GSM BASED DC MOTOR

SPEED AND DIRECTION

CONTROL USING PWM
CHAPTER: 1

Introduction
Introduction
A pulse width modulator (PWM) is a device that may be used as an efficient DC
motor speed controller or light dimmer. This project is a versatile device that can control
DC devices which draw up to a few amps of current. The circuit may be used in either 12
or 24 Volt systems with only a few minor wiring changes. This device has been used to
control the speed of the DC motor and to control brightness of an automotive tail lamp.

A PWM circuit works by making a square wave with a variable on-to-off ratio,
the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 percent. In this manner, a variable
amount of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of a PWM circuit over a
resistive power controller is the efficiency, at a 50% level, the PWM will use about 50%
of full power, almost all of which is transferred to the load, a resistive controller at 50%
load power would consume about 71% of full power, 50% of the power goes to the load
and the other 21% is wasted heating the series resistor.

One additional advantage of pulse width modulation is that the pulses reach the
full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome
the internal motor resistances more easily.

In this project, the DC motor speed and controlled just by sending predefined
messages to the modem. The modem is interfaced with the microcontroller via serial
interface.

The user has to send predefined messages to vary the speed and direction of the
motor to the modem. When the modem receives data (SMS), it will intimate the same to
the microcontroller. Now, the controller will read the modem’s received data by issuing
certain AT & T commands.

The modem is interfaced with the microcontroller through serial interface. The
controller performs the corresponding action in accordance with the message received
from the modem. The controller in return, sends a message to the user about the status of
the motor. 16X2 LCD is connected at the controller section to display the speed level of
the motor and the direction.

1.1 Objective of the project

The project intends to interface the microcontroller with the GSM modem and start
the motor as per the message received from the user mobile. The project uses the GSM
technology and Embedded Systems to design this application. The main objective of this
project is to design a system that continuously checks for the messages, if any, received
from the mobile and if so, start or stop the motor accordingly.

This project is a device that collects data from the mobile, codes the data into a
format that can be understood by the controlling section. This system also collects
information from the master device and implements commands that are directed by the
master.

The objective of the project is to develop a microcontroller based control system. It

consists of a GSM modem, microcontroller, the interfacing unit to allow the
communication between the microcontroller and mobile and the motor and its driver unit.

1.2 Background of the Project

The software application and the hardware implementation help the
microcontroller read the messages sent by the user from a mobile phone or send messages
to the mobile phone through the modem. The measure of efficiency is based on how fast
the microcontroller can detect the incoming message and start or stop the motor. The
system is totally designed using GSM and embedded systems technology.

The Controlling unit has an application program to allow the microcontroller read
the incoming data through the modem and change the status of the motor accordingly.
The performance of the design is maintained by controlling unit.
 CHAPTER: 2

Overview of the technologies used

Embedded Systems:

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused
job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax
machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances
will have a processor and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the
application along with the embedded software that is executed by the processor for
meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”.
The desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety
of applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software
development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed
listed below:

· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different

things. . Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory.
Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the
floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has
to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time
systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of
life or damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many
embedded systems operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very
low.

· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as

very high temperatures and humidity.

Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:

1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance
constraints which must be met.
2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.
 3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices which
serve a general purpose.
The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather
than digital, like today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog
systems was the inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost
efficient manner. As a result, digital technology was welcomed.

The advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of signaling,
lower levels of interference, integration of transmission and switching and increased
ability to meet capacity demands. The table below shows the worldwide development of
mobile telephone systems.
Year Mobile System
1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450
1983 American Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
1985 Total Access Communication System (TACS)
1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 900
1991 American Digital Cellular (ADC)
1991 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
1992 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800
1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
1995 PCS 1900—Canada
1996 PCS—United States

Table: World wide development of mobile telephone systems

 CHAPTER: 3

Hardware Implementation of the

Project
 This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation of the project. It
discusses the design and working of the design with the help of block diagram and circuit
diagram and explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the features, timer
programming, serial communication, interrupts of Atmega328p microcontroller. It also
explains the various modules used in this project.

3.1 Project Design

The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts.

