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    Lecture 4 - Biologically Based Biomaterial by Clement Mbobe

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    Lecture 4 - Biologically Based Biomaterial by Clement Mbobe

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    Lecture 4 - Biologically Based Biomaterial by Clement Mbobe

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    TAONGA CLIVE

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MALAWI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

    TECHNOLOGY

    MALAWI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

    TO: MR. BHAHAT ZIMBA

    FROM: CLEMENT WEDDINGTON MBOBE

    REG NO: BME/043/16

    COURSE: BIOMATERIAL, ARTIFICIAL ORGANE ANG


    REGERETIVE MEDICINE

    CORSE CODE: BAOR-510

    ASSIGNMENT: BIOLOGICAL BASED BIOMATERIALS

    DUE DATE: 21ST SEPTEMBER, 2020


    BIOLOGICALLY BASED (DERIVED) BIOMATERIALS

    A biomaterial is a substance (material) used in biomedical device that is intended to interact


    with biological system (Pignatello, 2011). The biomaterials are of various types based on either
    the source of material or biocompatibility. These materials are mostly applied in biomedical
    engineering as it will be discussed below taking only biologically based biomaterials into
    consideration. Biologically based biomaterials are natural biomaterials that are derived from
    living things which includes animals, microbials and plants (Aramwit, 2016). These
    biomaterials are mostly used to solve biocompatibility problems that are associated with other
    classes of biomaterials like synthetic polymers because they are similar to materials familiar to
    the body. Some of the general properties of biologically derived biomaterials that make them
    the most successful in many implants that can be used to replace or restore a tissue or organ
    are; biocompatibility, biodegradable and remodeling. The following are some of the
    biologically based biomaterials that are going to be discussed herein; protein-based
    biomaterials, polysaccharide (carbohydrate) based biomaterials, and decellularized tissue-
    based biomaterials (Tran Le Bao Ha, 2013).

    Protein based biomaterials

    These are biologically based biomaterials that are derived from proteins in which the monomers
    are amino acids. They are produced by dissolving proteins from organisms by solvent or
    enzymes and then precipitating and reconstituting them into fibrils (Tran Le Bao Ha, 2013).
    Proteins play an important role in tissue repair and growth as a result more biomaterial are
    derived from proteins to assist in wound healing and other purposes. The following are the
    examples of protein-based biomaterials of interest that are discussed in this write up; collagen,
    fibrin, silk and gelatin (Aramwit, 2016).

    Collagen

    Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and other animals. It has a triple helix
    basic structure unit. It is mainly synthesized by fibroblast though it is also secreted by epithelial
    cells. There are sixteen types of collagen but 80% to 90% are types 1, 11 and 111 (Tran Le Bao
    Ha, 2013). Collagen has tensile strength that provide support to tissues and it also causes cell
    proliferation, adhesion, migration, polarization and differentiation.

    Collagen is resorbable, nontoxic, can attach and biologically interact with cells excellently, can
    be processed into many forms and can be combined with chemicals to alter its properties, for
    example, making it strong. Due to these characteristics, collagen is being used in biomedical
    engineering for example in tissue engineering, bioprosthetic implants and drug delivery.

    Collagen has its own short falls as well. It can change cell behavior, can contract and have poor
    mechanical properties.

    Fibrin

    fibrin is a fibrous nonglobular protein derived from fibrinogen (Aramwit, 2016). It is


    biocompatible, biodegradable, bioactive and is a self-assembling polymer. Due to these
    properties it is used in tissue engineering as a heamostatic plug, natural scaffold for wound
    healing and as a carrier for cells for transplantation.

    Silk

    Silks are proteins that are spun into fibers by lepidoptera larvae like spider, mite, scorpion, flies
    and silkworm. These organisms synthesize these fibrous proteins in specialized epithelial cells
    lining their glands. There are two types silk best used in biomedical field. These are silk fibroin
    obtained from silk fibers and silk sericin which is extracted from cocoon (Aramwit, 2016). Silk
    protein have controllable structure and morphology, are biodegradable, biocompatible, self-
    assembly and are mechanically stable. Silks are used in tissue regeneration in treating burns
    and wound healing, used to fight cancer, used as surgical suture since it does not cause
    inflammation and are absorbed after the healing of the wound and they are also used as carriers
    of drug delivery.

    Gelatin

    It is obtained from denatured collagen. Its biocompatible, biodegradable and nonimmunogenic.


    Gelatin has high content of amino acids such as glycine, proline and hydroxyproline. Molecules
    of gelatin contain repeating sequence of glycine-X-Y triplets in which X and Y are most often
    proline and hydroxyproline. Gelatin is used in tissue engineering as scaffold, in wound dressing
    and as adhesive and absorbent pad for surgical use.

    Polysaccharide based biomaterials

    These are biomaterials derived from polysaccharides. These are synthesized from monomers
    like glucose, fructose and galactose within the living organisms. They are prepared by
    removing other elements of living things by solvent or enzyme (Tran Le Bao Ha, 2013). These
    biomaterials include; alginate, chitosan, and starch.
    Alginate

    Alginate which is also called alginic acid or algin is a heteroglycan which is an anionic
    polysaccharide that is mostly found in cell walls of brown algae. Alginates are linear
    unbranched polysaccharides, biodegradable, have controlled porosity, and can be linked to
    other biological molecules.

    Due to its properties alginate is used in wound healing and tissue engineering of liver, heart
    and cartilage tissues. Alginate has the disadvantages of weak mechanical properties and poor
    cell adhesion which can be improved by combining it with other materials.

    Chitosan

    Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide produced by deacetylation of chitin. Its biocompatible,


    biodegradable, has low toxicity, low thrombogenicity and has oxygen permeability. Chitosan
    support and adhesion and activation of platelets hence its used in wound healing, it used as
    intraocular lens Material, and its also used tissue engineering. Its drawback is that it causes red
    blood cells agglutination hence it can not be use in direct contact with blood in blood vessels.

    Starch

    Starch is most found in plants as storage form of food produced during photosynthesis. It occurs
    in a granular form. It is renewable, biodegradable and is insoluble in water. Starch can be used
    as bone replacement implant, drug delivery, tissue scaffold and wound dressing.

    Decellularized tissue-based biomaterial

    Decellularization is a process that involve multiple steps for removing the total cellular and
    nuclear materials within native tissue while preserving the complex three-dimensional
    microstructures, mechanical integrity, and unique biochemical composition of native
    extracellular matrix (ECMs) and their intrinsic biological properties with minimum immune-
    associated detrimental effect (Kim, Kim, Fendereski, Hwang, & HwangYongsung, 2018). This
    process can be achieved by combining physical, chemical and enzymatic approaches. These
    biomaterials are mostly used in Musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.

    These biological based biomaterials together with more other biologically based biomaterials
    not discussed here are mostly used in wound healing and tissue engineering as evidenced by
    the information provided in this write up. As a result, it can be concluded that biologically
    based biomaterials are very useful in the field of biomedical engineering.
    References
    1. Aramwit, P. (2016). Introduction to biomaterial for wound healing. ResearchGate.

    2. Kim, H., Kim, Y., Fendereski, M., Hwang, N. S., & HwangYongsung. (2018). Recent Advancement in
    Decellularization Matrix-based BIOmaterial for Musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.
    ReasearchGate, 151.

    3. Pignatello, R. (2011). Biomaterials Science and Engineering. Rijeka: INTECH.

    4. Tran Le Bao Ha, T. M. (2013). Naturally Derived Biomaterials: Preparation and Application.
    INTECHOPEN.

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