Global Migration

Lesson 10:
Global Migration
Nove Lacio
April Mae Calit
Kurt Thomas Eusebio
Joaileen Misa
Mia Arapoc
Netz Elaiza Jumalon
Topics to be discussed:
01 02
Migration Benefits and
Detriments for the
Sending Countries
03 04
The Problem of Integration
Human Trafficking
Objectives:
• Identify the reasons for the migration of people;
• Explain why states regulate migration; and
• Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic

well-being of states
What is Migration?
Human migration is the movement of people from one
place to another with the intention of settling,
permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
Two types of migration
• Internal migration
refers to people moving from one area to
another within one country
• International migration
in which people cross the borders of one
country to another
5 groups of international migration
1. Immigrants
2. Workers who stay in another country for a fixed
period
3. Illegal migrants
4. Migrants whose families have “petitioned” them
to move to the destination country
5. Refugees
Demographers estimate that 247 million people are
currently living outside the countries of their birth. 90%
of them moved for economic reasons while the
remaining 10% were refugees and asylum seekers.
Top 3 regions of origin
1. Latin American (18% global total)
2. Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16%)
3. Middle East and North Africa (14%)
Table 1: Migrant contribution to destination country (2015)
Country Contribution Percentage of GPD
United States $2 trillion 11%
Germany $550 billion 17%
United Kingdoms $390 billion 14%
Australia $330 billion 25%
Canada $320 billion 21%

Are migrants assets or liabilities to the country’s
development?
The migrant influx has led to a debate in destination
countries over the issue of whether migrants are assets or
liabilities to national development.
Influx – the inward flow of a large number of

something; in this case, migrants
Anti-immigrants/nationalists opinion on the subject
They believe that governments
Nationalists believe that migrants must control legal immigration
are liabilities to national and stop to illegal entry of
development, instead of an asset. foreigners.
They gain influence through political

leaders who share the same beliefs in
the names of: US President Donald
Trump and UK Prime Minister
Theresa May
Examples of political leaders who push campaigns on building walls and
control over borders
US President Donald Trump US Prime Minister Theresa May
Both politicians have been reversing the Trump continues to speak about his
existing pro-immigration and refugee- election promise of buildings a wall
sympathetic policies of the United States between the United States and Mexico.
of people from majority Muslim countries,
even those with proper documentation
The wisdom of these government actions,
however, looks weaker with this information.
A 2011 Harvard Business School survey on the

impact of immigration concluded that the
“likelihood and magnitude of adverse labor market
effects for natives from immigration are
substantially weaker than often perceived”.
• This shows that the impact of immigration on

social welfare is “very small”.
• This is counter-intuitive to what the
government presumed.
• It is not as bad and disadvantageous at all, as
what the government is arguing.
According to a 2013 report from OECD (Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development)…
“native-born citizen receives higher support compared to
immigrants”
• The massive inflow of refugees from Syria and Iraq has

raised alarm bells once again but has not proved to be as
damaging as expected.
• The International Monetary Fund predicted that the

fleeing war in Syria and Iraq would actually grow Europe’s
GPD, albeit “modestly”.
Refugees from Syria to Iraq
02
Benefits and Detriments
for the Sending Countries
India $ 70 billion
China $62 billion
Philippines $28 billion
Mexico $25 billion
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) observes that in countries
like the Philippines, remittances “do not have a significant influence
on other key items of consumption or investment such as spending
on education and health care”.
• Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting “households out of

poverty… but not in rebalancing growth, especially in the long run.”
Global migration is “siphoning… qualified personnel
and removing dynamic young workers”.
This process has often been referred to as “brain

