Blue Illustration Sales Report Business Presentation

The Self as
a Cognitive
Construct
Chapter 1, Lesson 3 2024

LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be
able to:
1. enumerate the various

psychological perspective and
concepts about the "self";
2. analyze the effects of various
psychological factors in the
formation of the "self"; and
3. examine one's "self" against the
different perspective in this lesson
and various experiences of your
classmates.
Introduction
Modern researchers acknowledge the contribution of
different fields of studies about the self ranging from
the study of the self from a larger context to (nature
and society) down to the individual. Psychology may
focus on the individual and the cognitive functions but
it does not discount the context and other possible
factors that affect the individual.
ABSTRACTION
Someone may sharply say "I am who I am". Yet one may ask, "If
you are who you are, then who are you that makes you who you
are?" Self is defined in several interchangeable concepts but
simply put, self is the sense of personal identity and who we are
as individuals. William James (1890) conceptualized the self as
having two aspects, the "" and the "me". The I-is the thinking,
acting and feeling self (Hogg and Vaughan 2010). The me is the
physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that
make who you are (Gleitman et. al, 2011)Carl Roger's(1959)
theory of personality also used the l as the one who acts and
decides while me is what you think or feel about yourself as an
object.
IDENTITY AND SELF CONCEPT
Other concepts similar to self are identity and self concept.
Identity is composed of personal characteristic, social roles as
well as affiliations that define who one is (Oysemen, Elmore
and Smith 2012). Self concept is what basically comes to your
mind when you are asked who you are.
Self identity and self concept are not fixed in one time frame.
You may identify yourself based from who you are years back,
at present or in the future.
hobbies
THE SELF - SCHEMA
CONCEPI
Family Self religion
Carl Rofers captured this idea in his conect of self-

nationality
schema aor our organized system or collection of
knowledge about who we are (Gleitman, Gross, and
Reisberg; Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)
MENTAL CONSTRUCT
Theories generally points out the self and identity as mental constructs
created and recreated in memory. Researchers point out to the frontal lobe
of the brain as the specific area in the brain associated with the process
concerning the self.
Sigmund Freud saw the self, its mental processes and one's behavior as
the results of the interaction between the id, the ego and the superego.
Under the theory of symbolic interactionism Mead argued that the self is
created and developed through human interaction.
According to Oyserman, Elmore and Smith (2012) there are three
reasons why the self is created and developed through human
interactions:
1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society helps in

creating the foundations of who we are even if we make our
choices, we still operate in our social and historical contexts in
one way or the other.
2. Whether we like it or not we need others to affirm or reinforce

who we think we are.
3.What we think is important to us may also have been

influenced by what is important in our social or historical context.
There are times when we are aware of our self concepts
(self awareness):
1. The private self of your internal standards and private

thoughts and feelings
2. The public self of your public image commonly geared toward
having a good presentation of yourself to others(Hogg and
Vaughan,2010)
Self awareness also presents us at least three other self schema:

actual, ideal, and ought self. The actual self is who you are at the
moment, the ideal self is who you like to be and the ought self is
who you think you should be.
Self awareness may be positive or negative depending on the
circumstances and our next course of action. Self awareness can
keep you from doing something dangerous; it can help remind you
that you have important things to do when tempted to do
something else.
Self awareness also sometimes can be too much that that we may
be concerned about being observed and criticized by others, also
called self consciousness.
At other times especially when we are at large
crowd, we may experience de individuation or the
loss of individual self awareness and individual
accountability in groups. A lot of people will attune
themselves with the emotion of their group and
because the large crowd also provides some kind of
anonymity, we may lessen self control and act in
ways that we will not do when we are alone
SELF ESTEEM
One of the common concepts associated with the self
is self esteem. It is defined as our own positive and
negative perception or evaluation of ourselves
(Jhangiani and Tarry,(2014). One of the ways in
which our social relationship affects our self esteem
is through comparison. According to the social
comparison theory we learn about ourselves, the
appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our
status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other
people (Hoggs and Vaughan, 2010).
The downward social comparison is the most
common type of comparing ourselves with others.
We create a positive self concept if we compare
ourselves with those who are worse off than us. By
having the advantage we raise our self- esteem. The
upward social comparison is comparing oneself with
those who are better off than himself. While it can be
a motivation for some, some may feel having a lower
self- esteem as they highlight more of their
weaknesses and inequities
NARCISSISM
In one's attempt to maintain or increase self -esteem he may resort
to Narcissism. It is a trait characterized by overly high self - esteem,
self admiration and self - centeredness. One often takes care of his
image includes interpersonal relationships by looking for better
partners, better acquaintances, as well as people who will
appreciate them a lot.
This makes one a bad romantic partner or friend since they engage
in relationships only to serve themselves (Jhiangiani and Tarry,
2010).
People with high self-esteem are usually outgoing,
adventurous and adaptable to a lot of situations.
They initiate or build relationships with people.
However, they may leave a relationship or activities
that do not conform or boost their self concept.
Because of so high regard for themselves, they usually
become bullies, usually try to experiment in doing
things such as drugs, alcohol and sex.
Thank
you!
By group 9 2024

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The Self as

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 2024

1. enumerate the various

Family Self religion

Carl Rofers captured this idea in his conect of self-

1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society helps in

2. Whether we like it or not we need others to affirm or reinforce

3.What we think is important to us may also have been

1. The private self of your internal standards and private

Self awareness also presents us at least three other self schema:

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