 Hardware implementation
 Firmware implementation

Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the plane paper according to
the application, testing the schematic design over the breadboard using the various IC’s to
find if the design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB layout of the schematic tested
on breadboard, finally preparing the board and testing the designed hardware.

The firmware part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can control the
operation of the IC’s used in the implementation. In the present work, we have used the
Orcad design software for PCB circuit design, the Keil µv3 software development tool to
write and compile the source code, which has been written in the C language. The
Proload programmer has been used to write this compile code into the microcontroller.
The firmware implementation is explained in the next chapter.

The project design and principle are explained in this chapter using the block diagram
and circuit diagram. The block diagram discusses about the required components of the
design and working condition is explained using circuit diagram and system wiring
diagram.
3.1.1 Block Diagram of the Project and its Description

The block diagram of the design is as shown in Fig 3.1. It consists of power
supply unit, microcontroller, GSM modem, Serial communication unit and LCD. The
brief description of each unit is explained as follows.

Fig: Block diagram for GSM based Agriculture field control

3.2 Power Supply:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to
get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any
a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and

these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus
the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the
required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is
employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a
bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator
is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In
this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents
positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.

3.3 Microcontrollers:
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger

an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF
pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

3.4 GSM Technology:

Definition of GSM:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system
that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital
wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and
compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each
in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It
supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, together with the
transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).

History
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT) created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile
telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of
understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone
system across Europe. Finally the system created by SINTEF lead by Torleiv Maseng
was selected.

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.
The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint
technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson.
By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being
operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. As of the end of 1997, GSM service was
available in more than 100 countries and has become the de facto standard in Europe and
Asia.
GSM Frequencies
GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM
frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks
operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including
Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900
and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in
Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency
bands are assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for
first-generation systems.
GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the
base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124
RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz
is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger
frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–
960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the
original GSM-900 band.

Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech
channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst
periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate
frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 Kbit/s,
and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 80% of the world’s population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is
not available.
Mobile Telephony Standards:
Standard Generation Frequency band Throughput
Allows transfer of voice or low- 9.6
GSM 2G volume digital data. 9.6 kbps kbps
Allows transfer of voice or 21.4-171.2
GPRS 2.5G moderate-volume digital data. kbps 48 kbps
Allows simultaneous transfer of 43.2-345.6 171
EDGE 2.75G voice and digital data. kbps kbps
Allows simultaneous transfer of 384
UMTS 3G voice and high-speed digital data. 0.144-2 Mbps kbps

1G
The first generation of mobile telephony (written 1G) operated using analogue
communications and portable devices that were relatively large. It used primarily the
following standards:

 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), which appeared in 1976 in the United
States, was the first cellular network standard. It was used primarily in the
Americas, Russia and Asia. This first-generation analogue network had weak
security mechanisms which allowed hacking of telephones lines.

 TACS (Total Access Communication System) is the European version of the

AMPS model. Using the 900 MHz frequency band, this system was largely used
in England and then in Asia (Hong-Kong and Japan).

 ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) is an improved version

of the TACS standard developed in the United Kingdom that uses a larger number
of communication channels.

Second Generation of Mobile Networks (2G):

The second generation of mobile networks marked a break with the first generation of
cellular telephones by switching from analogue to digital. The main 2G mobile telephony
standards are:

 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most commonly used
standard in Europe at the end of the 20th century and supported in the United
States. This standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in
Europe. In the United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz
band. Portable telephones that are able to operate in Europe and the United States
are therefore called tri-band.

 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) uses a spread spectrum technique that
allows a radio signal to be broadcast over a large frequency range.

 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) uses a technique of time division of

communication channels to increase the volume of data transmitted
simultaneously. TDMA technology is primarily used on the American continent,
in New Zealand and in the Asia-Pacific region.

