Unit-1-Mechanics and Force System

K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik.
Program: Civil Engineering(CE)

Semester: II Scheme: I
Course: Applied Mechanics Course Code: 22203
Unit-1: Mechanics and Force System
Presented by:
Mr. A. D. Kale
HOD in Civil Engineering
Course Outcome:
CO-1: Identify the force systems for given conditions by
applying the basics of mechanics.
Unit Outcomes:
1a. Explain the concept of given terms.
1b. Use the relevant units of various quantities in the given
situations.
1c. Explain the effects of a force on the given object.
1d. Identify the force system for the given situation.
Topics And Sub-Topics
• Significance and relevance: Mechanics, applied mechanics,

statics, dynamics.
• Space, time, mass, particle, body, rigid body.
• Scalar and vector quantity, Units of measurement (SI units)-
Fundamental units and derived units.
• Force – unit, representation as a vector and by Bows notation,
characteristics and effects of a force. Principle of
transmissibility of force, Force system and its classification
What is Applied Mechanics?
Applied Mechanics:
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the practical
application of the laws of matter and motion to the construction of
machines and structures of all kinds.
What is Statics?
Statics
• It is the branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the forces
and their effects, while acting upon the bodies at rest.
What is Dynamics?
Dynamics
• It is the branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the forces
and their effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion.
• Dynamics may be further sub-divided into the following two branches:
 Kinetics.
 Kinematics.
Kinetics:
It is the branch of Dynamics, which deals with the bodies in motion due to
the application of forces.
Kinematics
It is the branch of Dynamics, which deals with the bodies in motion,
without any reference to the forces which are responsible for the motion
1.2. Basic definitions
Space
The geometric region in which study of body is involved is called space.
Time
It is basics quantity used for the measurement of the duration for an event and it is denoted by
letter ‘t’ or ‘T’
Mass
The quantity of matter content in a body is called as mass.
Its unit is kilo gram or gram
Particle
A particle may be defined as a body of infinitely small volume and is considered to be
concentrated point.
Body
An object having definite mass and occupying definite space is called a body.
Rigid body
• A rigid body may be defined as a body which can retain its shape and size, even if subjected to
some external forces. In actual practice, nobody is perfectly rigid. But for the sake of simplicity,
we take all the bodies as rigid bodies.
Weight
• The force with which a body is attracted toward the centre of earth by the gravitational pull is
called Weight.
• The unit of weight is Newton (N) or kilo Newton (kN).
The relation between mass (m) and weight (W) of a body is given by the equation
W=m×g
The value of g is taken as 9.81 m/sec2 (usually 9.80 m/sec2 to make the calculation work easier)
in M.K.S. system as well as in S.I. units.
Difference between Mass and Weight
Sr No. Mass Weight
1 It is the quantity of matter contained in It is the force with which the body is
a body. attracted towards the Centre of earth.
2 It is constant at all places. It is different at different altitude.
3 It resists motion in the body. It produces motion in the body.
4 It is a scalar quantity since it has It is a vector quantity since it has
magnitude only. magnitude as well as direction.
5 It is never zero. It is zero at the centre of earth.
6 It is measured in kilogram (kg) in M.K.S. It is measured in kilogram weight (kg
system of units as well as in S.I. units. wt. or kgf) in M.K.S. system of units
and in Newton (N) in S.I. units.
7 It can be measured by an ordinary It is measured by a spring balance.
balance.
1.3. Scalar and vector quantities
1.3.1 Scalar quantity

• A scalar quantity is one that has magnitude only.
• Examples: Mass, Length, volume, time, temperature and density
Volume
Fig. 1.2: Scalar quantity

1.3.2 Vector quantity
• A vector quantity is one that has magnitude as well as direction.
• Examples: Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration and momentum etc.
• A vector quantity is represented by a line carrying an arrow head at one end.
Fig. 1.3: Vector quantity

1.3.2 Units of measurement
There are two Units of measurements
1. Fundamental units/ base units.
2. Derived units
1. Fundamental units/ base units.

