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    169 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

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    169 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

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    sukardi sudiono
    9 views1 page
    buku169

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    169_PDFsam_Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th ed - (2017)

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    9 views1 page

    169 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

    Uploaded by

    sukardi sudiono
    buku169

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ✓ THE PLANNER

    c. Molecular Biology.
    Human
    u Pig Duck Rattlesnake
    e Tuna Moth Y
    Yeast The organisms pictured here all share a
    particular enzyme, but in the course of
    evolution, mutations have resulted in
    changes in the gene that codes ffor that
    enzyme. This diagram shows the nucleotide
    Time

    base differences in this gene among humans


    and other organisms. Note that organisms
    thought to be more closely related to humans
    have ffewer diff
    fferences than organisms that
    are more distantly related to humans.

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
    Number of nucleotide base diffe
    f rences
    Adapted from figure 15.19 on p. 247 in S.A. Alters and B. Alters Biology: Understanding Life. Copyright 2006.
    This material is reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    I nterpret the D ata


    Based on the diagram, which organism shown is most
    closely related to the duck? Which is most distantly
    related?

    Community Responses to Changing


    Conditions over Time: Succession
    LEARNING OBJECTIVES
    1. Define ecological succession. The actual mechanisms that underlie succession are
    2. Distinguish between primary and secondary not clear. In some cases, it may be that a resident species
    succession. modified the environment in some way, thereby making
    it more suitable for a later species to colonize. It is also

    A
    community of organisms does not possible that prior residents lived there in the
    spring into existence spontane- ecological first place because there was little competi-
    ously. By means of ecological succession The pro- tion from other species. Later, as more inva-
    succession, a given community de- cess of community sive species arrived, the original species were
    velops gradually through a sequence of species. development over displaced.
    time, which involves
    Certain organisms colonize an area; over time, Ecologists initially thought that succession
    species in one stage
    others replace them, and eventually the replace- inevitably led to a stable and persistent com-
    being replaced by
    ments are themselves replaced by still other spe- munity, known as a climax community, such as a
    different species.
    cies. Ecologists first studied succession in three forest. But more recently, this traditional view
    diverse ecosystems: an abandoned field, a northern fresh- has fallen out of favor. The apparent stability of a “climax”
    water bog, and sand dunes. forest is probably the result of how long trees live relative

    Community Responses to Changing Conditions over Time: Succession 151

    c06_EcosystemsAndEvolution.indd 151 10/27/2016 9:20:27 PM

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