With the 2G networks, it is possible to transmit voice and low volume digital data, for
example text messages (SMS, for Short Message Service) or multimedia messages
(MMS, for Multimedia Message Service). The GSM standard allows a maximum data
rate of 9.6 kbps.
Extensions have been made to the GSM standard to improve throughput. One of these is
the GPRS (General Packet Radio System) service which allows theoretical data rates on
the order of 114 Kbit/s but with throughput closer to 40 Kbit/s in practice. As this
technology does not fit within the "3G" category, it is often referred to as 2.5G
3G
The IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000)
specifications from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the
characteristics of 3G (third generation of mobile telephony). The most important of these
characteristics are:
1. High transmission data rate.
2. 144 Kbps with total coverage for mobile use.
3. 384 Kbps with medium coverage for pedestrian use.
4. 2 Mbps with reduced coverage area for stationary use.
5. World compatibility.
6. Compatibility of 3rd generation mobile services with second generation networks.

3G offers data rates of more than 144 Kbit/s, thereby allowing the access to multimedia
uses such as video transmission, video-conferencing or high-speed internet access. 3G
networks use different frequency bands than the previous networks: 1885-2025 MHz and
2110-2200 MHz.

The main 3G standard used in Europe is called UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System) and uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access) encoding. UMTS technology uses 5 MHz bands for transferring voice and data,
with data rates that can range from 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink
Packet Access) is a third generation mobile telephony protocol, (considered as "3.5G"),
which is able to reach data rates on the order of 8 to 10 Mbps. HSDPA technology uses
the 5 GHz frequency band and uses WCDMA encoding.

Introduction to the GSM Standard:

The GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) network is at the start of the
21st century, the most commonly used mobile telephony standard in Europe. It is called as
Second Generation (2G) standard because communications occur in an entirely digital
mode, unlike the first generation of portable telephones.

When it was first standardized in 1982, it was called as Group Special Mobile and later,
it became an international standard called "Global System for Mobile
communications" in 1991.

In Europe, the GSM standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands. In the
United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz band. For this reason,
portable telephones that are able to operate in both Europe and the United States are
called tri-band while those that operate only in Europe are called bi-band.

The GSM standard allows a maximum throughput of 9.6 kbps which allows transmission
of voice and low-volume digital data like text messages (SMS, for Short Message
Service) or multimedia messages (MMS, for Multimedia Message Service).

GSM Standards:
GSM uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio
frequency.

There are three basic principles in multiple access, FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), and CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access). All three principles allow multiple users to share the same physical channel. But
the two competing technologies differ in the way user sharing the common resource.
TDMA allows the users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into
different time slots. Each user takes turn in a round robin fashion for transmitting and
receiving over the channel. Here, users can only transmit in their respective time slot.

CDMA uses a spread spectrum technology that is it spreads the information contained in
a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal.
Unlike TDMA, in CDMA several users can transmit over the channel at the same time.

TDMA in brief:
In late1980’s, as a search to convert the existing analog network to digital as a means to
improve capacity, the cellular telecommunications industry association chose TDMA
over FDMA.

Time Division Multiplex Access is a type of multiplexing where two or more channels of
information are transmitted over the same link by allocating a different time interval for
the transmission of each channel. The most complex implementation using TDMA
principle is of GSM’s (Global System for Mobile communication). To reduce the effect
of co-channel interference, fading and multipath, the GSM technology can use frequency
hoping, where a call jumps from one channel to another channel in a short interval.
TDMA systems still rely on switch to determine when to perform a handoff. Handoff
occurs when a call is switched from one cell site to another while travelling. The TDMA
handset constantly monitors the signals coming from other sites and reports it to the
switch without caller’s awareness. The switch then uses this information for making
better choices for handoff at appropriate times. TDMA handset performs hard handoff,
i.e., whenever the user moves from one site to another, it breaks the connection and then
provides a new connection with the new site.

Advantages of TDMA:
There are lots of advantages of TDMA in cellular technologies.
1. It can easily adapt to transmission of data as well as voice communication.
2. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. This allows the
operator to do services like fax, voice band data and SMS as well as bandwidth
intensive application such as multimedia and video conferencing.
3. Since TDMA technology separates users according to time, it ensures that there
will be no interference from simultaneous transmissions.
 4. It provides users with an extended battery life, since it transmits only portion of
the time during conversations. Since the cell size grows smaller, it proves to save
base station equipment, space and maintenance.

TDMA is the most cost effective technology to convert an analog system to digital.

