Vernacular Architecture of Ethiopia

The Case of Gonder

By ID
1. Ayub Abrar--------------------NSR/0382/14
2. Halid Mehdi-------------------NSR/2850/14
3. Hana Dagnachew---------NSR/1224/14

History of Ethiopian Architecture

Semester paper
Instructor: Mezida F.

School of Architectur
May, 2024

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 Table of contents

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction to the paper

1.2. The Methodology

2. Frame of References

2.1. Definitions
2.1.1. Architecture

2.1.2. Vernacular Architecture

2.2. Form Determinants of Housing and Settlement

3. Contextual Background

3.1. Ethiopian Profile

3.2. Gonder Profile

4. Gonder presentation

4.1. Settlement
4.2. Compound
4.3. The House of Gonder
4.4. Construction Techniques and Materials

5. Analysis, Findings and Conclusion

6. Recommendation

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References

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 Abstract

This paper explores the vernacular architecture of Ethiopia in the case of Gondar, a
city in northern Ethiopia that was the capital of the Ethiopian Empire from the 17th to
the 19th centuries. The paper examines the form determinants of housing and
settlement in Gondar, and analyzes the construction techniques and materials used
in the city's vernacular architecture. The findings of the study contribute to a better
understanding of the cultural and historical significance of Gondar's vernacular
architecture, and provide insights into the ways in which vernacular architecture
can be used to create sustainable and resilient communities.

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 1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction to the Paper

Vernacular architecture is a type of architecture that is based on local traditions

and materials, and that is designed to meet the needs of the local population.
Vernacular architecture is often characterized by its simplicity, sustainability, and
cultural significance.

This paper examines the vernacular architecture of Ethiopia in the case of Gondar,
a city in northern Ethiopia that was the capital of the Ethiopian Empire from the 17th
to the 19th centuries. Gondar is home to a number of well-preserved examples of
vernacular architecture, including houses, churches, and palaces.

1.2 The Methodology

This paper is based on a combination of archival research. The archival research

included a review of historical documents, maps, and photographs of Gondar.

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 2. Frame of References

2.1. Definitions

A
2.1.1. Architecture

rchitecture is the art and science of designing and constructing

buildings and other physical structures. It involves the planning,
design, and construction of buildings, as well as the renovation,
restoration, and conservation of existing buildings. Architecture can
be divided into two main categories: monumental architecture
and vernacular architecture.

Monumental architecture is designed to impress and inspire, and is often used for
public buildings such as churches,
palaces, and government
buildings. Monumental
architecture is typically
characterized by its
grand scale, elaborate
ornamentation, and use
of expensive materials.

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 Vernacular architecture is a type of architecture that is based on local traditions
and materials, and that is designed to meet the needs of the local population.
Vernacular architecture is often characterized by its simplicity, sustainability, and
cultural significance.

2.1.2. Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture refers to the traditional or indigenous architectural styles

and techniques that are specific to a particular region, culture, or community. It is
characterized by its use of local materials, construction methods, and design
elements that are adapted to the local climate, environment, and cultural
practices.

Vernacular architecture often reflects the social, economic, and environmental

conditions of the community in which it is built. It is typically passed down through
generations and evolves over time in response to changing needs and
circumstances.

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 Characteristics of Vernacular Architecture:

• Use of local materials:

Vernacular buildings are
typically constructed using local
materials such as mud, stone,
wood, and thatch. These
materials are readily available
and inexpensive, and they are
well-suited to the local climate
and environment.
• Sustainability: Vernacular
buildings are designed to be
sustainable and environmentally
friendly. They are typically built using natural materials that are biodegradable and
recyclable. In addition, vernacular buildings are often designed to be energy-
efficient, using passive solar design principles to keep the interior cool in the summer
and warm in the winter.
• Cultural significance: Vernacular architecture is an important part of the cultural
heritage of a region. Traditional building techniques and designs have been passed
down from generation to generation, and they reflect the unique culture and
history of the region.

Importance of Vernacular Architecture:

Vernacular architecture is important for a number of reasons. First, vernacular

architecture is sustainable. It uses local materials and construction techniques that
are adapted to the local climate and environment. Second, vernacular
architecture is affordable. It is typically built by local people using local materials,
which makes it affordable for the local population. Third, vernacular architecture is
culturally significant. It reflects the cultural values and traditions of the local

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 population.

