LESSON 1: STATE, NATION AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

State – is a political unit that has sovereignty – legitimate and ultimate authority of the state-over an area of territory and
the people within it
Nation – consists of a distinct population of people bound together by a common culture, history, and tradition who are
typically concentrated within specific geographic region
However, not all nations are recognized as states. Likewise, a state is not equivalent to a single nation and
may in fact be composed of several nations. Thus, a state is a political unit that encompasses several communities, has a
bureaucracy, and has leaders that possess legitimate power.

Non-state Institutions
These are establishments which are not owned and controlled by the government. Some non-state institutions are
for profit and the others are nonprofits and some are for personal investments and for financial help.
Examples:
1. Banks – are places or institutions where people place or deposit their money or savings with
corresponding interest on a given period of time, or assets for safekeeping.
Functions:
1.1. Banks are depository of savings
1.2. Banks are largely responsible for the payments system.
1.3. Banks issue loans to both people and companies
Examples: Banco de Oro, Bank of the Philippine Islands, Metrobank, Rural Banks, etc.
2. Corporations – is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as
such in law. They can enter contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own
assets and pay taxes
Examples : Apple, Inc. Mc. Donald’s Corp, Microsoft Corporation, Amazon, Inc
3. Transnational Advocacy Groups – groups or networks that are open relationships among
knowledgeable, committed individuals and organizations. These relationships span nation-state
boundaries. Their goals is to give otherwise powerless constituencies: the impoverished, women the
politically vulnerable, consumers, disorganized populations) a voice in domestic and international
lawmaking.
Examples: Human rights, Consumer rights, Women’s rights, Environmental issues, International peace
4. Development Agencies – organizations committed/dedicated to distributing aid. It can be humanitarian
aid or development aid
5. Cooperatives – a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members.
6. Trade Unions- organizations whose membership consist of workers and union leaders, united to protect
and promote their common interests
6.1. Company union – represents interests of only one company and may not have any connection
with other unions. Also called house union, often a bogus one and is generally illegal.
6.2. General union – represents workers from several companies in the same industry. Also called
industrial union.
6.3. Craft union – represents workers in a particular field such as carpentry or welding.

LESSON 2: EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education, commonly referred to as the
DepEd. DepEd controls the Philippine Education system, including the creation and implementation of the curriculum and
the utilization of funds allotted by the central government. It also manages the construction of schools, acquisition of funds
of books and other school materials, and the recruitment of teachers and staff.

Formal Education – refers to the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential
learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling: Elementary Education,
Secondary Education, Tertiary Education
 Non-formal Education - refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried outside of the framework of
the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population. It is a lifelong process of learning by
which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from daily experiences at home, at
work, at play and from life itself.

Special Education – refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially or
culturally different from the so-called “normal” individuals, such that they require modification of school practices to develop
their potential. Special Education (SPED) aims to develop the maximum potential of the child with the special needs to
enable him/her to become self-reliant and take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.

ACTIVITY NO. 1
Explain the following statements:
1. What are the characteristics of a state? What distinguishes it from a nation?
2. Do you agree or not that Education is the key to success in the Philippine society today?
Compulsory Education-Law only keeps individuals in school who do not have any interest in learning.

LESSON 3: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

The Concept of Stratification refers to the division of large social groups into smaller groups based on categories
determined by economics. Members of society are arranged in a hierarchy based on their access to or control over basic
economic resources. Social stratification gives rise to inequality in society, as members are distinguished by their
membership in and relation to social groups and categories. In larger traditional societies and in several countries today, the
common bases of social stratification include wealth, property, access to material and cultural goods, and access to political
power. Race, gender, and religion are other identifiable bases of social stratification
Social Exclusion – refers to the process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the wider circles of
society. People who are socially excluded due to poor housing, lack of employment, inferior schools, or limited
transportation, may lack opportunities for self-improvement.

Systems of Stratification:
a. Closed systems – imposed rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among
members who belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy.
This system is resistant to change, particularly in the social roles of its members. Example: the
caste system
b. Open System – based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increase social
mobility, and better interaction among social groups and classes.
c. Class system – a stratification system based on the ownership of resources and the individual’s
occupation or profession.

Social stratification can be examined from different perspectives:

1. Functionalist Perspective - examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensuring its
stability and continued function. It believes that social stratification is an essential feature of society.
2. Conflict theory – believes that stratification perpetuates inequality and considers society as benefitting
only a small segment.
3. Symbolic Interactionism – leads people to interact with others within their own social class.

Social Mobility - describes a shift from one social class to another.

Types:
a. Upward – upward movement in social class. Examples are: people who have gained wealth,
individuals who rose to power, through education, employment, or marriage
 b. Downward – lowering of an individual’s social class brought about by economic setbacks,
unemployment, illness, and dropping out of school maybe.
c. Intragenerational – focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same generation.
Example: Siblings may come from the same family and background but depending on their
choices and actions, one sibling may be considered more well-off than others.
d. Intergenerational- refers to the changes in social standing experienced by individuals belonging
to different generations. Example: a successful business who was raised by lower-income
parents or a powerful politician who traces his/her roots to generations of poor immigrants.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY - social divisions reflect on unequal distribution of status, wealth, and power within
society and result in individual’s and groups occupying different positions of influence and power.
Factors that bring about social divisions and inequality:
1. Social Inequality and Poverty
2. Gender Inequality
3. Ethnicity and Race Issues
4. Other Minorities
5. Global Inequality

ACTIVITY 2

Discuss the following questions:

1. Cite a concrete example of social stratification in the country at present. What are the factors that lead to such?
2. Describe the condition of poor people in the country. What challenges do poor Filipinos face as a result of their
situation?
3. Write an essay on the current status of women in the Philippines. In your opinion, do you think that the lives of
Filipino Women have improved? How can we further promote genuine equality between men and women in the
Philippines?
As a student, what policies and programs can you propose that you think will best address the issue of inequality.

LESSON 4: SOURCES OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE

SOCIAL CHANGE -refers to transformation that alter the roles and status of people as well as the structure and
organization of society and its institution
CULTURAL CHANGE- refers to the dynamic process where the living cultures of the world change and adapt to
external forces
INNOVATION- refers to the introduction of new ideas, products, and services that transform social relations and
social processes over time.
ACCULTURATION- happens when a minority group accepts facets of the dominant group’s culture or way of life.
ASSIMILATION -occurs when a minority group rejects its indigenous culture and adopts the culture of the dominant
group
*Social contradictions and tensions are part of the overall process of social and cultural change. Nevertheless, these
contradictions and tensions can bring about profound changes in the society.

ACTIVITY NO 3
Think of one (1) concrete example of each process of social change and how it affects the society. Copy the table
and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Process of Social Change Example Effects to the society

INNOVATION
DIFFUSION
ACCULTURATION
ASSIMILATION