative) kostilus = please
kepe = father (accusative) geros ilas = goodbye, farewell
rybis = hear/ they hear/ do they hear? drējī = really, truly
majaqsa = he/she/it admires Iōnos = Jon/John (name)
majaqis = they admire/they are admiring Daenerys = Daenerys (name)
rijas = he/she/it praises brōzi = name
rijis = they praise/they are praising arlī = again
azanti = knight (accusative)
Demonstrative words are introduced here with different forms for inanimate and animate objects. All the nouns
bisy = this/this
relating onewill
to people (animate) bisi = these/these
use demonstratives like 'Bisy'. Whereas, inanimate objects ones (animate)
like the long sword will use the form
kesy
with ='Kesy'.
this/this one (inanimate) kesi = these/these ones (inanimate)
zentys = guest (nom.) boni = those/those ones (animate)
korze = long sword (nom.) koni = those/those ones (inanimate)
bony = that/that one (animate) zentyssy = guests (nom.)
kony = that/that one (inanimate) korzi = long swords (nom.)
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You will learn how to form the nominative (singular and plural), and accusative (singular and plural) forms of the
Lunar nouns. Lunar nouns all have an "a", "e", "i", "o", or "y". In Lunar words some endings change. Examples of this
are how the singular noun horse is 'anne' which ends in 'e'. The plural form is 'anni'. Lesson 5 demonstrates how the
plural endings change as well to have an 'a' ending. An example is how avero (singular) becomes avera (plural) or
āeksio become āeksia.
zokla = wolf (nominative, singular) davaogēdi = Unsullied (nom. pl.)
zokli = wolves (nominative, plural) davaogēdī = Unsullied (acc. sg.)
zokle = wolf (accusative, singular) sylvie = wise, sylvī = the wise (pl.)
zoklī = wolves (accusative, plural) ipradas = he/she/it eats
gerpa = fruit (nominative, singular) ipradis = they eat
gerpi = fruits (nominative, plural) anne = horse (nominative)
gerpe = fruit (accusative, singular) avero = grape (nominative)
gerpī = the fruit (nominative/accusative, plural) kēli = cat (nominative)
atroksia = owl (nominative) kēla = cats (nominative)
dovaogēdy = Unsullied (nominative, singular) āeksio = master/lord (accusative)
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As the forms of words change based on their type, you use different forms of 'My' The common ending for solar
words is 'ys' which is why ñuha becomes ñuhys. Example: My leader = Ñuhys jentys. The adjectives used will also
change to fit the endings. An example is how big changes to 'rovys' for solar nouns. For nouns with the 'ys' singular
ending, the plural ending becomes 'yssy'. Words that differ from this are bull with an 'is' ending and dragon with an
'es' ending. In these cases the plural endings would be 'issa' or 'esse'.
jentys = leader/commander/ruler (nominative) raqirossa = friends (nominative and accusative)
jentyssy = leaders/commanders/rulers (nominative) ñuhys = my (solar class, singular nominative)
jentī = leaders/commanders/rulers (accusative) ñuhyz = my (solar class, plural nominative)
voktys = priest/priestess (nominative) ñuhi = my (solar class, singular accusative)
voktyssy = priests/priestesses (nominative) zaldrīzes = dragon (nominative)
vokti = priest/priestess (accusative) zaldrīzesse = dragons (nominative)
voktī = priests/priestesses (accusative) zaldrīzī = dragon/dragons (accusative)
ojehiksa = he/she/is blesses, he/she/it is blessing belmurza = he/she/it chains
vandis = bull (nominative) belmurzi = They are chaining up
vandissa = bulls (accusative) ēza = he/she/it has
rōvys = large/big (nominative) ēzi = they have
rōvi = large/big (accusative singular) gevie = beautiful (nominative singular)
rōvī = large/big (accusative plural) gevī = beautiful (nominative plural)
ojehikis = they bless, they are blessing dāez = free (nominative singular)
jaehossa = gods/deities (accusative) dāeri = free (nominative plural)
jaes = god/deity (accusative) tubis = day (nominative)
raqiros = friend (nominative and accusative) tubissa = days (nominative)
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For aquatic words in High valyrian, the forms for 'my' and adjectives have different endings. For the singular nouns
the endings become 'or'. When using 'my' it becomes 'ñuhor' (singular) and 'ñurha' (plural). An example of this being
used with adjectives is for 'blue' it is 'kastor' (singular) and 'kastra' (plural). The plural ending for aquatic words is 'ra'.
The singular ending can be 'or', 'ir' or 'er'. Example sentence: My royal turtle frightens the blue ships = Ñuhor dārōñor
qintir kastra lōgra ossȳgas.