Disadvantages of TDMA:
One major disadvantage using TDMA technology is that the users has a predefined time
slot. When moving from one cell site to other, if all the time slots in this cell are full the
user might be disconnected. Likewise, if all the time slots in the cell in which the user is
currently in are already occupied, the user will not receive a dial tone.

The second problem in TDMA is that it is subjected to multipath distortion. To overcome

this distortion, a time limit can be used on the system. Once the time limit is expired, the
signal is ignored.

The concept of cellular network

Mobile telephone networks are based on the concept of cells, circular zones that overlap
to cover a geographical area.
Cellular networks are based on the use of a central transmitter-receiver in each cell,
called a "base station" (or Base Transceiver Station, written BTS). The smaller the
radius of a cell, the higher is the available bandwidth. So, in highly populated urban
areas, there are cells with a radius of a few hundred meters, while huge cells of up to 30
kilometers provide coverage in rural areas.

In a cellular network, each cell is surrounded by 6 neighbouring cells (thus a cell is

generally drawn as a hexagon). To avoid interference, adjacent cells cannot use the same
frequency. In practice, two cells using the same frequency range must be separated by a
distance of two to three times the diameter of the cell.

Architecture of the GSM Network

In a GSM network, the user terminal is called a mobile station. A mobile station is made
up of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card allowing the user to be uniquely identified
and a mobile terminal.
The terminals (devices) are identified by a unique 15-digit identification number
called IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Each SIM card also has a unique
(and secret) identification number called IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber
Identity). This code can be protected using a 4-digit key called a PIN code.

The SIM card therefore allows each user to be identified independently of the terminal
used during communication with a base station. Communications occur through a radio
link (air interface) between a mobile station and a base station.

All the base stations of a cellular network are connected to a base station
controller (BSC) which is responsible for managing distribution of the resources. The
system consisting of the base station controller and its connected base stations is called
the Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Finally, the base station controllers are themselves physically connected to the Mobile
Switching Centre (MSC), managed by the telephone network operator, which connects
them to the public telephone network and the Internet. The MSC belongs to a Network
Station Subsystem (NSS), which is responsible for managing user identities, their
location and establishment of communications with other subscribers. The MSC is
generally connected to databases that provide additional functions:

1. The Home Location Register (HLR) is a database containing information

(geographic position, administrative information etc.) of the subscribers registered
in the area of the switch (MSC).
2. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database containing information of
users other than the local subscribers. The VLR retrieves the data of a new user
from the HLR of the user's subscriber zone. The data is maintained as long as the
user is in the zone and is deleted when the user leaves or after a long period of
inactivity (terminal off).
3. The Equipment Identify Register (EIR) is a database listing the mobile
terminals.
4. The Authentication Centre (AUC) is responsible for verifying user identities.
5. The cellular network formed in this way is designed to support mobility via
management of handovers (movements from one cell to another).

Finally, GSM networks support the concept of roaming i.e., movement from one
operator network to another.
Introduction to Modem:

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY Page 53

 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Modem stands for modulator-demodulator:

A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over

telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem
converts between these two forms.

Fortunately, there is one standard interface for connecting external modems to

computers called RS-232. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any
computer that has an RS-232 port, which almost all personal computers have. There are
also modems that come as an expansion board that can be inserted into a vacant
expansion slot. These are sometimes called onboard or internal modems.

Some, like CCITT V.34 are official standards, while others have been developed by
private companies. Most modems have built-in support for the more common protocols at
slow data transmission speeds at least, most modems can communicate with each other.
At high transmission speeds, however, the protocols are less standardized.

➢ Bps: How fast the modem can transmit and receive data. At slow rates, modems
are measured in terms of baud rates. The slowest rate is 300 baud (about 25 cps).
At higher speeds, modems are measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The
fastest modems run at 57,600 bps, although they can achieve even higher data
transfer rates by compressing the data. Obviously, the faster the transmission rate,
the faster the data can be sent and received. It should be noted that the data cannot
be received at a faster rate than it is being sent.

➢ Voice/data: Many modems support a switch to change between voice and data
modes. In data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode, the

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

modem acts like a regular telephone. Modems that support a voice/data switch
have a built-in loudspeaker and microphone for voice communication.

➢ Auto-answer: An auto-answer modem enables the computer to receive calls in

the absence of the operator.