2.2. Form Determinants of Housing and Settlement

The form of housing and settlement in a particular region is determined by a number

of factors, including:

• The climate
• The availability of building materials
• The cultural traditions of the local population
Climate: The climate of a region has a significant impact on the form of housing and
settlement. In hot and dry climates, for example, houses are typically built with thick
walls and small windows to keep out the heat. In cold climates, on the other hand,
houses are typically built with thick insulation and small windows to keep in the heat.

Building Materials: The availability of building materials in a region also has a

significant impact on the form of housing and settlement. In regions where there is
an abundance of wood, for example, houses are typically built using wood. In
regions where there is a lack of wood, on the other hand, houses are typically built
using other materials, such as mud, stone, or brick.

Cultural Traditions: The cultural traditions of the local population also have a
significant impact on the form of housing and settlement. In some cultures, for
example, it is customary to live in extended families. In these cultures, houses are
typically built with multiple rooms to accommodate the extended family. In other
cultures, on the other hand, it is customary to live in nuclear families. In these
cultures, houses are typically built with fewer rooms.

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 Sustainability

Sustainability is an important consideration in the design and construction of housing

and settlements. Sustainable housing
and settlements are designed to
minimize their environmental
impact and to maximize their
resilience to climate change.
Sustainable housing and
settlements typically use energy-
efficient technologies, renewable
energy sources, and sustainable
building materials.

Cultural Significance

Housing and settlements are often imbued with cultural significance. The design and
construction of housing and settlements can reflect the cultural values and
traditions of the local population. Housing and settlements can also be used to
express the cultural identity of a particular community.

In Ethiopia, the climate is hot and dry, and the most common building materials are
mud, stone, and wood. The cultural traditions of the Ethiopian people emphasize
community and family, and this is reflected in the design of their homes and
settlements.

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 3. Contextual Background

3.1. Ethiopian Profile

- Geographic context: Ethiopia is a vast and diverse country in the Horn of Africa,
with a landscape ranging from rugged highlands to fertile plains and deserts. This
diverse geography has played a significant role in shaping the country's vernacular
architecture, with different regions developing unique building traditions adapted
to their local environments.
- Historical legacy: Ethiopia has a rich and ancient history, dating back to the
Aksumite Kingdom and the medieval Ethiopian Empire. The country's long history has
left a legacy of architectural monuments and vernacular buildings that reflect the
cultural and technological advancements of different eras.
- Cultural heritage: Ethiopia is a melting pot of over 80 ethnic groups, each with
unique traditions, languages, and art forms. This cultural diversity is reflected in the
country's vernacular architecture, with different ethnic groups developing distinct
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 building styles and decorative motifs.
- Economic development: Ethiopia is experiencing rapid economic growth and
urbanization, presenting both opportunities and challenges for preserving
vernacular architecture. On the one hand, economic development can lead to the
loss of traditional building practices and the replacement of vernacular structures
with modern buildings. On the other hand, it can also create opportunities for the
revitalization and adaptive reuse of vernacular architecture.

3.2. Case Profile (Gondar)

- Historical significance: Gondar served as the imperial capital of Ethiopia from the
17th to the 19th centuries, leaving a legacy of architectural and cultural heritage.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Gonder architecture thrived in Ethiopia. There
were 44 improved temples worked during the period, yet the majority of them are
demolished at this point. Most constructions, similar to royal residences, palaces,
and other places of worship, were made of alternating layers of stone and mortar,
generally cut and carved stones.

Walls were exceptionally thick and

extremely tall stone structures that
were constructed to withstand
the attacks. The interior wall
and roof are fascinating
with the congruity of
brilliant shaded works of
art of holy messengers.
Working in stone and
mortar required specialized
information, devices, and
reasonable stone for cutting
into blocks and for carved out
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 shapes. A limestone of eggshells was utilized to prepare the mortar.
During this period, Gondar was a major center of trade and commerce, and its
architecture reflects the influence of diverse cultural and artistic traditions.
- Geographic location: Situated in northern Ethiopia, Gondar is surrounded by
mountains and Lake Tana, providing a scenic and historically significant setting. The
city's unique geographic location has influenced the development of its vernacular
architecture, with buildings often constructed using locally available materials such
as stone and wood.
The swimming pool drainage system in Gondar Fasil Ghebbi, Ethiopia, is designed to
remove excess water from the pool and prevent it from overflowing or becoming
stagnant.
How it Works:
1. Water enters the main drain at the bottom of the pool and the skimmer at the
surface.
2. The pump draws water from the main drain and skimmer and pushes it through
the filter.
3. The filter removes contaminants from the water.
4. The cleaned water is then returned to the pool through the discharge pipe.
- Urban layout: Gondar's urban fabric consists of a central core of royal palaces,
churches, and other monumental structures, surrounded by residential compounds
and agricultural land. The city's layout reflects the social and political organization
of the Ethiopian Empire, with the royal palaces and churches occupying prominent
positions.
- Architectural landmarks: Gondar
is renowned for its well-preserved
examples of vernacular
architecture, including the Fasil
Ghebbi palace complex, Debre
Berhan Selassie Church, and
numerous.

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 4. Gonder

4.1. Settlement

The settlement pattern in Gondar is characterized by a dense core of houses

surrounded by a ring of agricultural land. The houses are typically arranged in
compounds, which are enclosed by a wall or fence. The compounds are often
shared by several families, and they provide a sense of community and security.

4.2. Compound

The compound is the basic unit of settlement in Gondar. Compounds are typically
enclosed by a wall or fence, and they contain a number of different buildings,
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 including houses, kitchens, storage sheds, and animal shelters. The compound is a
private space, and it is often used for social gatherings and other community
activities.

4.3. The House

The house is the most important building in the

compound. Houses in Gondar are typically
made of mud, stone, or wood. They are
usually rectangular in shape, and they
have a single story. The houses are
often divided into two or more rooms,
and they may have a loft or attic.

4.4. Construction Techniques and

Materials

The construction techniques and materials used in Gondar's vernacular architecture

are based on local traditions and materials. The most common building materials
are mud, stone, and wood. Mud is used to make walls and roofs, stone is used to
make foundations and walls, and wood is used to make doors, windows, and roofs.

The construction techniques used in Gondar's vernacular architecture are relatively

simple. Walls are typically made of mud bricks, which are dried in the sun. Roofs are
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 typically made of thatched grass or wood shingles. These materials are sustainable
and well-adapted to the local climate and environment.
Traditional construction techniques have been passed down from generation to
generation and are still widely used today. These techniques are often labor-
intensive but produce durable and energy-efficient buildings.
Vernacular architecture in Ethiopia is well-adapted to the local climate. Buildings
are often designed to provide shade and ventilation, and they may incorporate
features such as courtyards and verandas to create comfortable living

5. Analysis, Findings, and Conclusion

The vernacular architecture of Gondar is a valuable cultural and historical asset. It is

a testament to the skill and creativity of the Ethiopian people, and it provides
insights into the ways in which vernacular architecture can be used to create
sustainable and resilient communities.

The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the cultural and
historical significance of Gondar's vernacular architecture, and they provide insights
into the ways in which vernacular architecture can be used to create sustainable
and resilient communities.

6. Recommendations

Preservation and Conservation

- Implement policies and regulations to protect and preserve Gondar's vernacular

architecture from demolition, alteration, and inappropriate development.
- Establish a heritage conservation agency to oversee the preservation and

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 restoration of historic buildings and urban areas.
- Provide financial incentives and technical assistance to homeowners and
communities for the restoration and maintenance of vernacular architecture.

Sustainable Development

- Promote the use of traditional construction techniques and local materials in new
construction and renovation projects to ensure the sustainability and authenticity of
Gondar's built environment.
- Integrate vernacular architecture principles into urban planning and development
guidelines to create sustainable and culturally sensitive communities.
- Encourage the use of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient
technologies in vernacular architecture to reduce environmental impact.

Education and Awareness

- Incorporate vernacular architecture into school curricula and university programs

to raise awareness and appreciation of its cultural and historical significance.
- Organize workshops and training programs for architects, builders, and artisans to
promote the preservation and传承of traditional construction skills.
- Establish public awareness campaigns to highlight the importance of vernacular
architecture and encourage its conservation.

Tourism and Economic Development

- Develop heritage trails and guided tours to showcase Gondar's vernacular

architecture and its cultural significance to tourists.
- Promote vernacular architecture as a unique and authentic aspect of Ethiopia's
tourism industry to generate economic benefits for local communities.
- Encourage the development of sustainable tourism practices that minimize the
negative impacts on vernacular architecture and its surroundings.
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 Research and Documentation

- Conduct comprehensive research on Gondar's vernacular architecture to

document its historical evolution, construction techniques, and cultural significance.
- Establish a database and archive to preserve and share information about
vernacular architecture for future generations.
- Collaborate with international organizations and experts to promote the study and
preservation of vernacular architecture in Ethiopia.

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 References

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-styles/a5691-vernacular-
architecture-ethiopia/
https://www.africaarchitectureawards.com/en/entry/ethiopian-vernacular
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia

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