General Chemistry Concepts

Topic-1, Module-1
Topics
• Nomenclature,
• balancing chemical equations,
• chemical reactions,
• ideal gas law, and (Boyles and Charles Laws)
• pH
• Stochiometric calculation
 Questions
• New Book • Self Assessment Exam
• D-1, Quiz-1 • Exam-1 Q4, Q5,
• Qs- 3, 4, 5,8, 7 • Ex-2, - 15
• Ex-4, - 7, 9, 17
Ex-1, 18, 50 • Ex-5, - 1, 4, 29
Ex-2, - 9
• Ex-7, - 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12,
17, 25, 47, 54, 113, 144,
• Ex-8, -1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13,
16, 17, 76, 101
Mole
• Weight of 1 molecular mass / atomic mass in gm = mole
• CO2
• Atomic mass of carbon = 12
• Atomic mass of O = 16 x2 = 32
• Molecular mass of CO2 = 12+32 = 44
• 44gm of CO2 = 1 mole of CO2; O2= 16x2 = 32gm = 1 mole of Oxygen gas
• Avagedro’s number = count number of atoms / molecules in a mole of substance (atom or
compound) = fixed number = Avagadro’s number
• 6.23 x 10^23
• 44 gm = 1 mole
• 40 gm, moles?
• Given mass in gm /mw = number of moles
• 40 gm oxygen, mole quantit in 40 gm oxygen = given weight / molecular weight =
Mole
• CO2
• Molecular weight = C(12) + 16x2 = 44g = 1 mole of CO2
• H2 = 1x2 = 2g of H2 gas = 1 mole of H2 gas
• CaCO3 = 40+12+16x3 = 100g of CaCO3 will 1 mole of CaCO3
• Molecular weight of any molecule / compound if expressed in gram
• Every 1 mole of any molecule or compound will have equal number of
molecules in it
• 1 of Mole CO2 = 44g; will contain equal molecules (Avagadro number)
as of 1 mole of H2 (Avagadro’s number 6.02 x10^23)
Stotiomatry
• Science of calculating either product’s quantity or reactants’ quantity
(volume or moles or gram/weight)
• Applied in chemical equation
• Mandatory requirement is – balance chemical equation
• (reactant) A + B = C + D (product)
 Q3 – the balanced chem equation below shows
the complete oxidation of acetylene.
If 10 moles of oxygen were consumed, how many
grams of CO2 would be produced? Balancing a
chemical equation. Stotiomatric calculation
• Equation • 10 --------------------------------
• 2C2H2+5O2→ 4CO2+ 2H2O 4/5x10 = 8 moles of CO2
• 10 moles of O2 is consumed • 8 moles of CO2 will be
• CO2 (g) = ? prodiced
• General (from equation) • 1 mole of CO2 will have 44g
• 5 moles of O2 will produce = 4 moles of CO2 • 8 moles = 44x8 = 352g
• 1 ----------------------------------= 4/5 = 0.8 moles of CO2
• 10 --------------------------------= 4/5x10 = 8 moles of
CO2
Q4 –pH scale definition
• Power of hydrogen
• pH scale is lograthemic scale, - of hydrogen ion concentration
• 1----------7---------14
• 1-2-3-4…….7….12-13-14
• Strong acid---------neutral (water)---------strong base
 Q5 – given a molecular weight of 112, convert 1.6
pounds of material fully evaporated in a 3000 ft3
confined space to parts per million. The space
occupied by a mole of a gas at STP is 24.45 liters.
(mg/m3x24.45)/mw
• Data
• 112 molecular weight
• 1.6 lbs.. Evaporated… 3000 ft3
• 3000 ft3 x 0.0283 = 84.8 m3
• M= 3.28ft
• Mg/(m3 x24.5)/MW
• 450 g = 1 lb
• 1.6 lbs = 1.6 x 450 g = 720 g = 720 x 1000 mg = 720,000 mg
• Mg/(m3 x24.5)/MW
• 720,000/(84.9 x24.5)/112 =3.09
Q7 – if a tank atmosphere contains 76% ambient
air and 14% hydrocarbons what is the oxygen
content of the tank?
• Data
• 76% air
• 21% oxygen in air
• 21% x 76%
• 21% x 76 = 15.96%
Q8 a calibrated hot wire gas detector type
combustible-gas indicator reads 10% for methane
which has a 5.3% LEL. How many parts per million
does this represent?
• Data
• (5.3/100)*1000000=
Chemical Reaction
• A process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted
to one or more different substances, the products.
Mole
• The mole is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in the International System of
Units.
• A mole of a substance or a mole of particles is defined as containing exactly 6.02×10²³
particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons. (avagadro number)
• 1 mole of any thing = atomic mass or molecular mass gm = 1 mole of that substance
• CO2
• 1 mole of CO2 = 44 gm of CO2 = 6.02x10²³
• 6.02 x 100000000000000000000000 = 602000000000000000000000 number of molecules
of CO2 in 1 mole of CO2 (i.e 44 g of CO2) = Avagadro’s number
• H2SO4 = 98g for 1 mole of H2SO4 = 1x2+32+16x4 = 98 g = 1 mole of H2SO4
• 1 mole of H2SO4 (98g) 6.02x10²³
• 6.02x10²³ molecules in every 1 mole of everything =
• 1 mole = 6.02X10²³
Molar Mass or Molecular Weight
• The mass of one mole of a
substance and is usually
expressed in grams.
Molecular Mass & Mole
Molecular Mass & Mole
Number of Moles Calculation