➢ Data compression: Some modems perform data compression, which enables

them to send data at faster rates. However, the modem at the receiving end must
be able to decompress the data using the same compression technique.

➢ Flash memory: Some modems come with flash memory rather than conventional
ROM which means that the communications protocols can be easily updated if
necessary.

➢ Fax capability: Most modern modems are fax modems, which mean that they
can send and receive faxes.

GSM Modem:
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that
a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless
modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card.

Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a
USB cable. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a
wireless carrier in order to operate.
A SIM card contains the following information:
 Subscriber telephone number (MSISDN)
 International subscriber number (IMSI, International Mobile Subscriber
Identity)
 State of the SIM card
 Service code (operator)
 Authentication key
 PIN (Personal Identification Code)
 PUK (Personal Unlock Code)

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per
minute is very low i.e., about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.

Introduction to AT Commands
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of
ATtention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's the reason, modem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control
wired dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

ATO (Return to online data state) are also supported by GSM modems and mobile
phones.
Some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM modem or
mobile phone are listed below:

➢ Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version
(AT+CGMR).

➢ Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM)
and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).

➢ Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status
(AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery
charging status (AT+CBC).

➢ Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA,

etc).

➢ Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).

➢ Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write

(AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of
newly received SMS messages (AT+CNMI).

➢ Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

➢ Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks

(AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing
passwords(AT+CPWD).

➢ Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS
messaging such as the SMS center address.

It should be noted that the mobile phone manufacturers usually do not implement all
AT commands, command parameters and parameter values in their mobile phones. Also,
the behavior of the implemented AT commands may be different from that defined in the
standard. In general, GSM modems, designed for wireless applications, have better
support of AT commands than ordinary mobile phones.

Basic concepts of SMS technology

1. Validity Period of an SMS Message
An SMS message is stored temporarily in the SMS center if the recipient mobile phone is
offline. It is possible to specify the period after which the SMS message will be deleted
from the SMS center so that the SMS message will not be forwarded to the recipient
mobile phone when it becomes online. This period is called the validity period.
A mobile phone should have a menu option that can be used to set the validity period.
After setting it, the mobile phone will include the validity period in the outbound SMS
messages automatically.

2. Message Status Reports

Sometimes the user may want to know whether an SMS message has reached the
recipient mobile phone successfully. To get this information, you need to set a flag in the
SMS message to notify the SMS center that a status report is required about the delivery

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

of this SMS message. The status report is sent to the user mobile in the form of an SMS
message.

3. Message Submission Reports

After leaving the mobile phone, an SMS message goes to the SMS center. When it
reaches the SMS center, the SMS center will send back a message submission report to
the mobile phone to inform whether there are any errors or failures (e.g. incorrect SMS
message format, busy SMS center, etc). If there is no error or failure, the SMS center
sends back a positive submission report to the mobile phone. Otherwise it sends back a
negative submission report to the mobile phone. The mobile phone may then notify the
user that the message submission was failed and what caused the failure.

4. Message Delivery Reports

After receiving an SMS message, the recipient mobile phone will send back a message
delivery report to the SMS center to inform whether there are any errors or failures
(example causes: unsupported SMS message format, not enough storage space, etc). This
process is transparent to the mobile user. If there is no error or failure, the recipient
mobile phone sends back a positive delivery report to the SMS center. Otherwise it sends
back a negative delivery report to the SMS center.

3.5 ELECTRIC MOTORS:

Electric motors are used to efficiently convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Magnetism is the basis of their principles of operation. They use permanent
magnets, electromagnets, and exploit the magnetic properties of materials in order to
create these amazing machines.

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

There are several types of electric motors available today. The following outline
gives an overview of several popular ones. There are two main classes of motors: AC and
DC. AC motors require an alternating current or voltage source (like the power coming
out of the wall outlets in your house) to make them work. DC motors require a direct
current or voltage source (like the voltage coming out of batteries) to make them work.
Universal motors can work on either type of power. Not only is the construction of the
motors different, but the means used to control the speed and torque created by each of
these motors also varies, although the principles of power conversion are common to
both.