embar = ocean (nom.) embri = ocean (acc.), oceans (nom.)

embrī = oceans (acc.) qintir = turtle
rōvor = big (sg.) (aquatic) qintra = turtles
rōvra = big (pl.) (aquatic) biarior = lucky (nom. sg.) (aqu/ter)
kastor = blue/green (sg.) (aquatic) biariar = lucky (pl.) (aqu/ter)
kastra = blue/green (pl.) (aquatic) ñuhor = my (sg. nom. aquatic)
iotāptes = he/she/it respects ñurha = my (pl. nom. aquatic)
iotāptesi = they respect izūgan = I am afraid of/I fear
lōgor = boat/ship izūgas = he/she/it fears
lōgra = boats/ships izūgis = they fear
sēter = spell/enchantment dārōñor = regal/royal (aqu/ter sg.)
sētera = spells/enchantments dārōñar = regal/royal (aqu/ter pl.)
ossȳngas = he/she/it terrifies
ossȳngis = he/she/it frightening
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For Terrestrial words in High valyrian, the forms for 'my' and adjectives have different endings. The terrestrial form
for the singular 'my' is 'ñuhon' and the plural form is 'ñuha'. The 'on' and 'a' endings are used for adjectives as well.
The terrestrial nouns will usually use these endings with the exception of Targaryen. An example is: My Iron Throne
guides the powerful knights = Ñuhon Āegenkon Dēmalion kostōba azantī jemas.

blēnon = mountain blēna = mountains tēmas = he/she/it pokes

rōvon = big (sg. ter.) āegenkon = iron āegenka = irons
rōva = big (pl. ter.) targārien = Targaryen (High Valyrian house)
kostōbon = powerful (sg. ter.) targārī = Targaryens
kostōba = powerful (pl. ter.) ñuhon = my (sg. ter.)
dēmalion = throne dēmalia = thrones ñuha = my (pl. ter.)
sȳrior = good (sg. ter/aqu) jemas = he/she/it guides jemis = they guide
sȳriar = good (pl. ter/aqu)
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Genitive words are used to describe how something belongs to someone. What is introduced here is that for all High
Valyrian nouns, the singular ending is 'o'. This is the equivalent of adding "'s" to the end of a word in English. An
example is: A girl's beauty = Riño gevivī.
valo = man's valoti = men's (pl.) gevives = beauty
rhaenis = they find gevivī = beauty (accusative)
rhaenas = he/she/it find ñuho = my (gen.) (sg. pl.)
dovaogēdo = Unsullied's sētero = enchantment's/spell's
dovaogēdoti = Unsullied's (pl.) sēteroti = enchantments'/spells'
anno = horse's annoti = horses' (pl.) lōgro = ship's/boat's
sȳro = good (gen.) embro = ocean's embroti = oceans'
azanto = knight's ñurho = my (aquatic gen.) (sg. pl.)
raqiro = friend's blēno = mountain's
raqiroti = friends' (pl.) blēnoti = mountains'
jaeho = god's jaehoti = gods' (pl.) kostion = power/might
zaldrīzo = dragon's naejot = forward
zaldrīzoti = dragons' (pl.) naejon = front naeja = front
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Possessive adjectives are introduced in this Unit. The endings of them change depending on the type of word it is
(whether it is aquatic, terrestrial...). A simple example of how they can be used is: Her mother = zȳha muña. Another,
more developed, example is: That is our king = Bonys īlvys dārys issa. This is a solar example.
dārys = King dāro = King's emā = you have
lenton = house/home zȳha = his/hers/its
ānogar = blood zȳrha = his/hers/its (aq.)
geltī = helmet jāhon = his/her/its (ter.)
eman = I have bisa = this Kesa = this
Bisi = these Kesi = these īlva = our
aōha = your Bona = that
emi = we have jevon = your (ter.)
pōja = their boni = those koni = those
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In the family skill we learn words to describe siblings, aunts and uncles and cousins. Cross cousins are either your
mother's brother's children or your father's sister's children. Parallel cousins are either your mother's sister's children
or your father's brother's children.No words are learnt for a mother's sister or father's brother in this skill. When
describing aunts and uncles generally I think it is better to use 'iāpa' and 'ñamar' since these are the words that are
the stems for the general cousin words. This leads on to the point that if you are describing you aunt's children they
are 'ñabranni' or for you uncle's children it would be 'iāpanni'.