drain”.
According again to McKinsey Global Institute, countries in sub-
Saharan Africa and Asia have lost on third of their college
graduates. 60% of those who moved to OECD destinations
were college graduates, compared to just 9% of the overall
population in the country. 52% of Filipinos who leave for work
in the developed world have tertiary education, which is more
than the double 23% percent of the overall Filipino population.
.
Furthermore, the loss of professionals in certain key roles, such
as doctors, has been detrimental to the migrants’ home
countries. In 2006, some 15% of locally trained doctors from 21
sub-Saharan African countries had emigrated to the United
States or Canada; the losses were particularly steep in Liberia
(where 43% of doctors left), Ghana (30%), and Uganda (20%).
03
The Problem of
Human Trafficking
What is Human
Trafficking?
It involves the use of force, fraud, or
coercion to obtain some type of labor or
commercial sex act.
Labor exploitation
• refers to situations where people are
coerced to work for little or no
remuneration, often under threat of
punishment
• The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
• 90% (18.7 million) are lists human trafficking as the 3rd largest criminal
exploited by enterprises and
entrepreneurs. activity worldwide.
• In 2012, the International Labour Organization
• 68% (14.2 million) work
under compulsion in (ILO) identified 21 million men, women, and
agriculture, manufacturing, children as victims of “forced labor”.
infrastructure, and domestic
activities. • Human trafficking has been profitable for as high
as $150 billion a year in 2014.
• 22% (4.5 million) are
sexually abused.
Do the governments, private sectors, and civil
society groups ever do something to prevent or
combat human trafficking?
04
Integration
• A final issue relates to how migrants interact with their new home
countries.
• Migrants from China, India, and Western Europe have more success,
while those in the Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa
face greater challenges in securing jobs.
• In the United States and Singapore, there are blue-collar as well as
white-collar Filipino workers (doctors, engineers, even corporate
executives), and it is the professional, white-collar workers that have
oftentimes been easier to integrate
• Democratic states assimilate immigrants and children by granting them
citizenship and the right to go with it (especially public education).
However, without solid support from their citizen, switching
citizenship may just be a formality.
• Linguistic difficulties, customs from the “old country” and, of late, differing
religions may create cleavages between migrants and citizens of receiving
countries, particularly in the West.
• The lack of integration gives Xenophobic and anti-immigrant groups more

ammunition to argue that these “new citizens are often not nationals (in the sense
of sharing dominant cultures).”
• Migrants unwittingly reinforce the tension by “keeping among themselves.”
• Local networks of fellow citizens mitigated the safety of first-time migrants. For
instance, the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of California provide
initial support for new Chinese migrants, guiding them in finding work or in
settling up their small business in the state and elsewhere.
• Governments and private businesses have made policy changes to address
integration problems, like using multiple languages in state documents (in the case
of the United States, Spanish and English).
• Training programs complemented with counseling have also helped migrant

integration in Hamburg, Germany, while retail merchants in Barcelona have
brought on migrant shopkeepers to break down language barriers while
introducing Chinese cultures to citizens.
Conclusion
• Global migration entails the globalization of people,
and like the broader globalization process, it is
uneven.
• Like globalization, moreover, migration produces
different and often contradictory responses.
• Yet, despite these various contradictions, it is clear
that different forms of global interdependence will
ensure that global migration will continue to be one
of the major issues in the contemporary world.
• Countries whose economies have become entirely
dependent on globalization and rely on foreign
labor to continue growing will actively court foreign
workers.
THAT’S ALL AND
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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Lesson 10:

• Identify the reasons for the migration of people;

• Explain why states regulate migration; and

• Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic

Country Contribution Percentage of GPD

United States $2 trillion 11%

Germany $550 billion 17%

United Kingdoms $390 billion 14%

Australia $330 billion 25%

Canada $320 billion 21%

Influx – the inward flow of a large number of

They gain influence through political

US President Donald Trump US Prime Minister Theresa May

A 2011 Harvard Business School survey on the

• This shows that the impact of immigration on

• The massive inflow of refugees from Syria and Iraq has

• The International Monetary Fund predicted that the

• Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting “households out of

This process has often been referred to as “brain

• The lack of integration gives Xenophobic and anti-immigrant groups more

• Migrants unwittingly reinforce the tension by “keeping among themselves.”

• Training programs complemented with counseling have also helped migrant

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