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    162 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

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    162 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

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    162_PDFsam_Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th ed - (2017)

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    5 views1 page

    162 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

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    sukardi sudiono
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    Features of a typical river • Figure 6.

    13
    G L O BAL Many of the world’s busiest cities are located
    The river begins at at river mouths or along rivers in floodplains.
    the source, often Can you name examples in your region or
    high in the mountains elsewhere?
    and fed by melting LOCAL
    snows or glaciers.

    © Frans Lanting/Corbis
    Headwater streams
    flow downstream
    rapidly, often over
    rocks (as rapids) or
    bluffs (as waterfalls).
    Waterfall
    Along the way,
    tributaries feed into
    Rapids the river, adding to
    Meanders
    the flow.

    The floodplain is the


    Bends called relatively flat area on
    meanders form either side of the
    as the river’s course river that is subject to
    levels out, so that flooding.
    the river flows more
    slowly and winds Near the ocean, the
    from side to side. river may form a salt
    marsh where fresh water
    Mouth from the river and salt Floodplain
    water from the ocean
    mix.

    The delta is a fertile,


    low-lying plain at the
    river’s mouth that forms
    from sediments that the
    slow-moving river deposits
    as it empties into the
    Ocean ocean.

    a. A river flows from its source to the ocean. b. Aerial view of meanders in the Tambopata River, Peru.

    and phosphates. Although eutrophication is a natural or warmer in winter than in adjacent parts of the stream
    process, human activities often accelerate it, such as or river. The kinds of organisms found in flowing water
    the runoff of agricultural fertilizers and discharge of vary greatly from one stream to another, depending pri-
    treated or untreated sewage. Eutrophication of lakes is marily on the strength of the current. In streams with
    discussed in detail in Chapter 10. fast currents, some inhabitants have adaptations such as
    Flowing-water ecosystems are highly variable. The suckers, with which they attach themselves to rocks to
    surrounding environment changes greatly between a riv- prevent being swept away. Some stream inhabitants have
    er’s source and its mouth (Figure 6.13). Certain parts of flattened bodies to slip under or between rocks. Other
    the stream’s course are shaded by inhabitants such as fish are streamlined and muscular
    flowing-water eco- forest, while other parts are ex- enough to swim in the current.
    system A freshwater
    posed to direct sunlight. Ground- Human activities such as pollution and dam construc-
    ecosystem such as
    water may well up through tion have adverse impacts on rivers and streams. These
    a river or stream in
    sediments on the bottom in one activities damage wildlife habitat and threaten water sup-
    which water flows in a
    current.
    particular area, making the water plies and fisheries. (See Chapter 10 for more discussion
    temperature cooler in summer of the environmental effects of dams.)

    144 CHAPTER 6 Ecosystems and Evolution

    c06_EcosystemsAndEvolution.indd 144 10/27/2016 9:20:11 PM

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