Think Loksewa

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PsfOM tLg
g]kfnsf] e"uf]n
#=! ef}uf]lns cj:yf, w/ftnLo :j?k, lsl;d / ljz]iftf
ef}uf]lns cj:yf
 ljZj dfglrqdf g]kfn Pl;of dxfb]zsf] blIf0f efudf cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnn] ljZjsf] )=)# k|ltzt,
Pl;of dxfb]zsf] )=# k|ltzt / blIf0f Pl;of -;fs{_ sf] @=*@ k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . If]qkmnsf]
lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjsf] (# cf}F 7"nf] b]z xf] .
 cIff+z (Lattitude): @^@@…’ pQ/ b]lv #)@&’ pQ/ -k"0f{ ?kdf pQ/df_
 b]zfGt/ (Longitude): *)$’ k"j{ b]lv **!@’ k"j{ -k"0f{ ?kdf klZrdL uf]nfw{df kg]{_
 g]kfnsf] If]qkmnM
 !,$&,!*! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ -%^,*@& ju{ dfOn_
 ;'uf}nL ;lGw cufl8M @)$(!& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ -;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # cl3_
 lj=;+= @)&& h]7 & df ;fj{hlgs ePsf] sfnfkfgL, lnk'n]s / lnlDkofw'/f ;d]6]/ gofF gS;f ;fj{hlgs
ePkl5 a9]sf] gofF If]qkmnM !,$&,%!^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/
 lj=;+= @)&& h]7 & df ;fj{hlgs ePsf] sfnfkfgL, lnk'n]s / lnlDkofw'/f ;d]6]/ gofF gS;f ;fj{hlgs
ePkl5 a9]sf] If]qkmnM ##% lsnf]ld6/
 g]kfnsf] k"j{ klZrd cf}ift nDafOM **% lsnf]ld6/
 g]kfnsf] pQ/ blIf0f cf}ift rf}8fOM !(# lsnf]ld6/
 g]kfnsf k"jL{, klZrdL, pQ/L / blIf0fL ljGb'x?M
 k"jL{M cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf, tfKn]h'ª -**!@’_
 klZrdLM bf]wf/f, s~rgk'/ -*)$’_
 pQ/LM Rofªnf e~Hofª, x'Dnf -#)@&’_
 blIf0fLM nf]bfj/L, emfkf -@^@@’_
 g]kfnsf] ;LdfgfM
 k"j{M l;lSsd / klZrd a+ufn -ef/t_
 klZrdM pQ/fv08 /fHo -ef/t_
 pQ/M ltAat -rLg_
 blIf0fM pQ/ k|b]z -ef/t_ / ljxf/

gf]6M ef/tsf] l;lSsd /fHon] g]kfn / e'6fgnfO{ cnu ub{5 eg] klZrd a+ufnn] g]kfn / a+unfb]znfO{
cnu ub{5 . h;nfO{ Chicken's Neck klg elgG5 .

g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |73

Think Loksewa

g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do

 g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do /f]Njflnª lxd>[ª\vnfdf kg]{ uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfnnfO{ sf6]/ hfg] *^!%’ k"jL{
b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . h'g Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) eGbf % 306f
$% ldg]6 l56f] 5 .
 lj=;+= @)$@ j}zfv ! af6 k|dfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f ;fj{hlgs
 g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oM lj=;+= @)&& h]7 % / ;fj{hlgs M lj=;+= @)&& h]7 &
 g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+;baf6 cg'df]bgM @)&& h]7 #!
 /fi6«kltaf6 k|df0fLs/0fM lj=;+= @)&& c;f/ $
gf]6M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL # df /x]sf] lgzfgf 5fkdf /x]sf] gS;f ;+zf]wg ePsf] .
g]kfnsf] cUnf] e"efuM ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf
 ;u/dfyfsf] prfOM *,*$*=*^ ld6/
 lj=;+= @)&& d+l;/ @# cyf{t @)@) l8;]Da/ * df g]kfn / rLgn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf gofF prfO ;fj{hlgs
gf]6M ;u/dfyfsf] gfdfs/0f ug]{ JolQm Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfrfo{ x'g\ . o; cl3 !% cf}F r'nL klg
elgGYof] . British Surveyor General of India sf Sir George Everest sf] gfdaf6 ;g\ !*^% df
Andrew Waugh n] Mt. Everest gfdfs/0f u/]sf x'g\ . lrlgofF efiffdf ;u/dfyfnfO{
Zhumulangma / ltAatL efiffdf Chomolunma elgG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"efuM d';x/lgof

 wg'iff lhNnfsf] d';x/lgof, h'g ;d'b|L ;txeGbf %( ld6/ xf]rf] 5 .
 lj=;+= @)%* d+l;/ # df o;nfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] xf] eg] o;cl3 ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"efu emfkfsf]
s]rgfsngnfO{ lyof] .
g]kfndf ePsf s]xL ljZj:t/Lo /]s8{x?÷tYof+sx?
 ljZjsf] ;jf{lws ulx/f] uN5LM DofUbLsf] bfgf eGg] :yfgdf /x]sf] sfnLu08sL gbLn] agfPsf] ‘cGw
uN5L’ . cGgk"0f{ / wf}nflu/L lxdfnsf] aLrdf kg]{ ^(^& ld6/ ulx/f] /x]sf]
 ljZjsf] ulx/f] pkTosfM ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfdf kg]{ c?0f pkTosf
 ljZjsf] cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] k|of]uzfnfM ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf cjl:yt %)%) ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf]
nf]j'r]df /x]sf] The Pyramid International Laboratory and Observatory Hih Altitude
Scientific Research Center.

74| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

Think Loksewa

#=@ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?, lsl;d, pknAwtf / pkof]u

g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;fwgx?
gbLgfnf
 g]kfndf ;fgf 7"nf u/L ^))) eGbf a9L gbLgfnfx? /x]sf
 sl/a !)) gbLx?sf] nDafO !^) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf w]/} /x]sf]
 sl/a !))) gbLx? !! lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf /x]sf
pb\ud:ynsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf gbLx?
 pb\ud:ynsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf gbLx?nfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f]:t/sf gbLx? u/L # efudf ljefhg ug]{
ul/Psf]
klxnf]:t/sf gbLx?  lxdfnodf pb\ud ePsf
 ljB't pTkfbgsf b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ dflgg]
pbfx/0fM ;Ktsf]zL, ;Ktu08sL, ;Kts0ff{nL, dxfsfnL
bf];|f]:t/sf gbLx?  dxfef/tdf pTklQ ePsf
 l;rfOFsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgg]
pbfx/0fM d]rL, sGsfO, sdnf, afudtL, /fKtL, ltgfp, aaO cflb
t];|f]:t/sf gbLx?  r'/] kxf8af6 pTklQ x'g]
 s[lifsf nflu pkof]uL
pbfx/0fM aj|mfxf, dg':df/f, xlb{gfy, ltnfj] cflb

g]kfnsf d'Vo gbLx?

 gbLsf] k|jfx jf l;l~rt u/]sf] If]qsf cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ sf]zL k|b]z, u08sL k|b]z / s0ff{nL k|b]z u/L
# efudf ljefhg ug]{ ul/Psf]
sf]zL  If]qM k"j{df s~rgh+3f–klZrddf nfd6fª
 nDafOM &@) lsnf]ld6/
 hnk|jfxM !%^$ m3/sec
 ljB't pTkfbgM @@))) MW
 ljz]iftfM ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL
u08sL  If]qM k"j{df nfd6fª–klZrddf wf}nflu/L
 nDafOM ##* lsnf]ld6/
 hnk|jfxM !&!# m3/sec
 ljB't pTkfbgM @!))) MW
 ljz]iftfM ;a}eGbf ulx/f] gbL
s0ff{nL  If]qM k"j{df wf}nflu/L–klZrddf Jof; lxdfn
 nDafOM %)& lsnf]ld6/
 hnk|jfxM !#!^ m3/sec

g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |75

Think Loksewa

 ljB't pTkfbgM #@))) MW

 ljz]iftfM ;a}eGbf nfdf]÷km/flsnf] gbL
k|d'v gbLsf ;xfos gbL, pb\ud:yn / wfld{s÷kf}/fl0fs gfd
;Ktsf]zL
j|m=;+= ;xfos gbL -k"j{–klZrd_ pb\ud:yn wfld{s÷kf}/fl0fs gfd
!= tdf]/ ltAat b'MvwL
@= c?0f -;a}eGbf 7"nf]_ ltAat dxfk|ef
#= b'wsf]zL b'ws'08 -;f]n'v'Da'_ eb|fjtL
$= lnv' -;a}eGbf ;fgf]_ /f]Njflnª x]du+uf
%= tfdfsf]zL ltAat gf/fo0fL >jf
^= ;'gsf]zL ltAat z'e>jf
&= OGb|fjtL h'un lxdfn -e}/j 6fs'/f_ ;TojflxgL
;Ktu08sL
j|m=;+= ;xfos gbL -k"j{–klZrd_ pb\ud:yn wfld{s÷kf}/fl0fs gfd
!= lqz'nL ltAat wd{wf/f
@= a'9Lu08sL u0f]z lxdfn ozf]w/f
#= b/f}FbL -;a}eGbf ;fgf]_ a'4 lxdfn ljZjwf/f
$= d:of{ª\bL bfdf]b/ lxdfn lztk|ef
%= dfbL cGgk"0f{ lxdfn df08jL -sf}df/L:j?kf_
^= ;]tLu08sL cGgk"0f{ lxdfn ;'j0f{;l/tf
&= sfnLu08sL -;a}eGbf 7"nf]_ d':tfª n]s s[i0fu08sL
;Kts0ff{nL
j|m=;+= ;xfos gbL -k"j{–klZrd_ pb\ud:yn wfld{s÷kf}/fl0fs gfd
!= ;fgf] e]/L wf}nflu/L lxdfn pQ/u+uf
@= 7"nf] e]/L d's'6 lxdfn s0ff{nL gbLnfO{
#= d'u' s0ff{nL n4fv lxdfn k~r]Zj/ eg]/ lrlgg]
$= ltnf -;a}eGbf ;fgf]_ h'Dnf n]s
%= x'Dnf s0ff{nL -;a}eGbf 7"nf]_ ltAat
^= a'9Lu+uf hub'Nnf tfn
&= ;]tL ;}kfn lxdfn

gbL ;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/L

 pQ/u+uf gbLM ;fgf] e]/L
 pQ/jflxgL gbLM sd{gfzf -blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ aUg] g]kfnsf] Ps dfq gbL_
 zflnu|fd kfOg] Ps dfq gbLM sfnLu08sL
76| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n
Think Loksewa