Motors are used just about everywhere. In our house, there is a motor in the
furnace for the blower, for the intake air, in the sump well, dehumidifier, in the kitchen in
the exhaust hood above the stove, microwave fan, refrigerator compressor and cooling
fan, can opener, garbage disposer, dish washer pump, clocks, computer fans, ceiling fans,
and many more items.

In industry, motors are used to move, lift, rotate, accelerate, brake, lower and spin
material in order to coat, paint, punch, plate, make or form steel, film, paper, tissue,
aluminum, plastic and other raw materials.

They range in power ratings from less than 1/100 hp to over 100,000 hp. The
rotate as slowly as 0.001 rpm to over 100,000 rpm. They range in physical size from as
small as the head of a pin to the size of a locomotive engine.

What happens when a wire carrying current is within a magnetic field?

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

This is the Left Hand Rule for motors.

The first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field (first - field), which goes
from the North pole to the South pole.

The second finger points in the direction of the current in the wire (second - current).

The thumb then points in the direction the wire is thrust or pushed while in the magnetic
field (thumb - torque or thrust).

So, when a wire carrying current is perpendicular to a magnetic field, a force is created
on the wire causing it to move perpendicular to the field and direction of current. The
greater the current in the wire, or the greater the magnetic field, the faster the wire moves
because of the greater force created. If the current in the wire is parallel to the magnetic
field, there will be no force on the wire.

DC Motors:

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

DC motors are fairly simple to understand. They are also simple to make and only
require a battery or dc supply to make them run.

A simple motor has six parts, as shown in the diagram below:

 Armature or rotor
 Commutator

 Brushes

 Axle

 Field magnet

 DC power supply of some sort

An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create
motion. If you have ever played with magnets you know about the fundamental law of all
magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel. So if you have two bar magnets with their
ends marked "north" and "south," then the north end of one magnet will attract the south
end of the other. On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end
of the other (and similarly, south will repel south). Inside an electric motor, these
attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion.

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

The armature (or rotor) is an electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent
magnet (the field magnet could be an electromagnet as well, but in most small motors it
is not in order to save power).

When you put all of these parts together, here is a complete electric motor:

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

In the above figure, the armature winding has been left out so that it is easier to
see the commutator in action. The key thing to notice is that as the armature passes
through the horizontal position, the poles of the electromagnet flip. Because of the flip,
the north pole of the electromagnet is always above the axle so it can repel the field
magnet's north pole and attract the field magnet's south pole.

Even a small electric motor contains the same pieces described above: two small
permanent magnets, a commutator, two brushes, and an electromagnet made by winding
wire around a piece of metal.

It is possible to have any number of poles, depending on the size of the motor and the
specific application it is being used in.

Types of Motors:
Split Phase:

The split phase motor is mostly used for "medium starting" applications. It has start and
run windings, both are energized when the motor is started. When the motor reaches
about 75% of its rated full load speed, the starting winding is disconnected by an
automatic switch.

Uses:

This motor is used where stops and starts are somewhat frequent. Common
applications of split phase motors include: fans, blowers, office machines and tools such
as small saws or drill presses where the load is applied after the motor has obtained its
operating speed.

Capacitor Start

This motor has a capacitor in series with a starting winding and provides more
than double the starting torque with one third less starting current than the split phase

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

motor. Because of this improved starting ability, the capacitor start motor is used for
loads which are hard to start. It has good efficiency and requires starting currents of
approximately five times full load current. The capacitor and starting windings are
disconnected from the circuit by an automatic switch when the motor reaches about 75%
of its rated full load speed.

Uses: Common uses include: compressors, pumps, machine tools, air conditioners,
conveyors, blowers, fans and other hard to start applications.

Horsepower & RPM:

Horsepower:

Electric motors are rated by horsepower, the home shop will probably utilize
motors from 1/4 HP for small tools and up to 5 HP on air compressors. Not all motors are
rated the same, some are rated under load, others as peak horsepower and hence we have
5 HP compressors with huge motors and 5 Hp shopvacs with tiny little motors.
Unfortunately all 5 HP compressor motors are not equal in actual power either, to judge
the true horsepower the easiest way is to look at the amperage of the motor. Electric
motors are not efficient, most have a rating of about 50% due to factors such as heat and
friction and some may be as high as 70%.