• The units of fundamental quantities are called fundamental units.
• Fundamental quantities are the physical quantities, which do not depend on any other
physical quantities for its measurements.
• Following are the basic/ fundamental quantities which are required for applied mechanics
Table: 1.2: Fundamental units/ basic units.
Sr. No. Fundamental Physical Quantity Fundamental Unit Symbol
1 Length meter m
2 Mass kilogram kg
3 Time second s
However two more quantities (plane angle and solid angle) can be included in fundamental/basic units.
2. Derived units
• The units of derived quantities are called as derived units.
• These physical quantities are expressed as combination of one or more fundamental
quantity.
Table: 1.3: Derived units
Derived Quantity Formula Derived units
Area Length × Length m2
Volume Length × Length × Length m3
Density Mass/ Volume kg/m3
Velocity and Speed Length/ Time m/s
Acceleration Velocity/ Time m/s2
Force Mass × Acceleration kg m/s2
Energy and Work Force × Length kg m2/s2
Power Energy/ Time kg m2/s3
Pressure and Thrust Force/ Area kg /m s2
Momentum Mass × Velocity kg m/s
Systems of Unit
• The complete set of basic/fundamental units and derived units is known as system of units.
• Different countries used different systems of units for measurement of physical quantity.
• The following systems of units are in use.
1.C.G.S. system. They are centimeter, gram, second respectively
2.F.P.S. system. They are foot, pound, second respectively
3.M.K.S. system. They are meter,kilogram, and second system
4.S.I. system.They are Newton, meter and second system.

The S.I. systems of units are now accepted worldwide for measurement.
1.4. Force
• Force is an external agent which changes or tends to change the state of rest or state of uniform
motion of a body in a straight line.
• The force has a magnitude and direction, therefore it is vector quantity.
• The SI unit of force is the newton, symbol N.
Effects of forces:
A force may produce the following effects in a body, on which it acts:
• It may change the motion of a body. i.e. if a body is at rest, the force may set it in motion.
• It may retard or accelerate the motion of a body.
• It may retard the forces, already acting on a body, thus bringing it to rest or in equilibrium.
• It may give rise to the internal stresses in the body, on which it acts.
Characteristics of a force:
Magnitude: It represents amount of force. (e.g. A force of 50N means 50N is magnitude of the force.)
Direction: The direction is represented by the line along which the force acts.
Nature of the force: Whether the force is push or pull.
The point of application: The point at which (or through which) the force acts on the body.
1.4.3. Representation of forces
Forces may be represented in the following two ways:
1. Vector representation
2. Bow’s notation.
1. Vector representation
A force can be represented graphically by a vector as shown in Fig. 1.4
F1 (50N) F2 (50N)
Fig. : Vector representation

2. Bow’s notation
It is a method of designating a force by writing two capital letters one on either side of the force with specific
order(i.e clockwise or anticlockwise) as shown in Fig.
In Fig.
Where,
Force F1 (200 N) is represented by AB
Force F2 (100 N) is represented by BC and
Force F3 (150 N) is represented by CA
Fig. 1.5: Bow’s notation
1.4.4. Transmissibility of a force
It states, “If a force acts at any point on a rigid body, it may also be considered to act at any
other point on its line of action provided this point is rigidly connected with the body.”
Fig.: Transmissibility of a force

If we move the force F from point A to Point B which lies on line of action of force F, the same
effect would be expected
1.4.5. Force system
A force system is a collection of forces acting on a body in one or more planes. According to the
relative positions of the lines of action of the forces, the forces may be classified as follows:
Colinear
Concurrent
Coplanar
Non-Concurrent
Like Parallel
Parallel
Force System
Un-Like Parallel
Concurrent
Non-coplanar Non-Concurrent
Like Parallel
Parallel
Un-Like Parallel
Fig.: Force system

1. Coplanar forces
The forces, whose lines of action lie in the same plane, are known as coplanar forces.
There are four types of coplanar forces.
a. Coplanar Collinear forces-:
The forces, whose lines of action lie in the same line, are known as collinear forces. Collinear
force system as shown in Fig
Fig-1.8: Collinear forces
Fig-: Collinear forces
b. Coplanar Concurrent forces-:

The forces, which meet or intersect at a single point and their lines of action also lie in the same
plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces.
Coplanar Concurrent force system as shown in Fig.
Fig-: Coplanar Concurrent forces

c. Coplanar Non-Concurrent forces-:
The forces, which do not meet or intersect at a one point, but their lines of action lie on the same plane, are
known as coplanar non-concurrent forces. Coplanar Non-Concurrent force system as shown in Fig.1.10
Fig-1.10: Coplanar Non-Concurrent forces
d) Parallel Forces-:
The force which acts in the same plane and are parallel to each other are called parallel forces. The forces can be
in the same direction or opposite directions.
There are two types of parallel forces.

i. Like parallel forces
ii. Unlike parallel forces
i. Like parallel forces
The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other and all of them act in the same direction as shown in
figure are known as like parallel forces.
Fig.: Like parallel forces

ii. Unlike parallel forces
The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other and all of them do not act in the same direction as
shown in figure1.12 are known as unlike parallel forces.
Fig.: Unlike parallel forces

2. Non-Coplanar forces-:
The force, which does not lie on same plane (lie on different plane) are known as Non-coplanar forces.
There are three types of Non-Coplanar forces
a) Non-coplanar concurrent forces-:

The forces, which meet at one point, but their lines of action do not lie in the same plane, are known as non-
coplanar concurrent forces. Non-Coplanar force system as shown in fig.
Fig.1.13:Non-coplanar concurrent forces

b) Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces-:
The forces, which do not meet at one point and their lines of action do not lie in the same plane, are called
non-coplanar non-concurrent forces.
Non-coplanar Non-concurrent force system as shown in fig.
Fig.1.14:Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces
c) Non-coplanar parallel forces-:

These are parallel forces, which do not lie on same plane (lie on different plane) and that act in the same or
opposite directions at different points on an object.
The forces acting in same direction are known as like parallel forces and the forces acting in opposite direction
are known as Unlike parallel forces.
Exercise
1. Define the terms: (i) Statics (ii) Dynamics.

2. Differentiate between ‘Kinematics’ and ‘Kinetics’.
3. Define the following terms:i) Force ii) Mass iii) Weight iv) Rigid Body
4. Differentiate between ‘Mass’ and ‘Weight’.
5. Define ‘Scalar’ and ‘Vector’ quantities.
6. Which of the following quantities are scalar? Mass, force, volume, velocity, time, acceleration.
7. Describe the various systems of units. Which system of units is being followed these days.
8. Define a force. State the effects which a force may produce when it acts on the body.
9. Enumerate characteristics of a force.
10.Classify force system.
11. Define a ‘force system’. Name the different force systems.
Micro projects
1. Prepare the models of different force systems.

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K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik.

Program: Civil Engineering(CE)

• Significance and relevance: Mechanics, applied mechanics,

Sr No. Mass Weight

1.3.1 Scalar quantity

Fig. 1.2: Scalar quantity

Fig. 1.3: Vector quantity

1. Fundamental units/ base units.

1.C.G.S. system. They are centimeter, gram, second respectively

2.F.P.S. system. They are foot, pound, second respectively

3.M.K.S. system. They are meter,kilogram, and second system

4.S.I. system.They are Newton, meter and second system.

Fig. : Vector representation

Fig.: Transmissibility of a force

Fig.: Force system

Fig-1.8: Collinear forces

Fig-: Collinear forces

b. Coplanar Concurrent forces-:

Fig-: Coplanar Concurrent forces

Fig-1.10: Coplanar Non-Concurrent forces

There are two types of parallel forces.

Fig.: Like parallel forces

Fig.: Unlike parallel forces

a) Non-coplanar concurrent forces-:

Fig.1.13:Non-coplanar concurrent forces

Fig.1.14:Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces

c) Non-coplanar parallel forces-:

1. Define the terms: (i) Statics (ii) Dynamics.

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