GROUP NO.

__ DATE PERFORMED: _______ DATE SUBMITTED: _______

TEAM LEADER: ________________ COURSE AND YEAR: ____________

TEAM MEMBERS: ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________

EXPERIMENT NO.1
MICROSCOPE
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the experiment, Each student should be able to know the following:
1. To practice the proper way of handling the microscope to prevent damage
2. To identify the various parts and describe the function of each part of the microscope
3. To know how to operate a microscope properly.

DISCUSSION:
The human eye cannot see bacteria and other microorganisms without the use of magnification. Microscopes are
used to see bacteria whose average size is 0.5 to 2.0 μ and whose average diameter ranges from 0.3 to 1.0μm.

TYPES OF MICROSCOPY:

Bright field microscopy the specimen’s image appears dark against a brighter background. The light is usually
provided through a tungsten filament lamp.

Compound microscopes have two separate lens systems: an objective: located near the specimen that magnifies
the specimen and an ocular or eyepiece that further magnifies the image presented by the objective. The total
magnification is equal to the magnification of the objective multiplied by that of the ocular.

Most brightfield microscopes have 3 objectives:

a. low-power objective of 10x
b. high-power objective of 40x or 45x
c. oil-immersion objective of 1000x

Phase-contrast Microscopy, light beams are deflected by different thicknesses of the object. The light beams are
reflected a second time when they strike an objective. The light waves increases in length when in phase, this is
when the specimen is of uniform thickness. By contrast, the light waves decreases in length when not in phase, this
is when the specimen has different thickness and thus different refractive indices.

Refractive index refers to the ratio of the speed of light in air compared with the speed of light in another medium.
This ratio determines the amount of bending of light rays. Phase contrast is particularly useful for direct observation
of specimens that are not stained.

Darkfield Microscopy, the specimen appears luminous against a background of little or no light. The techniques is
used for those specimens that are so thin that they cannot be resolved using brightfield or phase-contrast
microscopy. Light from below the specimen is blocked so that only light from the outer edgesreaches the object at
a sharp angle. The object reflects and scatters light near its edges. The scaterred light is then viewed through the
objective. Darkfield is used primarily to view spirochetes, which do not stain very well and are too narrow to be
observed by other methods. Typical organisms viewed using this method include Treponema, Leptospira and
Borrelia.
 GROUP NO. __ DATE PERFORMED: _______ DATE SUBMITTED: _______
TEAM LEADER: ________________ COURSE AND YEAR: ____________

TEAM MEMBERS: ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________
Flourescent Microscopy, uses dyes known as fluorochromes that absorb light in the ultraviolet range, fluoresce,
and then emit visible light of a greater wavelength. The fluorescing object appears bright against a dark
background. Illumination is provided by high intensity mercury arc or xenon lamps.

The light passes through excitation filters that select and limit the wavelength of the transmitted light. Only those
wavelengths that can excite the fluorochrome being used are selected. The dichromatic splitter then transmits
excited wavelengths to the objective. If the fluorochrome dye is bound to the specimen, fluorescence resuls. The
longer the wavelengths that are emitted pass through the beam splitter and the image fluoresces. When the
fluorochrome dye is not bound, no fluorescence occurs and the object remains dark.

Materials: Compound Microscope Prepared slides, Stained Lead Pencil No.1

Procedure:
1. Enumerate the Guidelines on the Operation of the Microscope:
CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS:
1. Define microscope.
2. Enumerate how to use a microscope.
3. Discuss the principle of the oil immersion of the compound light microscope.
4. i. Give th use/application of the following microscope.
ii. Discuss the principle involved in each of the microscope.
iii. Include an image for each of the microscope
a. light microscope b. dark field microscope c. scanning microscope
d. phase contrast microscope e. fluorescent microscope f. electron microcroscope
g. interference microscope h. inverted microscope i. confocal microscope
j. transmission electron microscope (TEM) k. scanning electrom microscope (SEM)
j. scanning tunneling microscope

REFERENCES:
 GROUP NO. __ DATE PERFORMED: _______ DATE SUBMITTED: _______
TEAM LEADER: ________________ COURSE AND YEAR: ____________

TEAM MEMBERS: ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________

EXPERIMENT NO.2
MICROBIOLOGY: LABORATORY APPARATUS/
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the experiment, Each student should be able to know the following:
1. To identify the function of each laboratory apparatus and equipment employed in microbiology
2. To develop laboratory skills in manipulating and operation the various apparatus and equipment
employed in microbiology.

I. MATERIALS:
A. Laboratory Apparatus:
i. Illustrate and Indicate the specific use of the following Laboratory Apparatus.
a. Test tubes
b. Screw capped tubes
c. conical tubes
d. Smith Tubes
e. Durham tubes
f. Petri dishes - plain ; divided
g. Flasks - Erlenmeyer ; Volumetric
h. Pipettes - serologic ; volumetric
i. Beaker
j. Funnel
k. Watch glass
l. Graduated cylinder
m. Glass slides - plain; hanging drop slides

a. Function: b. Function:

c. Function: d. Function:
 GROUP NO. __ DATE PERFORMED: _______ DATE SUBMITTED: _______
TEAM LEADER: ________________ COURSE AND YEAR: ____________

TEAM MEMBERS: ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________

e. Function: f. Function

g. Function: h. Function:

i. Function: j. Function:

k. Function: l. Function:
 GROUP NO. __ DATE PERFORMED: _______ DATE SUBMITTED: _______
TEAM LEADER: ________________ COURSE AND YEAR: ____________

TEAM MEMBERS: ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________

m. Function:

B. LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS:
ii. Discuss the function of each equipments:
a. Inoculating Intruments: loop; needle
b. Racks - staining; slant; test tube
c. Bunsen Burner
d. Water bath
e. Sterilizer
f. Centrifuge
g. Autoclave
h. Balance
i. Hot plate
j. Incubator

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the principle involved in “in-vitro” culture.
2. In a Tabular form” Identify the Function and Principle involved in the following laboratory equipment/s:
Name of Laboratory Equipment/s Function/s Principle Involved:
1. water bath
2. hot air sterilizer
3. hot plate
4. autoclave
5. incubator
3. a. Compare and Differentiate Moist Heat Sterilization from Dry Heat Sterilization
b. State the principle involved.

REFERENCES: