Topic 1 Pre-Columbian Societies & Europe

Period 1 (1491-1607)
Goes with Topic 1 parts of 2 of

textbook
“Pre-Columbian Societies & European Colonization”

Key Topics & Slot Notes
Questions
Native American Communities
Prior to  Early inhabitants migrated from Asia across a land/ice bridge in the
European thousands of years ago.
colonization  Foods indigenous to the Americas: Maize (corn), potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes
 Native American Religion: - worshiped many gods. Celebrated the

earth and changing seasons, and honored animals.
 Great Plains: Early farmers and nomads; lacked resources; Introduction of horses led to Buffalo
hunting & nomadic lifestyle.
 Southwest Settlements: Native Americans such as the Pueblo and Navajo that planted
corn, squash, beans (the “Three Sisters”) in present day Arizona and New Mexico.
 Heavily dependent on irrigation & farming; Permanent homes in caves/cliffs
 Southeast Settlements: Native Americans such as the Cherokee, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles
that fished, farmed, and hunted the land in present day South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and
Florida.
 Northeast Settlements: Agriculture and Hunter-Gatherers (But farming techniques exhausted

the soil quickly causing the tribes to move frequently.
 Developed advanced political systems; Matriarchal societies; Ex: Iroquois Confederation
 Northwest Settlements: Relied on hunting & gathering; Some lived in small but
permanent communities based around fishing and ocean resources.
European Christopher Columbus: With the financial help of Spain, his voyage to the Caribbean led to the Spanish
Exploration colonization and enslavement of Native Americans.
The Columbian Exchange: Sharing of European diseases, animals, and plants

. The Europeans
acquired corn, tomatoes, tobacco, syphilis.
: In 1493, the pope divided the lands in the New World between Spain
and Portugal. Portugal controlled Brazil and Spain controlled the rest of Central and South America.
Spanish Conquest: Goal was to get rich by exploiting the land, natives, and resources.
Spanish
Conquest and  : In 1518, he explored Mexico and conquered the Aztecs, the most
Colonization powerful empire in Central America.
 : conquered the Inca in Peru (1532-1538)
New Spain
 Approximately 200,000 Spaniards settled the New World
 found throughout the Americas by the 1700s
Period 1 (1491-1607)
textbook
Bartolome de Las Casas:
 : The Spanish used this in the New World to enslave the natives and
forced them to labor in the fields or the mines looking for precious metals.
 The Native Americans had a due to the introduction of European

diseases. Those who did not die from disease died from the forced labor systems under this system.
 : In Valladolid, Spain from 1550-1551, Bartolome de Las Casas and

Juan de Sepulveda argued over the enslavement of the Native Americans. De Las Casas was against
it and recommended using African slaves while Sepulveda argued in favor of the encomienda.
 The Spanish began using the , which was the importing of slaves
from Africa and replaced enslaving Native Americans.
 The Catholic Church organized Spanish missions to convert the natives to

Christianity.
 The city of was created in 1565 (was the first permanent

Spanish settlement in North America).
 Pueblo Revolt of 1680: This event occurred in present day . The

Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish when they began to
. The
Pueblo Indians drove the Spanish out of the city.
New Spain culturally stratified hierarchy

 : Natives of Spain that settled in the Americas
 : Children of Spanish descent born in the New World
 : Native American-Spanish mixed descent
 : Spanish-African mixed descent
 : Native American-African mixed descent
New France
 French were primarily focused on trade and built trading posts.
French Colonies  was the main focus of French colonial society.
in America  The French formed close ties with
 French fur traders married native women.
 Missionaries attempted to convert the natives to Christianity and
recorded the histories of various tribes.
England
English  England’s first colony, , became a model for their colonial empire in North
Exploration and America.
Colonization  Factors that prompted English colonization in North America
Period 1 (1491-1607)
textbook
 Prospects of gaining large sums of wealth pressured English merchants to invest

in the English colonies.
 was acquired from a monarch giving a company
a monopoly over trading in a particular area in the colonies.
 : This system relied on the idea that as a nation’s wealth
increased… … the nation then needed to look to acquire even more wealth and
resources from colonies to continue to enrich the home country.
 Many English settlers immigrated to North America with their families. Therefore, marrying
the Native Americans was not common.
 The English had no respect for native culture which they regarded as “ ”
and “ ”
 The English occupied native lands and forced the small tribes that they encountered to move away
from the coast inland.
 They wanted to distance themselves from the natives rather than
them like the Spanish did.
Early attempt at English colonization

 : Founded Virginia, in the name of England’s Virgin queen and
selected the site of Roanoke Island just off the coast of present-day North Carolina.
 Roanoke Island: But the colony disappeared in 1590 and the only clue to what happened to them
was the word CROATOAN, which was carved onto a tree trunk. The colonists were probably
either attacked or incorporated into the local Croatoan tribe.
European Treatment of Native Americans
Spanish…
 Forced labor ( )
 Forced
 Development of and new social categories (ex.,
mestizos, mulattos)
 Frontier of
English…
 Intermarriage
 Early temporary signs of trading partnerships
 But soon came to regard
 Frontier of
French…

 Fur trading partnerships ( )
 Maintained
 Few colonies, so the French
 Frontier of

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Period 1 (1491-1607)

Goes with Topic 1 parts of 2 of

“Pre-Columbian Societies & European Colonization”

 Native American Religion: - worshiped many gods. Celebrated the

 Northeast Settlements: Agriculture and Hunter-Gatherers (But farming techniques exhausted

The Columbian Exchange: Sharing of European diseases, animals, and plants

Bartolome de Las Casas:

 The Native Americans had a due to the introduction of European

 : In Valladolid, Spain from 1550-1551, Bartolome de Las Casas and

 The Catholic Church organized Spanish missions to convert the natives to

 The city of was created in 1565 (was the first permanent

 Pueblo Revolt of 1680: This event occurred in present day . The

New Spain culturally stratified hierarchy

 Prospects of gaining large sums of wealth pressured English merchants to invest

Early attempt at English colonization

European Treatment of Native Americans

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