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Hybrid veHicle Notes (2023-24)

❖ cHapter 01

1.1 Introduction to Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs):
1. EVs are powered solely by electric motors using energy stored in batteries.
2. They have no internal combustion engine (ICE), leading to zero tailpipe emissions.
3. EVs are charged using electricity from external sources like charging stations.
4. They offer high efficiency due to fewer moving parts and direct energy conversion.
5. Common examples include Tesla Model S, Nissan Leaf.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs):
1. HEVs use both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and one or more electric motors.
2. The ICE and electric motor can work together or independently to propel the vehicle.
3. HEVs switch between gasoline and electric power for improved fuel efficiency.
4. The battery in HEVs is charged by the ICE and regenerative braking.
5. Common examples include Toyota Prius, Honda Insight.

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 1.2 History of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles:
1. The first practical electric vehicle was developed in the late 1800s.
2. EVs were initially popular, but their limited range and slow speeds led to a decline in favor of gasoline vehicles.
3. Interest in EVs revived in the late 20th century due to environmental concerns.
4. Major milestones include the introduction of the GM EV1 in the 1990s and Tesla's rise in the 2000s.
5. Today, EVs are considered a key solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Hybrid Vehicles:
1. The concept of hybrid vehicles dates back to the early 1900s.
2. Early attempts at hybrid technology were not commercially successful due to technical challenges.
3. The first modern hybrid, the Toyota Prius, was introduced in Japan in 1997.
4. Hybrid technology became widely adopted in the 2000s as a bridge to fully electric vehicles.
5. Hybrids remain popular for their balance of fuel efficiency and range

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 .

1.3 Social and Environmental Importance of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Social Importance:
1. EVs and HEVs reduce reliance on fossil fuels, contributing to energy independence.
2. They help lower fuel costs for consumers due to higher efficiency.
3. EVs and HEVs reduce noise pollution, especially in urban areas.
4. The adoption of EVs and HEVs can create jobs in new industries like battery manufacturing.
5. They promote technological innovation in the automotive sector.
Environmental Importance:
1. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, significantly reducing air pollution.
2. HEVs emit fewer greenhouse gases compared to conventional vehicles.
3. Widespread use of EVs and HEVs can help combat climate change.
4. EVs can be powered by renewable energy, further reducing their carbon footprint.
5. The reduction in fuel consumption decreases the environmental impact of oil extraction and refining.

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 1.4 Electrical Basics, Motor and Generator Basics; Components, Vehicle Mechanics

Electrical Basics:
1. Voltage (V): The potential difference that drives current in a circuit.
2. Current (I): The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes.
3. Power (P): The rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated, P = V × I.
4. Resistance (R): Opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms.
5. Energy (E): The capacity to do work, stored in batteries as chemical energy.

Motor Basics:
1. Electric Motor: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to propel the vehicle.
2. DC Motors: Common in EVs due to ease of control and reliability.
3. AC Motors: More efficient and powerful, used in modern EVs.
4. Torque: The rotational force generated by the motor, crucial for vehicle acceleration.
5. Regenerative Braking: The motor acts as a generator to recover energy during braking.

Generator Basics:
1. Generator: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2. Alternator: A common type of generator used in vehicles to charge the battery.
3. Electromagnetic Induction: The principle by which generators produce electricity.
4. Regenerative Systems: In HEVs, the generator helps recharge the battery during deceleration.
5. Efficiency: Key to reducing energy losses in the conversion process.

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 Components:
1. Battery: Stores electrical energy for the motor.
2. Inverter: Converts DC from the battery to AC for the motor (in AC motor systems).
3. Electric Motor: Drives the wheels using electrical energy.
4. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): In HEVs, provides additional power and recharges the battery.
5. Power Electronics: Manages the flow of electrical energy within the vehicle.

