8085 Architecture

Objective: At end of this session student will know about 8085 internal architecture Internal operation

Architecture diagram:

Control Unit Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded. In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur. Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as add, subtract, AND, OR, etc. Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic. Always stores result of operation in Accumulator.

Registers The 8085/8080A-programming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register, as shown in Figure. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: the stack pointer and the program counter. They are described briefly as follows. The 8085/8080A has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as B,C,D,E,H, and L as shown in the figure. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by using data copy instructions. Accumulator The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A. Flags The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero(Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags; they are listed in the Table and their bit positions in the flag register are shown in the Figure. The most commonly used flags are Zero, Carry, and Sign. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data conditions. For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator is larger than eight bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry -- called the Carry flag (CY) -- is set to one. When an arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero(Z) flag is set to one. The first Figure shows an 8-bit register, called the flag register, adjacent to the accumulator. However, it is not used as a register; five bit positions out of eight are used to store the outputs of the five flip-flops. The flags are stored in the 8-bit register so that the programmer can examine these flags (data conditions) by accessing the register through an instruction. These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the microprocessor. The conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software instructions. For example, the instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program when CY flag is set. The thorough understanding of flag is essential in writing assembly language programs. Program Counter (PC) This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a memory pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register. The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory location

Stack Pointer (SP) The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16bit address in the stack pointer. The stack concept is explained in the chapter "Stack and Subroutines." Instruction Register/Decoder Temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here from memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and decodes or interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next stage. Memory Address Register Holds address, received from PC, of next program instruction. Feeds the address bus with addresses of location of the program under execution. Control Generator Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction which has been decoded. In reality causes certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is required, and so that ALU operations occur. Register Selector This block controls the use of the register stack in the example. Just a logic circuit which switches between different registers in the set will receive instructions from Control Unit. General Purpose Registers uP requires extra registers for versatility. Can be used to store additional data during a program. More complex processors may have a variety of differently named registers.

8085 Pin description: Properties:

Single + 5V Supply 4 Vectored Interrupts (One is Non Maskable) Serial In/Serial Out Port Decimal, Binary, and Double Precision Arithmetic Direct Addressing Capability to 64K bytes of memory The Intel 8085A is a new generation, complete 8 bit parallel central processing unit (CPU). The 8085A uses a multiplexed data bus. The address is split between the 8bit address bus and the 8bit data bus. Figures are at the end of the document.

Pin Description
The following describes the function of each pin:

A6 - A1s (Output 3 State)

Address Bus; The most significant 8 bits of the memory address or the 8 bits of the I/0 address,3 stated during Hold and Halt modes.

AD0 - 7 (Input/Output 3state)

Multiplexed Address/Data Bus; Lower 8 bits of the memory address (or I/0 address) appear on the bus during the first clock cycle of a machine state. It then becomes the data bus during the second and third clock cycles. 3 stated during Hold and Halt modes.

ALE (Output)
Address Latch Enable: It occurs during the first clock cycle of a machine state and enables the address to get latched into the on chip latch of peripherals. The falling edge of ALE is set to guarantee setup and hold times for the address information. ALE can also be used to strobe the status information. ALE is never 3stated.

SO, S1 (Output)
Data Bus Status. Encoded status of the bus cycle: S1 S0 O O HALT 0 1 WRITE 1 0 READ 1 1 FETCH S1 can be used as an advanced R/W status.

RD (Output 3state)
READ; indicates the selected memory or 1/0 device is to be read and that the Data Bus is available for the data transfer.

WR (Output 3state)
WRITE; indicates the data on the Data Bus is to be written into the selected memory or 1/0 location. Data is set up at the trailing edge of WR. 3stated during Hold and Halt modes.

READY (Input)
If Ready is high during a read or write cycle, it indicates that the memory or peripheral is ready to send or receive data. If Ready is low, the CPU will wait for Ready to go high before completing the read or write cycle.

HOLD (Input)
HOLD; indicates that another Master is requesting the use of the Address and Data Buses. The CPU, upon receiving the Hold request. will relinquish the use of buses as soon as the completion of the current machine cycle. Internal processing can continue. The processor can regain the buses only after the Hold is removed. When the Hold is acknowledged, the Address, Data, RD, WR, and IO/M lines are 3stated.