This chart will give a basic idea of the true horse power rating compared to the ampere
rating. Motors with a higher efficiency rating will draw fewer amps, for example a 5 HP
motor with a 50% efficiency rating will draw about 32 amps at 230 VAC compared to
about 23 amps for a motor with a 70% rating.

TRUE HP AMPS at 115VAC AMPS at 230 VAC

¼ 3.2 - 2.3 1.6 -1.2

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

1/3 4.3 - 3.1 2.2 - 1.5

½ 6.5 - 4.6 3.2 - 2.3

¾ 9.7- 7.0 4.9 - 3.5

1 13.0 - 9.3 6.5 - 4.6

1½ 19.5 - 13.9 9.7 - 7.0

2 25.9 - 18.5 13.0 - 9.3

5 64.9 - 46.3 32.4 - 23.2

A quick general calculation when looking at a motor is 1 HP = 10 amps on 110 volts and
1 HP = 5 amps on 220 volts.

RPM

The shaft on a typical shop motor will rotate at either 1725 or 3450 RPM
(revolutions per minute). The speed of the driven machine will be determined by the size
of pulleys used, for example a 3450 RPM motor can be replaced by a 1750 RPM motor if
the diameter of the pulley on the motor is doubled. The opposite is true as well but if the
pulley on the 1750 RPM motor is small it is not always possible to replace it with one
half the size.

Phase, Voltage & Rotation:

Whether or not you can use a motor will likely depend on these factors.

Single Phase:

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Ordinary household wiring is single phase, alternating current. Each cycle peaks and dips
as shown. To run a three phase motor a phase converter must be used, usually this is not
practical, it is often less expensive to change the motor on a machine to a single phase
style.

Three Phase:

This is used in industrial shops, rather than peaks and valleys the current supply is more
even because of the other two cycles each offset by 120 degrees.

Voltage:

Many motors are dual voltage i.e., by simply changing the wiring configuration, they can
be run on 110 volts or 220 volts. Motors usually run better on 220 volts, especially if
there is any line loss because of having to use a long wire to reach the power supply.

Motors are available for both AC and DC current, our typical home wiring will be AC.
There are DC converters available which are used in applications where the speed of the
motor is controlled.

Rotation:

The direction the shaft rotates can be changed on most motors by switching the right
wires. The direction of rotation is usually determined by viewing the motor from the shaft
end and is designated as CW (clockwise) or CCW (counter-clockwise).

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

3.6 L293D- CURRENT DRIVER CHIP

Pin diagram

FEATURES

 Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V

 Separate Input-Logic Supply
 Internal ESD Protection
 Thermal Shutdown
 High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
 Functionally Similar to SGS L293 and SGS L293D
 Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
 Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)
 Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression (L293D)

DESCRIPTION:

The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is
designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36
V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at
voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-

voltage loads in positive-supply applications.

All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit,
with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo- Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in
pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN.
When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled and their outputs are
active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are
disabled and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data
inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for
solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-speed output clamp diodes
should be used for inductive transient suppression.

A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to
minimize device power dissipation. The L293 and L293D are characterized for operation
from 0 to 70 degree Celsius.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

NOVA COLLEGE OF
GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

LOGIC DIAGRAM

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

This chip contains 4 enable pins. Each enable pin corresponds to 2 inputs. Based on the
input values given, the device connected to this IC works accordingly.

L293D Interfacing with 8051:

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Chapter 4

Firmware Implementation of the

project design

This chapter briefly explains about the firmware implementation of the project.
The required software tools are discussed in section 4.2. Section 4.3 shows the flow

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

diagram of the project design. Section 4.4 presents the firmware implementation of the
project design.

4.1 Software Tools Required

Keil µv3, Proload are the two software tools used to program microcontroller.
The working of each software tool is explained below in detail.

4.1.1 Programming Microcontroller

A compiler for a high level language helps to reduce production time. To program
the Atmega328p microcontroller the Keil µv3 is used. The programming is done strictly
in the embedded C language. Keil µv3 is a suite of executable, open source software
development tools for the microcontrollers hosted on the Windows platform.

The compilation of the C program converts it into machine language file (.hex).
This is the only language the microcontroller will understand, because it contains the
original program code converted into a hexadecimal format. During this step there are
some warnings about eventual errors in the program. This is shown in Fig 4.1. If there
are no errors and warnings then run the program, the system performs all the required
tasks and behaves as expected the software developed. If not, the whole procedure will
have to be repeated again. Fig 4.2 shows expected outputs for given inputs when run
compiled program.

One of the difficulties of programming microcontrollers is the limited amount of

resources the programmer has to deal with. In personal computers resources such as
RAM and processing speed are basically limitless when compared to microcontrollers. In
contrast, the code on microcontrollers should be as low on resources as possible.

Keil Compiler:

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which
is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also
supports C language code.

Fig 4.1: Compilation of source Code

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Fig 4.2: Run the compiled program

Proload:

Proload is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is
converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and this
is done by the Proload. Proload is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller
in it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in
it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the Keil compiler and dumps this
hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. It should be noted that this
programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch
on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power
supply board with an output of 12volts.

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Fig 4.3: Atmel AT89C2051 Device programmer

Features:
 Supports major Atmel 89 series devices
 Auto Identify connected hardware and devices

 Error checking and verification in-built

 Lock of programs in chip supported to prevent program copying

 20 and 40 pin ZIF socket on-board

 Auto Erase before writing and Auto Verify after writing

 Informative status bar and access to latest programmed file

 Simple and Easy to use

 Works on 57600 speed

Description

It is simple to use and low cost, yet powerful flash microcontroller programmer
for the Atmel 89 series. It will Program, Read and Verify Code Data, Write Lock Bits,
Erase and Blank Check. All fuse and lock bits are programmable. This programmer has
intelligent onboard firmware and connects to the serial port. All devices have signature
bytes that the programmer reads to automatically identify the chip. No need to select the
device type, just plug it in and go! All devices also have a number of lock bits to provide

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

various levels of software and programming protection. All the programming

'intelligence' is built into the programmer so you do not need any special hardware to run
it. Programmer comes with window based software for easy programming of the devices.

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Programming Software

Computer side software called 'Proload V4.1' is executed that accepts the Intel HEX
format file generated from compiler to be sent to target microcontroller. It auto detects
the hardware connected to the serial port. It also auto detects the chip inserted and bytes
used. Software is developed in Delphi 7 and requires no overhead of any external DLL.

Fig 4.4: Writing the programs bytes onto the microcontroller

NOVA COLLEGE OF
GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

Chapter 5
Results and Discussions

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

5.1 Results

Assemble the circuit on the PCB as shown in Fig 5.1. After assembling the circuit
on the PCB, check it for proper connections before switching on the power supply.

5.2 Conclusion

The implementation of GSM based DC motor control using microcontroller is

done successfully. The communication is properly done without any interference between
different modules in the design. Design is done to meet all the specifications and
requirements. Software tools like Keil Uvision Simulator, Proload to dump the source
code into the microcontroller, Orcad Lite for the schematic diagram have been used to
develop the software code before realizing the hardware.

The performance of the system is more efficient. Continuously reading the signal
from the modem, read the message if any and change the status of the motor is the main
job carried out by the microcontroller. The mechanism is controlled by the
microcontroller.
Circuit is implemented in Orcad and implemented on the microcontroller board.
The performance has been verified both in software simulator and hardware design. The
total circuit is completely verified functionally and is following the application software.

It can be concluded that the design implemented in the present work provide
portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done with low power
consumption.

Working procedure:

NOVA COLLEGE OF
 GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING

DC motor control using GSM is carried out in a very efficient way. The user has to send
predefined messages from his mobile to the controlling unit. The controlling unit consists
of a microcontroller, GSM modem, circuitry to allow the serial communication between
the microcontroller and modem and the motor unit.

Whenever the user sends a predefined message to the controlling unit, the modem
receives this and passes the data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller upon reading
this data, starts or stops the motor as per the request sent by the user. The system can also
send a message as a confirmation reply to the user mobile.

Since the DC motor requires more current for its functioning, the microcontroller cannot
handle the motor and cannot provide the required current to the motor, a current driver IC
L293D is used as an interface between the microcontroller and the DC motor.

Thus, the status of the motor can be changed within no time using the concepts of GSM.

NOVA COLLEGE OF