 Pp6} gfdn] b'O{lt/ aUg] gbLM /fKtL -lrtjg / bfª_

 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr :yfgaf6 aUg] gbLM c?0f -ltAatL efiffdf km'ª\r'_
 ef]6÷ltAatdf d"n ePsf gbLM c?0f, tdf]/, ;'gsf]zL, tfdfsf]zL, lqz'nL / s0ff{nL
 rLgsf] Xjfªxf] gbL kl5 ;a}eGbf w]/} afn'jf af]Sg] gbL÷laxf/sf] b'MvM sf]zL gbL
 tLg lt/af6 gbLn] ;Ldfgf 5'6\ofPsf] lhNnfM cf]vn9'ª\uf
 sl/a () k|ltzt eGbf w]/} efu gbLn] ;Ldfgf 5'6\ofPsf] lhNnfM s}nfnL
 5f]6f gbLx? ePsf] lhNnfM bfª
g]kfnsf gbLx? ef/tdf k'u]kl5sf] gfd
j|m=;+= g]kfnL gfd ef/tLo gfd j|m=;+= g]kfnL gfd ef/tLo gfd
!= sf]zL bfdf]b/ @= s0ff{nL 3fF3/f
#= sGsfO ljl/ª $= dxfsfnL zf/bf
%= d]rL dxfgGbf ^= aaO ;/o'
g]kfnsf gbL lsgf/df cjl:yt zx/x?
j|m=;+= zx/sf] gfd gbL j|m=;+= zx/sf] gfd gbL
!= ljb'/ lqz'nL @= 3f]/fxL, u'nl/of aaO
#= e/tk'/ gf/fo0fL $= hf]d;f]d, j]gL sfnLu08sL
%= x]6f}F8f /fKtL ^= dx]Gb|gu/ dxfsfnL
&= kf]v/f ;]tLu08sL *= h'Dnf ltnf
(= bdf}nL ;]tL÷dfbL !)= lbkfon ;]tL
!!= rfd], a]FzLzx/ d:of{ª\bL !@= sfFs8leQf d]rL
!#= s':df dfbL !$= dGynL tfdfsf]zL
!%= a'6jn ltgfp !^= l;ldsf]6 x'Dnf s0ff{nL
!&= l;Gw'nLdf8L sdnfdfO{ !*= ufO3f6 lqo'uf
!(= dfGdf h'Dnf s0ff{nL

g]kfndf kfOg] jg
g]kfnsf] e"w/ftn tyf jghª\unsf] ljljwtfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jg:klt hutnfO{ lgDglnlvt kfFr ;d"xdf
juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
j|m=;+= jgsf] lsl;d :j?k÷ljz]iftf
!= pi0fk|b]zLo ;bfaxf/  t/fO{, efa/, b'g, r'/] kj{tsf] !,@)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] jg
hª\un (Sub Tropical  udL{ / jiff{ oy]i6 dfqfdf x'g]
Evergreen Forest)  ¿vx¿ cUnf, df]6f, alnof / ;Fw} xl/of x'g]
 k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /x]sf] of] hª\un klxn] rf/
sf]z;Dd km}lnPsfn] o;nfO{ rf/sf]z] emf8L klg elgg]
 oxfF ;fn, l;;f}, vo/, l;dn cflb k|d'v jg:kltsf ;fy} xfQL,
u}F8f, af3, efn', d[u cflb jGohGt' kfOg]
g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |77
Think Loksewa

 cfly{s tyf h}ljs b[li6n] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgg]