HLDA (Output)
HOLD ACKNOWLEDGE; indicates that the CPU has received the Hold request and that it will relinquish the buses in the next clock cycle. HLDA goes low after the Hold request is removed. The CPU takes the buses one half clock cycle after HLDA goes low.

INTR (Input)
INTERRUPT REQUEST; is used as a general purpose interrupt. It is sampled only during the next to the last clock cycle of the instruction. If it is active, the Program Counter (PC) will be inhibited from incrementing and an INTA will be issued. During this cycle a RESTART or CALL instruction can be inserted to jump to the interrupt service routine. The INTR is enabled and disabled by software. It is disabled by Reset and immediately after an interrupt is accepted.

INTA (Output)
INTERRUPT ACKNOWLEDGE; is used instead of (and has the same timing as) RD during the Instruction cycle after an INTR is accepted. It can be used to activate the 8259 Interrupt chip or some other interrupt port. RST 5.5 RST 6.5 - (Inputs) RST 7.5 RESTART INTERRUPTS; These three inputs have the same timing as I NTR except they cause an internal RESTART to be automatically inserted. RST 7.5 ~~ Highest Priority RST 6.5 RST 5.5 o Lowest Priority The priority of these interrupts is ordered as shown above. These interrupts have a higher priority than the INTR.

TRAP (Input)
Trap interrupt is a nonmaskable restart interrupt. It is recognized at the same time as INTR. It is unaffected by any mask or Interrupt Enable. It has the highest priority of any interrupt.

RESET IN (Input)
Reset sets the Program Counter to zero and resets the Interrupt Enable and HLDA flipflops. None of the other flags or registers (except the instruction register) are affected The CPU is held in the reset condition as long as Reset is applied.

RESET OUT (Output)

Indicates CPlJ is being reset. Can be used as a system RESET. The signal is synchronized to the processor clock.

X1, X2 (Input)
Crystal or R/C network connections to set the internal clock generator X1 can also be an external clock input instead of a crystal. The input frequency is divided by 2 to give the internal operating frequency.

CLK (Output)
Clock Output for use as a system clock when a crystal or R/ C network is used as an input to the CPU. The period of CLK is twice the X1, X2 input period.

IO/M (Output)
IO/M indicates whether the Read/Write is to memory or l/O Tristated during Hold and Halt modes.

SID (Input)
Serial input data line The data on this line is loaded into accumulator bit 7 whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

SOD (output)
Serial output data line. The output SOD is set or reset as specified by the SIM instruction.

Vcc
+5 volt supply.

Vss
Ground Reference.

Testing question: 1.what is meant by register? 2. What is meant by accumulator? 3.what is the use of flag register? 4. what is meant by data and address bus? 5. what is meant by operand?

8085 addressing modes Objectives: To know about, How the data specification for various operation

8085 addressing modes are following: 1. Immediate addressing. 2. Register addressing. 3. Direct addressing. 4. Indirect addressing. Immediate addressing Data is present in the instruction. Load the immediate data to the destination provided. Example: MVI R,data Register addressing Data is provided through the registers. Example: MOV Rd, Rs Direct addressing Used to accept data from outside devices to store in the accumulator or send the data stored in the accumulator to the outside device. Accept the data from the port 00H andstore them into the accumulator or Send the data from the accumulator to the port01H. Example: IN 00H or OUT 01H Indirect Addressing This means that the Effective Address is calculated by the processor. And the contents of the address (and the one following) is used to form a second address. Thesecond address is where the data is stored. Note that this requires several memory accesses; two accesses to retrieve the 16-bit address and a further access (or accesses) to retrieve the data which is to be loaded into the register. Testing question: 1. What is meant by addressing? 2. What is the use of addressing? 3. What is meant by direct addressing?

Instruction Set Classification

Objective: At end of this session student will know about 1.Instruction set use in the microprocessor 2.Type of the instructions An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. The entire group of instructions, called the instruction set, determines what functions the microprocessor can perform. These instructions can be classified into the following five functional categories: data transfer (copy) operations, arithmetic operations, logical operations, branching operations, and machine-control operations.

Data Transfer (Copy) Operations: This group of instructions copy data from a location called a source to another location called a destination, without modifying the contents of the source. In technical manuals, the term data transfer is used for this copying function. However, the term transfer is misleading; it creates the impression that the contents of the source are destroyed when, in fact, the contents are retained without any modification. The various types of data transfer (copy) are listed below together with examples of each type: Types Examples: 1. Between Registers. 2. Copy the contents of the register B into register D. 3. Specific data byte to a register or a memory location. 4. Load register B with the data byte 32H. 5. Between a memory location and a register. 6. From a memory location 2000H to register B. 7. Between an I/O device and the accumulator. 8.From an input keyboard to the accumulator.

Arithmetic Operations
These instructions perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. Addition - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register or the contents of a memory location can be added to the contents of the accumulator and the sum is stored in the accumulator. No two other 8-bit registers can be added directly (e.g., the contents of register B cannot be added directly to the contents of the register C). The instruction DAD is an exception; it adds 16-bit data directly in register pairs.

Subtraction - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or the contents of a memory location can be subtracted from the contents of the accumulator and the results stored in the accumulator. The subtraction is performed in 2's compliment, and the results if negative, are expressed in 2's complement. No two other registers can be subtracted directly.

Increment/Decrement - The 8-bit contents of a register or a memory location can be incremented or decrement by 1. Similarly, the 16-bit contents of a register pair (such as BC) can be incremented or decrement by 1. These increment and decrement operations differ from addition and subtraction in an important way; i.e., they can be performed in any one of the registers or in a memory location.

Logical Operations
These instructions perform various logical operations with the contents of the accumulator. AND, OR Exclusive-OR - Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or of a memory location can be logically ANDed, Ored, or Exclusive-ORed with the

contents of the accumulator. The results are stored in the accumulator. Rotate- Each bit in the accumulator can be shifted either left or right to the next position. Compare- Any 8-bit number, or the contents of a register, or a memory location can be compared for equality, greater than, or less than, with the contents of the accumulator. Complement - The contents of the accumulator can be complemented. All 0s are replaced by 1s and all 1s are replaced by 0s.

Branching Operations:
This group of instructions alters the sequence of program execution either conditionally or unconditionally. Jump - Conditional jumps are an important aspect of the decision-making process in the programming. These instructions test for a certain conditions (e.g., Zero or Carry flag) and alter the program sequence when the condition is met. In addition, the instruction set includes an instruction called unconditional jump. Call, Return, and Restart - These instructions change the sequence of a program either by calling a subroutine or returning from a subroutine. The conditional Call and Return instructions also can test condition flags.

Machine Control Operations:

These instructions control machine functions such as Halt, Interrupt, or do nothing. The microprocessor.

Testing questions: 1.What is meant by instruction?

2. What is mean by machine control instruction? 3. What is meant by Jump instruction? 4. What is the use of call and return instruction?

8085 programming
Objective: At end of this session 1. Basic programming 2. Example programs

Example no 1: addition of 8 bit:

MVI B, 06 //Load Register B with the Hex value 06 MOV A, B //Move the value in B to the Accumulator or register A MVI C, 07 //Load the Register C with the second number 07 ADD C //Add the content of the Accumulator to the Register C STA 8200 //Store the output at a memory location e.g. 8200 HLT //Stop the program execution

Example no 2: Addition of two 8 bit numbers stored in memory

LDA 8500 //Load the accumulator with the address of memory viz 8500 MOV B, A Move the accumulator value to the register B LDA 8501 //Load the accumulator with the address of memory viz 8501 ADD B //Add the content of the Accumulator to the Register B STA 8502 //Store the output at a memory location e.g. 8502 MVI A, 00 //clear the accumulator with 00 ADC A //Add with carry the content of the accumulator STA 8503 //Store the output at a memory location e.g. 8503 HLT //Stop the program execution

Testing questions: 1. What is meant by opcode? 2. What is the use of comment? 3. How the opcode is specified in the programs?