CO2
1 mole 44 gm of CO2
H2O
Molecular weight in 1 mole = 18 g of H20 is 1 mole of H20 44g of CO2…….1 mole
18 g of H20 will make 1 mole of H20
36 g........................... 2 mole of H20 88/44 g ….. 2
how did you reach?
36/18= 2 132g/44…… 3
Given mass in g/ mass of 1 mole in g = number of moles
Given weight / mw = number of moles
Formulas to calculate number of moles
1) given mass/ molecular mass = number of moles

2) total count of molecules (atoms)/Avagadro number = # moles { 6.02 x10^23 atoms/molecules = 1 mole}

3) Total volume of a gas / 22.4 dm3 = # moles {at STP every gas will occupy volume of 1 mole of any gas = 22.4 dm3}

Total volume of a gas/ 22.4 dm3 = 67.2 dm3/22.3 = 3 moles

1 mole of any gas will occupy 22.4 dm3 volume at STP or

2 moles .................... 22.4x2 = 44.8 dm3

Or 44.8 dm3 of any gas at STP will be equal to _______2___ moles

44.8 (given volume) / volume at STP (22.4 dm3)

Given volume / 22.4 = number of moles

Avagadro Number
1) 6.02 x10^23 = 6.02 x 1000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00 = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,00

2) 1 mole of C = 12 g = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,00 atoms of C= 1 mole

3) H20 18 gm = 1 mole = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,00 molecules of water

4) Atomic mass = 160 PKR = 1 $, 320 PKR = 2 $

Hydrogen = 1
C = x/hydrogen = x/3.02 x 10-34 = 12 amu
Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
• the pressure (p) of a given
quantity of gas varies
inversely with its volume (v)
at constant temperature
Boyle’s Law
Situation 1

V1=3.7 L
P1 = 760 mm of Hg

Situation 2
P2 = 630 mm
 4.46 L

Boyle’s Law
Q1 – A 3.7 L volume of a gas exert a pressure of 760 mm Hg. What
would be the volume of the gas if the pressure is decreased to 630 mm
Hg? P1V1 = P2V2 (temperature should be constant)
• Data
• V1=3.7 L
• P1=760 mm
• V2=?
• P2 = 630 mm
• P1V1 = P2V2
• 760x3.7 = 630xV2
• V2 = 4.46L
Charles's Law (V,T,P)
• volume occupied by a fixed
amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute
temperature, if the
pressure remains constant

• V∞T
Charles's Law
 4.27 L

Charles's Law
Q2 – a container contains a volume of 4.2 L of gas at a temperature of
32C. What is the volume of the gas if the temperature is increased to
37C? V1/T1= V2/T2 & K = C+273
• Data • Data
• V1=4.2L • V1/T1 = V2/T2
• T1=32C • 4.2/305 = V2/310
• V2=? • V2=4.27L
• T2=37C
• T(kelvin) = C + 273
• T1=32+273 = 305K
• T2 = 37+273 = 310K760x3.7 =
630xV2
Ideal Gas Law
• An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are
perfectly elastic (no loss of energy) and in which there are no intermolecular attractive
forces.
• In such a gas, all the internal energy is in the form of kinetic energy and any change in
internal energy is accompanied by a change in temperature.
• The law can be written as:
• PV = nRT
Where
• P is the pressure of the gas,
• V is the volume taken up by the gas,
• T is the temperature of the gas,
• R is the gas constant, = 8.3145 J/moles K or 1.206 if v in L,
• n is the number of moles of the gas.
 26.85 L

Ideal Gas Law

Q3 – what is the volume of 2 mole of a gas at an absolute pressure of
28.3 psia and a temperature of 42C? PV=nRT & T=C+273; R = 8.31

• Data • PV=nRT
• PV=nRT • 28.3xV=2x8.31x315
• V=? • V=185L
• N=2
• P=28.3 psia
• T=42C
• T=42+273 = 310K
• PV=nRT
Combined Gas Law
• for a sample of gas, the ratio of the product of the original pressure
and volume to the original temperature will equal the ratio of the
product of a new pressure and volume to the new temperature, or.
Derivation of Ideal Gas Law and Combined
Gas Law
 4.1 L

Combined Gas Law

Q4 – A gas has volume of 3.9L, a pressure of 1.3 atm, and a temperature
of 295K. If the pressure remains constant, but the gas is heated to 308K,
what is the new volume of the gas? P1V1/T1= P2V2/T2 & K = C+273
• Data • P1V1/T1= P2V2/T2
• V1=3.9L • 1.3x3.9/295= 1.3xV2/308
• P=1.3 atm • V2=4.066L
• T1=295K
• P= constant
• T2 = 308K
• V2=?
 4.1 L

Standard Temperature and Pressure

Thanks