@= ;dzLtf]i0f -df};dL_  r'/] kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu, dWoefu / dxfef/t kj{tsf] tNnf]
ktem/ hª\un efusf] !,@)) ld6/b]lv @,!)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf cjl:yt
(Temperate  lxpFbsf] ;dodf oxfFsf ¿vsf kftx? emb{5g\ . oxfFsf jg:kltx?
Deciduous Forest) cUnf / df]6f x'G5g\
 s8f / g/d hftsf ;bfaxf/, ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L ¿vdWo] ;fn,
;Nnf, b]jbf?, rfFk, s6';, cf]v/, u'/fF;, lkkn, lrnfpg], j/, afF;,
l;dn, plQ;, knfF;, nfs'/L, rfFk kfOg]
 xl/0f, d[u, 3f]/n h:tf hgfj/x?sf ;fy} 8fFkm], d'gfn, Rofv'/f h:tf
r/fr'?ª\uL kfOg]
#= ;dzLtf]i0f ;bfaxf/  dxfef/t kj{tsf] dflyNnf] efu tyf lxdfnL kj{tsf] tNnf] efudf
sf]0fwf/L hª\un @,!)! ld6/b]lv #,#%) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg]
(Coniferous Forest)  oxfF jif{}e/L lr;f] x'g] / lxdkft eO/xg]
 oxfFsf ¿v / ¿vsf kftx¿ sf]0fh:t} r'Rrf] k/]sf x'Gf]
 oxfF demf}nf g/d hftsf ¿v kfOg]
 rfFk, ;Nnf, b]jbf?, s6';, w'kL, l;dn, lrnfpg], a]tafF;, plQ;,
afF;, u'F/f;, ef]hkq cflb kfOg]
 xl/0f, 3f]/n, d[u h:tf hgfj/sf ;fy} 8fFkm], d'gfn nufotsf
r/fr'?ª\uLx? kfOg]
$= n]sfnL jg:klt jf 3f“;]  g]kfndf #,#%! ld6/b]lv %,))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf sd tfkqmd /
d}bfg (Alpine Forest) sd jiff{ x'g] kxf8L tyf tNnf] lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] jg:klt
 of] prfOdf lr;f] / z'is hnjfo' kfOg] x'Fbf df]6f / s8f vfnsf
?vx? ;lk|Fb}gg\
 sd prfOdf u'/fF;, lgufnf] / s]xL emf8Lh:tf ¿vx¿ #,^))
ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOG5g\ eg] Tof] eGbf dfly 3fF;sf 7'nf 7'nf
kmfF6x¿ kfOg]
 dflyNnf] efudf /ª\uLla/ª\uL a'sLkm"n tyf hl8a'6Lx¿ kfOg]
%= lzt d?e"ldsf]  g]kfndf %,))) ld6/sf] prfOeGbfdfly lxFp kg]{ x'Fbf oxfF jg:kltx¿
jg:klt÷6'08«f jg:klt pld|g g;Sg] ePsfn] lxpF gcl8g] le/fnf] 7fpFdf sfO{ / n]pdfq
(Tundra Vegetation) kfOG5g\
 pld|g / x's{g g;Sg] o:tf] 7fpFdf pd|]sf n]p / em\ofpnfO{ 6'08«f
jg:klt jf zLt d?e"ldsf] jg:klt elgG5
 Ps k|sf/n] of] If]qnfO{ jg:kltljxLg If]q klg elgG5

78| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

Think Loksewa

vlgh
k[YjLleq k|fs[lts ?kdf /x]sf] /f;folgs tyf ef}lts kbfy{x?nfO{ vlgh elgG5 . g]kfn k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgn]
;DkGg d'n's xf] . g]kfndf vlghsf] pTvggsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of;sf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5}g . vlgh kbfy{sf]
pTvggnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg @)@$ df ef}ule{s ljefu :yfkgf ul/of] . oBlk g]kfndf /x]s]f vlgh
kbfy{nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf w]/} pTvgg ul/Psf] vlgh r'g9'+uf xf] .
g]kfndf vlgh ;fwgsf ;DefJo If]q
j|m=;+= pknAw vlgh vlgh kfOg] :yfgx¿
!= kmnfd km"nrf]sL, 7f];], lrtjg, s'n]vfgL, e}F;], Ko'7fg, aemfª, 8f]6L, kmlk{ª
@= tfdf tfdfvfgL, ;L;fvfgL, s'n]vfgL, a'4vf]nf, jfK;f, afx|la;], dfkmf{, aGbLk'/,
cf]vn9'ª\uf, Onfd8fF8f, DofUbL
#= ce|v ef]hk'/, 8f]6L, r}gk'/, l;Gw'nLu9L, Hofld/], lga'jf
ufFp, /;'jf, aemfª, ndh'ª, uf];fOs'F08, ;'Gb/Lhn
$= l;;f u0f]z lxdfn, km"nrf]sL, dsjfgk'/, afUn'ª, dfkm'{, uNsf]6, ltKnLª, a}t8L
%= h:tf u0f]z lxdfn, km"nrf]sL, dfh]/ vf]nf, gfDkf
^= uGws lr;fkfgL u9L, uf];fOs'08, a/fxIf]q
&= v/L l;Gw'kfNrf]s, vf]6fª, ef]hk'/
*= :n]6 aGbLk'/, afUdtL, n'lDagL, u08sL, hgsk'/
(= dfj{n uf]bfj/L, dxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnf
!)= u]? l;Gw'kfNrf]s, rf}tf/f
!! sf]Onf bfª, ;Nofg, rf}tf/f, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, sf7df8fF} pkTosf
!@ k]6«f]lnod sf]Onfaf;, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L, d'lQmgfy, b}n]v, Ko'7fg, bfª / t/fO{, r'/]
kxf8, dxfef/t
!# UofF; t/fO{sf] lj:t[t e"efu, d':tfª If]q / sf7df8f}F pkTosf
!$ ;'g ;'gsf];L, a'9Lu08sL, l/p vf]nf, sfnLu08sLsf] au/, a]l/ª, sf];L gbL
!% rfFbL lr;fkfgL u9L, afUn'ª, km"nrf]sL
!^ sf]jfN6 kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, wgs'6f
!& ;f]8f ;Nofg, 8f]6L
!* jL/]g"g l;w]g"g /;'jf :ofk|'ma]F;L

!( lgcf]j]/; / cGo uf]/vf, 88]Nw'/f, hfh/sf]6

kTy/ -b'n{e wft'_
@) lgs]n vf]slnª, gfDkf, 6'ªyfª, ef]n
@! DofUg];fO6 bf]nvfsf] vl/9'ª\uf, pbok'/sf] sDo'3f6, d':tfªsf] g"gvfgL

80| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

Think Loksewa

g]kfnsf k|d'v tfnx?