Vehicle Mechanics:
Roadway Fundamentals:
1. Traction: The friction between the tires and road, essential for movement.
2. Rolling Resistance: The force resisting the motion of the tire on the road, affects efficiency.
3. Aerodynamic Drag: The resistance due to air, increases with speed.
4. Gradient Resistance: The force needed to move the vehicle uphill, depends on the slope.
5. Total Resistance: The sum of all resistances, determines the power needed for propulsion.

Vehicle Kinetics:
1. Inertia: The resistance of the vehicle to changes in speed or direction.
2. Kinetic Energy: Energy due to the vehicle's motion, higher at higher speeds.
3. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity, requires more power for rapid acceleration.
4. Braking: The process of reducing speed, involves friction brakes and regenerative braking.
5. Cornering: The ability to navigate turns, depends on the vehicle's stability and design

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 Dynamics of Vehicle Motion:
1. Acceleration Forces: Determined by the power output and vehicle mass.
2. Braking Forces: Must be sufficient to safely decelerate the vehicle.
3. Steering Dynamics: How the vehicle responds to steering inputs, affects handling.
4. Weight Distribution: Impacts stability and traction during acceleration and braking.
5. Suspension Dynamics: Absorbs shocks from the road, maintaining comfort and control.

Propulsion System Design

Electric Vehicles (EVs):
1. Simplified Design: Primarily includes a battery, electric motor, and power electronics.
2. Direct Drive: Many EVs use a direct drive system, reducing the need for a transmission.
3. Battery Capacity: A key factor in determining the vehicle's range.
4. Cooling Systems: Essential to manage heat in the battery and motor.
5. Energy Efficiency: EVs are highly efficient due to fewer energy conversions.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs):

1. Complex Design: Includes both an ICE and electric motor(s) with power electronics.
2. Parallel Hybrid: Both the ICE and electric motor can drive the wheels simultaneously.
3. Series Hybrid: The ICE charges the battery, which then powers the electric motor.
4. Power-Split Hybrid: Combines both parallel and series features, allowing flexible power management.
5. Regenerative Braking: An integral part of the system to recover energy and extend range.

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Difference Between Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Parameter Electric Vehicles (EVs) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Power Source Battery only Combines battery and internal combustion engine (ICE)

Emissions Zero tailpipe emissions Lower emissions than conventional vehicles

Typically higher due to the absence Lower than EVs but higher than conventional vehicles
Energy Efficiency
of ICE
Range Limited by battery capacity Extended by ICE and fuel tank

Regenerative Yes
Yes
Braking
More complex, with both electric and mechanical
Complexity Simpler, fewer components systems

Fuel Dependency No dependency on fossil fuels Partial dependency on fossil fuels

Cost Typically higher upfront cost Generally lower upfront cost compared to EVs

Lower maintenance due to fewer Higher maintenance due to the presence of both ICE
Maintenance and electric systems
moving parts
Market Widely available and more models to choose from
Growing but still limited
Availability

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 cHapter 02

2.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Types and Configurations

Parallel Hybrid:
1. Power Sources: Both the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor can drive the vehicle directly.
2. Configuration: The ICE and electric motor are connected to the same drive shaft.
3. Energy Flow: The vehicle can use the ICE, the electric motor, or both simultaneously.
4. Advantages: Improved fuel efficiency and performance, especially during acceleration.
5. Examples: Toyota Prius, Honda Insight.

Series Hybrid:
1. Power Sources: Only the electric motor drives the vehicle; the ICE is used to generate electricity.
2. Configuration: The ICE is connected to a generator, which charges the battery or powers the motor.
3. Energy Flow: The ICE never directly drives the wheels; it only generates electricity.
4. Advantages: Simplified mechanical design, more efficient in stop-and-go driving.
5. Examples: Chevrolet Volt (when operating as a series hybrid), BMW i3 REx.

Parallel and Series Hybrid (Power-Split Hybrid):

1. Power Sources: Combines both parallel and series configurations.
2. Configuration: The vehicle can operate in parallel, series, or a combination of both.
3. Energy Flow: The control system chooses the most efficient mode based on driving conditions.
4. Advantages: Maximizes fuel efficiency and flexibility in different driving scenarios.
5. Examples: Toyota Prius (newer models), Ford Fusion Hybrid.