rūs = baby rūhossa = babies qȳbro = uncle's
lentor = family iāpa = mother's older brother/uncle
trēsy = son iāpo = uncle's
tala = daughter Aerys = Aerys
kejo = this (gen.)(inanimate) Rhaella = Rhaella
Iōno = Jon's talo = daughter's dūbazma = cross cousin
lentro = house's duba = parallel cousin
valonqar = younger brother dubys = sibling dubyssy = siblings
hāedar = younger sister idaña = twin
lēkia = older brother Sersi = Cersei Iēmi = Jaime
mandia = older sister Tyrion = Tyrion
Viserys = Viserys Visero = Viserys' ñābranna = cousin iāpanna = cousin
Daenero = Daenerys' iāpanna = mother's older brother's child/uncle's child
jevor = your (ter.)(animate) qȳbranna = mother's younger brother's child/uncle's
velma = father's older sister/aunt child
ñamar = father's younger sister/aunt velmanna = father's older sister's child/aunt's child
qȳbor = mother's younger brother/uncle ñabranna = father's younger sister's child/aunt's child
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In this skill we learn how to ask questions. While you learn on duolingo ou will notice that there are different versions
of the word types and depending on what the thing you are asking about is. Examples are 'sparior qintir?' which is
asking about an animate thing in the aquatic form. 'Skorior lōgor?' is using the aquatic form to ask about an
inanimate thing. When asking how many things of something there are, the plural possessive form must be used for
the objects. An example is 'skorverdon blēnoti issi?' which means 'How many mountains are there?'. 'Blēnoti' is the
plural possessive form of 'blēnon'.
skorī = when skoro syt = why
sparos = who sparossa = who(plu.) skorverdon = how many
skoros = what skoriot = where
skorossa = what(plu.) spari = which (animate)
skorkydoso = how skori = which (inanimate)
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In this skill you revise over some of the animals before while also learning new animals. In lesson 1 the focus is on
land animals, then 2 is birds and 3 is fish. There is not a lot more learnt apart from the new animal words.
zokla = wolf hontes = bird
qintir = turtle atroksia = owl
qintrȳti = turtles' ūlio = falcon ūlia = falcons
kēlio = lion kēlia = lions klios = fish klihossa = fish (plu.)
jaos = dog jaohossa = dogs qaedar = whale qaedri = whales
jaoho = dog's uēs = squid uēhossa = squids
vōljes = raven võljesse = ravens bēgor = trout bēgra = trout (plu.)
VERBS: PRESENT_____________________________________________________________________
ipradagon = to eat rȳbagon = to hear
jorrāelagon = to love izūgagon = to fear
nagegon = to sweat bardugon = to write
iotāptegon = to respect pilogon = to hold
urnegon = to see angogon = to bite
nevegon = to carry nektogon = to cut/slice
sindigon = to buy idakogon = to attack
līrigon = to smile ropagon = to fail
vūjigon = to kiss dēmagon = to sit
keligon = to stop limagon = to cry
ēdrugon = to sleep ȳdragon = to speak
arghugon = to hunt sagon = to be
merbugon = to be hungry emagon = to have
SIZES_____________________________________________________________________________
rōvēgrie = huge rōva = big/large
byka = small/little harrenka = appropriately sized
mība = short bōsa = long/tall qumblie = thick
FOOD_____________________________________________________________________________
parklon = meat = beer
havon = bread ārilla ēngenka = tasty
onjapos = carrot ykynagon = to smell
jūlor = milk lōtinty = pie
mōzugon = to drink krēgo = beet
iēdar = water melvo = pear
averilla = wine bāngagon = to bake
elilla = honey drōmon = egg
prūbres = apple sylutegon = to taste
korzita = firm/taut
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Dative Va and Hen
The singular dative case is usually formed by adding -t The interpretation of the preposition va depends on
to the singular genitive form. the context
vala = man valo = man's Blēnot jā = You go to mountain.
valot = to the man Va blēnot jā = You go to into the mountain.
If the possessive is in the form of -ō, shorten the -ō Not Using hen for someone leaving city. But use hen
and add -t. for someone leaving the room. (ex. house and room)
āeksio = master āeksiō = master's Vumbiarzot jān = I go to room.
āeksiot = to the master Hen vumbiarzot jān = I go out of the room.
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riño = girl qurdon = table
epagon = to ask udekuragon = to approach
lioragon = to sell maghagon = to bring
arghurys = hunter va = towards/to/up to/into (dat.)
irughagon = to give hen = from (normal), out from the inside of/on
dāria = queen account of/because of/for (dat.)
rūklon = flower aerēbagon = to travel
lōrty = tunnel/hole jagon = to go
gōvilemagon = to put under oktion = city
sindilion = market umāzigon = to come to/to arrive at
kisalbar = feast
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