!= /f/f tfn
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn
 ;d'b| ;txb]lv @(() ld6/ prfOdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] d'u' lhNnfdf cjl:yt
 sfl~h/f]jf lxdfnsf] 5fofF b]lvg]
@= z]–kmf]S;'08f] tfn
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] tfn
 ;d'b| ;txb]lv #^!# ld6/ prfOdf 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf cjl:yt
 'Y' cfsf/sf], hLjx? gkfOg] ePsfn] lglh{j tfn klg elgg]
 ;jf{lws prfOdf /x]sf] ;'lnu9 em/gfsf] pb\ud /x]sf] -tfnsf] ljsf; :j?k ag]sf]_
 Rigmo tfn klg elgg] l/Ud
 sfl~h/f]jf lxdfnsf] blIf0f km]b tyf sfudf/f n]ssf] sfvdf cjl:yt
#= ltlnrf] tfn
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf pRr :yfgdf /x]sf]
 ;d'b| ;txb]lv $(!( ld6/sf] prfOdf u08sL k|b]zsf dgfª lhNnfdf cjl:yt
 kmfSr] lxdfnsf] sfvdf /x]sf]
$= km]jf tfn
 u08sL k|b]zsf] sf:sL lhNnfsf] kf]v/df cjl:yt
 o; tfnnfO{ jf/fxL tfn / j}bfd tfn klg elgg]
 df5fk'R5«] lxdfnsf] 5fofF b]lvg] ePsfn] dgdf]xs /x]sf]
 xk{g vf]nf / df;L{ vf]nf ldl;Psf
%= uf];fOs'08
 ;d'b| ;txb]lv $#*) ld6/sf] prfOdf /;'jf lhNnfdf cjl:yt /x]sf]
 h]7 dlxgfdf bzx/f d]nf / efb| dlxgfdf hg}k"l0f{dfsf lbg d]nf nfUg]
 g]jf/L ;d'bfon] lzn'tLy{sf] ?kdf ;d]t k"hf ug]{
^= aL;xhf/L tfn
 lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]qdf k"j{–klZrd xfO{–j] af6 sl/a @) xhf/ lkm6sf] b"/Ldf
 l;d;f/ If]qn] #,@)) x]S6/
 l;d;f/ If]qdf ;dfj]z M ;g\ @))# cu:6 !#

 dWo t/fO{sf] ;+/lIft If]q xf] h'g dxfef/t kj{t / r'/] kj{t kfnfsf] aLrdf k5
&= OGb| ;/f]j/
 of] tfn dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 o; tfnsf] If]qkmn & ju{ ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfgj lgld{t hnfzo_ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |81
Think Loksewa

*= ¿kf tfn
 sf:sL lhNnf kf]v/fsf] k"j{ pQ/L efudf kre}of kj{tsf] km]bdf /x]sf]
 ;d'b|L ;txaf6 &)! ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt $=% ld6/ ulx/fO
 !@) x]S6/ If]qkmndf km}lnPsf]
(= a]ugf; tfn
 ¿kftfn;Fu} kre}of 8fF8fsf] csf]{ kfvfdf a]ugf; tfn /x]sf]
 ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^&& ld6/ prfOdf cjl:yt
 &=% ld= ulx/f] of] tfn @@% x]S6/df km}lnPsf]
!)= 3f]8f3f]8L tfn
 s}nfnL lhNnfcGt{ut dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] pQ/tkm{ xTs]nfsf] cfsf/df km}lnPsf]
 slkn tfnsf] gfdn] lrlgg] tfn s'g xf] < 3f]8f3f]8L tfn
 3f]8f3f]8L dlGb/ /x]sf]n] ;f]xL dlGb/sf] cfwf/df tfnsf] gfds/0f ul/Psf]
 of]uL g/xl/gfyn] 3f]8f3f]8L tfnnfO{ slkn tfn lj=;+= @)%@ gfdfs/0f u/]sf
!!= /fgL kf]v/L
 /fgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f /fhf k|tfk dNnn]
 cfÇgL /fgLnfO{ k'q zf]sdf ;fGTjgf lbnfpg /fhf k|tfk dNnn] /fgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP
 /fgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f lj=;+= !&@& df ul/Psf]
!@= 6f}bx
 ssf]{6s gfusf] af:f:yfg klg elgGf]
 sf7df8f}F pkTosf hndo ePsf] cj:yfdf d~h'>Ln] v8\un] sf6]/ jf eujfg >Ls[i0fn] rqm k|xf/ u/L
rf]ef/sf] uN5L sf6]/ kfgL aflx/ k7fPkl5 oxfFsf gfux¿ klg aflx/ hfg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]n]
rf]ef/ e"tv]n eGg] 7fpFdf kf]v/L agfO{ ;f]xL 7fpFdf gfux¿sf /fhf ssf]{6snfO{ a:g] 7fpF lbOPsf]
 of] *$ /f]kgL hnIf]q;lxt (^ /f]kgL hUufdf km}lnPsf]
g]kfnsf k|l;4 tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx¿
tfn, s'08, kf]v/L :yfg -lhNnf_
/f/f tfn d'u'
km]jf tfn, ¿kf tfn, d}bL tfn, a]ugf; tfn sf:sL
z]–kmf]S;'08f] jf l/Ud tfn 8f]Nkf
aL;xhf/L tfn, gGbefph" tfn, s;/f tfn lrtjg
u}8xjf tfn, nf};f tfn, ;u|xjf tfn ?kGb]xL
hflv/f tfn, hubLzk'/ tfn slknj:t'
3f]8f3f]8L tfn s}nfnL
a'na'n] tfn ;'v]{t
/fgL tfn, lemnldnf tfn s~rgk'/

82| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

Think Loksewa

slhg /f/f tfn %))@ ld prfO{ dgfª cflwsf/Ls

k'i6L x'g afFsL
ltl/5f] -ltlnrf]_ tfn dgfª cflwsf/Ls
?kdf k'i6L gePsf]
vKt8 bx c5fd
OGb|;/f]j/ dsjfgk'/
6f}bx, /fgL kf]v/L, gfubx, sdn kf]v/L, s6'jfn bx, sf7df8f}F
kfgL kf]v/L
u+uf;fu/, /fd;fu/ wg'iff
dxf/fhf ;'GjifL{ kf]v/L df]/ª
dfOlbof kf]v/L k;f{
;'df{ ;/f]j/ aemfª
kGrf;] tfn :ofª\hf, kj{t /
sf:sL
lu/L tx h'Dnf
;'gf bx 8f]Nkf / afUn'ª
u'kmf kf]v/L, ;efkf]v/L, aGb's kf]v/L, h'DNofxf kf]v/L ;+v'jf;ef
dfOkf]v/L Onfd
;fNkf kf]v/L ef]hk'/
uf]Sof] tfn ;f]n'v'Da'
/f}tfxf kf]v/L pbok'/
;/:jtL s'08, e}/js'08, ;"o{s'08, kfj{tLs'08, gf}s'08, /;'jf
uf];fOs'08
u+uf s'08 hd'gf wflbª
?Gr] tfn, sN5'dg tfn uf]/vf
sfldgL bx af/f
njkf]v/L, l;4kf]v/L eQmk'/
gfubx nlntk'/
e/t tfn ;nf{xL
efn] af:g] tfn DofUbL
bfdf]b/ s'08 d':tfª
;TojtL tfn, gGbg tfn kfNkf
g]kfnsf k|d'v em/gfx?
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] em/gf M kfrfn em/gf, sflnsf]6, #*! ld6/ cUnf]
 g]kfnsf] bf];|f] nfdf] em/gf M Xoft'ª em/gf, t]x|y'd, #^% ld6/ cUnf]
 ;'lnu9 em/gf -kfpnLu9_ em/gf, vfnLjg em/gf, l6Knf em/gf, 5fªvf]nf em/gf M 8f]Nkf
g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |83
Think Loksewa

 ?K;] em/gf, af]S;L em/gf M DofUbL

 gd:t] em/gfM wgs'6f
 ;x;|wf/f em/gfM kj{t
 kf]snL, /ftdf6] em/gf M cf]vn9'ª\uf
 kftfn] 5fFuf]M sf:sL
 vx/]vf]nfsf] em/gf, u+uf hd'gf em/gf M wflbª
 k'/gwf/f em/gfM bfª
 XofSg] em/gfM u'NdL
 cf]8f/Lvf]nfsf] em/gf, v'jf em/gf M pbok'/
 km'ªkm'ª em/gfM g'jfsf]6
 5x/] em/gf, a}s'07] em/gf M kfNkf
 ;f]tfvf]nf em/gf, ltnv'jf em/gf M c3f{vfFrL
 hf]/kfgL em/gf M 8f]6L
 e}/j s'08 M sfe|]
 r]k]gbLsf] em/gf M dgfª
 jfx'jnL em/gf M /;'jf
 6f]8\s] em/gf M Onfd
 l6k6fnf em/gf, tfKn]h'ª
 åf/L vf]nfsf] em/gf M b}n]v
 ;]tL gbLsf] em/gf M aemfª
 lbk'|ªM vf]6fª

84| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

Think Loksewa

#=# ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / hghLjg

lxdfnL k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, hghLljsf / hLjgz}nL
 l;dfGt lxdfn, leqL lxdfn / d'Vo lxdfn ljefhg u/]sf]
 ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 ##%! b]lv **$*=*^ ld6/ prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 s'n If]qkmnsf] !% k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ lxdfnL If]qdf @! lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ o; If]qdf ^=)( k|ltzt hg;+Vof a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
 af}4 wdf{nDaLx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] o; If]qdf z]kf{, ysfnL, nfdf, ef]6]x?sf] d'Vo a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .
 o; If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] d'Vo k]zf ko{6g / kz'kfng xf] .
 lr;f] tyf sd s[lifof]Uo hldg ePsfn] o; If]qsf] hghLjg si6s/ /x]sf] 5 .
 klxnf] :t/sf gbL / lxdgbLsf] pb\ud x'g] .
 kflye/f, d'lQmgfy, uf];fO{s'08 nufotsf wfld{s If]qx? 5g\ .
 lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hg3gTj #$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt hgf /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjsf * xhf/ dflysf !$ lxdfn dWo] * j6f lxdfn o;} If]qdf kb{5g\ .
 s]lhg ;f/f n]s, ltlnrf] tfn, /f/f tfn, z]–kmf]S;'08f] tfn, bfdf]b/ s'08, uf];fO{s'08, l6ktfnf em/gf
nufotsf cg]sg k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 hl8a'6Lx? k|r'/ dfqf kfOG5 .
kxf8L k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, hghLljsf / hLjgz}nL
 r'/] kj{t -!@=&%_, dWoe"ld -@(=%%_ / dxfef/t kj{t -@%=*%_ df ljefhg u/]sf]
 kxf8L k|b]z ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 ^)! ld6/ b]lv ##%) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf km}lnPsf] 5 .
 lxdfnL k|b]z / t/fO{ k|b]zsf] aLrdf /xsf] dWo k|b]z xf] .
 o; If]qsf] pQ/df k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] dxfef/t kj{t z[+vnf /x]sf] 5 .
 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf @* j6f lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 kxf8L k|b]zdf /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ $)=@% k|ltzt hg;+Vof a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
 o; k|b]zsf] hg3gTj !(@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ k|lt hgf /x]sf] 5 .
 lxGb' wdf{nDaLx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] o; If]qdf If]qL, afx'g, du/, tfdfª, g]jf/, u'?ª cflb hfltsf] d'Vo
a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .
 o; k|b]zsf] blIf0fdf k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] r'/] kj{t /x]sf] 5 .
 o; k|b]zn] s'n e"–efusf] ^* k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6sf] 5 .
 udL{df a9L udL{ gx'g] / hf8f]df a9L hf8f] gx'g] ePsfn] a;f]af;sf nflu cg's"n tyf dgf]/d xfjfkfgL
ePsf] k|b]z .
 o; k|b]zsf dflg;x? s[lif tyf ;]jf k]zfdf ;+nUg /xsf 5g\ .
 o; k|b]zdf hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf bf];|f] / t];|f] :t/sf gbLx?sf] pb\ud:yn /x]sf] .
 o; k|b]zdf sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, wgs'6f h:tf pkTosfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 of] k|b]z ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg xf] .
 hDdf :yfgLo tx #)* /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |85

Think Loksewa

 t/fO{ k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, hghLljsf / hLjgz}nL

 vf; t/fO{ -$%_, efj/ k|b]z -$=%%_ / leqL dw]z -*=%%_ df ljefhg u/]sf]
 t/fO{ k|b]z ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 %( ld6/b]lv ^)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 kxf8L efub]lv blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] ;Ldf;Dd k"j{–klZrd km}lnPsf] g]kfnsf] ;dtn e"–efunfO{ t/fO{ k|b]z
elgG5 .
 o; k|b]zdf !* lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] %#=^^ hg;+Vof a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
 ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 %( ld6/ b]lv ^)) ld6/ ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
 o; If]q xf]rf] / ;dy/ ePsfn] k|foMh;f] udL{ x'G5 .
 clws dfqfdf kfFuf] df6f], s]xL :yfgdf tn}of df6f] / anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f] kfOG5 .
 ;gkf6, pv', t]nxg, skf;, wfg nufotsf v]tLx? x'g] ub{5g\ .
 o; If]qsf] hg3gTj $^! k|lt ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 .
 cGo If]q eGbf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df cufl8 /x]sf] 5 .
 of] If]q g]kfnsf] cGg e08f/ xf] .
 a9L dfqfdf kfgL kg]{ ePsfn] af9L, 8'afg / s6fgsf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
 cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s b[li6n] klg of] k|b]z dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
 of] If]qn] g]kfnsf] !& k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6\5 .
 yf?, ;tf/, /fhk't, /fhj+zL, ofbj, wfg's cflb hfltx?sf] d'Vo a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .
 hDdf :yfgLo tx @&^ /x]sf] .

86| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n

Think Loksewa

#=$ xfjfkfgLsf] lsl;d, ljz]iftf / To;sf] k|efj

g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf] lsl;d / ljz]iftf
e"jgf]6sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ kfFr efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgLb]lv
w'|jLo xfjfkfgL ;Ddsf] gd'gf kfOG5 .
j|m=;+= xfjfkfgLsf] lsl;d :j?k÷ljz]iftf
!= pkf]i0f÷pi0f k|b]zLo  t/fO{, efj/, leqL dw]z, kxf8sf ulx/f pkTosf, 6f/, a]FzL, vf]Fr h:tf
xfjfkfgL sl/a !@)) ld6/;Ddsf] xf]rf] ;dy/ e"efudf kfOg] xfjfkfgL .
 o; If]qsf] tfkj|md ;/b/ !%–$) l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 . udL{ofddf
cTolws udL{ x'g] ub{5 . udL{ofddf #%–$@ l8u|L ;]lN;o; / hf8f]ofddf
%–!% l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 .
 o; If]qdf jiff{ @)) ;]=ld= ;Dd x'G5 . jiff{ blIf0fb]lv pQ/ / k"j{b]lv
klZrdtkm{ 36\b} hfG5 .
 of] If]qdf udL{ofddf ‘n"’ rN5 eg] hf8f] ofddf ‘lztnx/’ rNb5 .
@= Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f  r'/] tyf dWoe"ldsf] dflyNnf] efudf sl/j !@))–@!)) ld6/;Ddsf]
xfjfkfgL prfOdf Gofgf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOg]
 dgf]/d xfjfkfgL ePsf] of] If]qdf dxfef/tLo If]qdf cg's"n xfjfkfgL tyf
tfkj|md kfOG5 eg] oxfFsf] kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu lr;f] / a]FzL tyf
pkTosfdf Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
 lu|id Ct'df tfkj|md @$–#) l8u|L ;]lN;o; k'U5 eg] hf8f] ofddf ) l8u|L
;]lN;o; ;Dd cf]n{G5 .
 udL{sf] ;dodf o; If]qdf !@% ;]=ld= jiff{ x'g] ub{5 .
#= 708f ;dzLtf]i0f  dxfef/t kj{t n]ssf] dflyNnf] efu tyf lxdfnL e"ldsf] If]qdf @,!)! b]lv
xfjfkfgL #,#%) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf of] xfjfkfgL kfOg] .
 lu|id Ct'df Gofgf] x'G5 eg] lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5 .
 oxfF lu|id Ct'df !%–@) l8u|L / hf8f] ofddf ) l8u|L ;]lN;o; eGbf tn
tfkj|md x'g] ub{5 .
 jiff{ udL{ ofddf !)) ;]=ld= ;Dd x'G5 .
 Go"g jiff{ / Go"g tfkj|mdsf] sf/0fn] oxfF v]tLkftL cToGt} sd x'G5 .
 :jf:Yo b[li6n] pko'Qm t/ hghLjg si6s/ ePsf] xfjfkfgL .
$= n]sfnL xfjfkfgL  g]kfnsf] pQ/L v08sf] lxd/]vfeGbf tnsf] e"efu / lxdfnL pkTosf g}
n]sfnL xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]q xf] .
 sl/a ##%) b]lv %,))) ld6/sf] prfO;Dddf of] xfjfkfgL kfOg] .
 oxfF tfkqmd lu|id Ct'df !)–!% l8u|L ;]lN;o; ;Dd / hf8f] ofddf ) l8u|L
eGbf tn emg]{ ub{5 .
 oxfF jiff{ em08} %) ;]=ld= ;Dd dfq x'G5 .
 jif{sf] em08} tLg rf}yfO{ ;do lxpFn] 9flsg] If]q xf] .

g]kfnsf] e"uf]n |87

Think Loksewa

kz'kfng / ko{6gsf nflu pko'Qm xfjfkfgL .

Created by free version of DocuFreezer


%= w'|jLo÷lxdfnL÷6'08«f  ;d'b| ;txb]lv %))) ld6/ eGbf dfly kfOg] xfjfkfgL .
÷;'Vvf xfjfkfgL  nueu !^)) lkm6sf] prfOdf /xsf] lxd/]vfeGbf dfly ;w}F lxpF hld/xG5 .
 afx|} dlxgf lxpF kl//xg] x'Fbf oxfFsf] tfkj|md ) l8u|L eGbf tn x'G5 .
 gu0o dfqfdf dfq jiff{ x'G5 / eOxfn] klg lxpF jiff{ x'G5 .
 dWofGx kl5 hf]8bf/ xfjf rNg] x'Fbf Hofbf 708L x'G5 .
 cToGt} lr;f] / z'is xfjfkfgL .

g]kfndf kfOg] xfjfkfgLsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx?

 e"dWo]/]vf b]lv w|'jLo xfjfkfgL ;Ddsf] gd"gf kfOg]
 dg;'gL xfjfkfgL kfOg]
 lxdfnosf] prfOaf6 k|ToIf k|efljt
 t/fO{ If]qdf pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL kfOG5, oxfF lu|idofddf tfkj|md $@ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'U5 tyf o;
If]qdf @)) ;]=ld= ;Dd jiff{t\ x'g] ub{5 eg] o; If]qdf lxpFbdf eg] % l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd tfkj|md x'g] ub{5
t;y{ t/fO{df udL{ ofddf a9L udL{ / hf8f] ofddf a9L hf8f] x'g]
 kxf8sf] tNnf] efudf Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f tyf pRr efudf 708f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . !)) ;]=ld=
eGbf a9L kfgL kb{5 . o; If]qdf lu|idofddf #) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd tfkqmd k'Ub5 eg] lxpFbdf ) l8u|L
;]lG6u|]8;Dd x'g] ub{5 t;y{ kxf8L k|b]z h}ljs b[li6n] cg's"n
 lu|id / hf8f] u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL
 g]kfndf dg;'g k"j{af6 klZrd tkm{ jiff{ j|mdzM 36\b} hfg] ub{5 / lxpFbsf] jiff{ eg] klZrdaf6 ;'? x'G5
 g]kfnsf]] ;a}eGbf sd jiff{ d':tfª x'G5 eg] w]/} jiff{ sf:sLsf] n'Dn]df x'g] ub{5
 g]kfndf lxdfnL If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/ pRr /x]sf]
 g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL ef/tsf] pi0ftf / ltAatLo z'istfsf] ynf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf]

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88| g]kfnsf] e"uf]n