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 2.2 Sizing of Components; Basics of Micro, Mild, Mini, Plug-in, and Fully Hybrid
Sizing of Components:

1. Battery Size: Depends on the vehicle's range requirements and intended usage.
2. Motor Size: Determined by the desired level of electric assistance and vehicle performance.
3. Generator Size: In series hybrids, it must be large enough to meet the vehicle's energy needs.
4. ICE Size: In hybrids, the ICE can be smaller than in conventional vehicles due to electric assistance.
5. Power Electronics: Must be designed to handle the peak power demands of both the motor and battery.

Micro Hybrid:
1. Definition: A vehicle with a start-stop system, where the engine shuts off when idle and restarts when needed.
2. Battery: Typically uses a small battery, often lead-acid, to manage the start-stop functionality.
3. Fuel Savings: Offers minimal fuel savings (around 5-10%) by reducing idling time.
4. Complexity: Least complex hybrid system, often found in non-hybrid vehicles.
5. Example: Some models of Ford Fiesta, BMW EfficientDynamics.

Mild Hybrid:
1. Definition: A vehicle where the electric motor assists the ICE but cannot drive the vehicle on its own.
2. Battery: Uses a larger battery than micro hybrids, typically lithium-ion.
3. Electric Assistance: Provides additional torque during acceleration, improving fuel efficiency.
4. Fuel Savings: Typically offers a 10-20% improvement in fuel efficiency.
5. Example: Honda Civic Hybrid, Suzuki Ciaz SHVS.
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 Mini Hybrid:
1. Definition: A term sometimes used interchangeably with mild hybrid but may include regenerative braking and more significant
electric assistance.
2. Battery: Generally larger than mild hybrids, allowing for more energy recovery and storage.
3. Electric Assistance: Can provide more substantial power assistance than a mild hybrid.
4. Fuel Savings: Offers better fuel efficiency compared to mild hybrids, often around 15-25%.
5. Example: Older Honda models, some European hybrid systems.

Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV):

1. Definition: A hybrid vehicle that can be charged from an external power source and driven on electric power alone for a
significant distance.
2. Battery: Larger than mild and mini hybrids, typically lithium-ion, allowing for an electric-only range of 20-50 miles or more.
3. Electric Driving: Can operate as a pure EV for short trips, reducing fuel consumption.
4. Charging: Requires regular charging from a home outlet or charging station for maximum efficiency.
5. Example: Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius Prime.

Fully Hybrid (Full Hybrid):

1. Definition: A vehicle capable of running on just the electric motor, just the ICE, or a combination of both.
2. Battery: Large enough to allow for short-distance electric-only driving, though less than a PHEV.
3. Flexibility: The vehicle can switch seamlessly between electric and gasoline power, depending on driving conditions.
4. Fuel Efficiency: Offers significant fuel savings, typically 20-40% over conventional vehicles.
5. Example: Toyota Prius, Ford Escape Hybrid.

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Differences Between Hybrid Types

Plug-in
Parameter Micro Hybrid Mild Hybrid Mini Hybrid Hybrid Fully Hybrid
(PHEV)

Capable of Capable of electric-

Electric No electric No electric Minimal electric only driving but with
short electric-
Driving driving driving assistance limited range
only trips

Medium, Medium, enough for

Small, often Larger than Large,
Battery Size typically short electric driving
lead-acid mild hybrids lithium-ion
lithium-ion

Full electric
Start-stop Assists ICE Assists ICE, Full electric mode
Electric mode for
functionality during regenerative for short distances
Assistance short
only acceleration braking
distances

Fuel Savings 5-10% 10-20% 15-25% 40-60% 20-40%

More complex Complex, with

Least complex, Moderately due to flexible power
Complexity More complex
minimal impact complex charging management
needs

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