Stoichiometry I II

Derivation of Empirical Formulas
1. If the data are given in terms of percentage composition, base the calculation on a
100.0 gram sample of the compound. In this instance, the number of grams of each
element present in the sample will be numerically equal to the percentage
of that element present in the compound. There is no need to find the percentages if
the data are given in terms of the number of grams of each element present in a
sample of the compound.
2. Convert the number of grams of each element present in the sample to the number
of moles of atoms of each element. The conversion factors needed are derived from
the fact that 1 mol of atoms of an element (numerator) of an atomic weight in grams
(denominator).
3. Divide each of the values obtained in step 2 by the smallest value. If every number
obtained in this way is not a whole number, multiply each number by the same
simple integer in such a way that whole numbers will result.
4. A ratio by moles of atoms is the same as a ratio by atoms. The whole numbers
obtained in step 3 are the subscripts of the empirical formula.
Problems:
1. Nicotine is a compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. If a 2.50g
sample of nicotine is burned in oxygen, 6.78g, 1.94g of H 2O, and 0.432g of N2 are
the products of the combustion. What is the percentage composition of nicotine?
2. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 43.6% P and 56.4% O?
3. Caffeine, which occurs in coffee, tea, and kola nuts, is a stimulant for the central
nervous system. A pure caffeine contains 49.5% C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N and 16.5% O
by mass. What is the empirical formulas of caffeine?
The molecular formula of a compound can be derived from the empirical formula if the
molecular weight of the compound is known.
Problems:
1. The molecular weight of caffeine is 194 and the empirical formula of caffeine is
C4H5N2O. What is the molecular formula of caffeine?
2. Glucose , a simple sugar, is a constituent of human blood and tissue fluids and is a
principal source of energy for cells. The compound contains 40.0% C, 6.73% H, and
53.3% O and has a molecular weight of 180.2. What is the molecular formula of
glucose?
Drills on Stoichiometry I
1. Determine the mass (in grams) of

a. 5.00 x 10 25 CO2 molecules
b. 5.00 x 10-2 mol CO2
2. Arrange the following formulas in order of increasing percentage of Sulfur:
a. CaSO4 c. H2S
b. SO2 d. Na2S2O3
3. What mass of lead is theoretically obtained from 1.5 kg of galena,that is 72% PbS?
4. Cinnamaldehyde, a compound found in cinnamon oil, contains carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. The combustion of a 6.50 g sample of the compound yields 19.49 g of CO2
and 3.54 g H2O, what is the percentage composition of cinnamaldehyde?
5. Determine the molecular formulas to which the following empirical formula and
formula weights pertain.
a. SNH , 188.32
b. PF2 , 137.94
c. CH2 , 70.15
d. NO2 , 46.01
e. C2NH2 , 120.15
6. A compound contains 22.85% sodium, 21.49% boron, and 49.96%oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of the compound?
7. Myristic acid, obtained from coconut oil , is 73.61% carbon, 12.38% hydrogen and 14.01%
oxygen. What is the empirical formula of myristic acid?
8. A compound contains 31.29% calcium, 18.75% carbon and 49.96% oxygen.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
9. The molecular weight of saccharin is 183.18 and the compound is 45.90% C, 2.75% H,
26.20 oxygen, 17.50% sulfur and 7.65% Nitrogen. What is the molecular formula of
saccharin.?
10. The molecular weight of cholesterol is 386 and the compound contains 83.9% Carbon, 12%
Hydrogen and 4.1% Oxygen. What is the molecular formula of cholesterol?
11. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is 41.09% Carbon , 5.53% hydrogen , 9.58 %
nitrogen and 43.80% oxygen. What is the empirical formula of EDTA?
STOICHIOMETRY, PART II: Chemical Equations
Chemical Equations – are representations of chemical reactions in terms of the

symbols and formulas of the elements and compounds involved.
Reactant – the substances that enter into a reaction

Products – the substances formed in a reaction
A2 + B 2 2AB
Reactant yield product
(s) – solids , (l) – liquid , (g) – gas , (aq) - aqueous
Coefficient – the numbers appearing before the formulas
- indicate the number of molecules of each type involved in the
reaction.
Balance chemical equation – follows the law of conservation of mass
- the same number of atoms of each type must be indicated on both the
left side and the right side of the equation.
****** Insert the Balancing Equation Rules *******
Combustion in Oxygen
Products:
C ----CO2 H------H2O
S----SO2 N ---- N2
Example:
1. C2H6(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Problems Based on Chemical Equations

(determine the stoichiometric factor/relationship)
Ex. 2 mol H2 + 1 mol O2 2 mol H2O

Stoichiometric Relationship: 2 mol H2 = 2 mol H2O
2 mol O2 = 2 mol H2O
Steps in Solving:
1. The amount of the substance given in the problem is converted from grams to moles
by using the formula weight of the substance.
2. The stoichiometric ratio derived from the coefficients of the chemical equation (which
is a mole ratio) is used to convert the moles of substance given into moles of
substance sought.
3. The value for moles of substance sought is converted into grams of substance
sought by using the formula weight of the substance sought.
Problems:
1. Determine the number of moles of O2(g) that are required to react with 5.00 mol of
C2H6(g) according to the equation:
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
SR: 2 mol C2H6 = 7 mol O2

7 mol O2 = 4 mol CO2
(4 more SR)
2. Chlorine can be prepared by the reaction:
MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O
a. How many grams of HCl are required to react with 25.0 g of MnO2?
b. How many grams of Cl2 are produced by the reaction?
3. The amount of carbon monoxide in a sample of a gas can be determined by the
reaction
I2O5(s) + 5CO(g) I2(s) + 5 CO2(g)
How many grams of I2O5 is required to react with 10.0g of CO?
Limiting Reactants
- the substance that limits the reaction and determines how much
product will be formed.
Steps:
1. For each reactant, calculate the number of moles supplied from the amounts given in
the problem.
2. Divide each of these values by the coefficient that, in the chemical reaction,
precedes the formula of the reactant being considered.
3. The smallest number obtained in step 2 pertains to the reactant that limits the extent
of the reaction.
Problem:
1. How many moles of H2 can theoretically be prepared from 4.00 mol of Fe and 5.00
mol of H2O? The chemical equation for the reaction is:
3Fe(s) + 4 H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g)
2. How many grams of N2F4 can theoretically be prepared from 4.00 g of NH 3 and 14.0 g
of F2? The chemical equation for the reaction is
2NH3(g) + 5 F2(g) N2F4(g) + 6HF9(g)
Percent Yield – relates the amount of product that is actually obtained to the amount of
product that theory would predict.
a. actual yield- actually obtained from the experiment
b. theoretical yield – calculated
Ex. If 4.80 g of N2F4 is obtained from the experiment described in problem number 1,
what is the percent yield?
Drills on Stoichiometry II
1. Use the equation:
2 NaNH2(l) + N2O(g) NaN3(s) + NaOH(s) + NH3(g)
to determine the number of grams of NaNH 2(l) and of N2O(g) that are required to
prepare 50.0 g of NaN3(s) , assuming complete reaction.
2. What is the maximum number of grams of SF4(g) that can be prepared from 6.0 g of
SCl2(g) and 3.50 g of NaF(s)? The equation for the reaction is :
3 SCl2(g) + 4 NaF(s) SF4(g) + S2Cl2(l) + 4 NaCl(s)
3. In an experiment, 5.00 g of LiBH 4(s) was reacted with excess NH4Cl(s), and 2.16 g of
B3N3H6(l) was isolated. The equation for the reaction is:
3LiBH4(s) + 3 NH4Cl(s) B3N3H6(l) + 9 H2(g) + 3LiCl(s)
What was the percent yield of B3N3H6(l)?

Stoichiometry I II

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Derivation of Empirical Formulas

1. Determine the mass (in grams) of

STOICHIOMETRY, PART II: Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations – are representations of chemical reactions in terms of the

Reactant – the substances that enter into a reaction

Problems Based on Chemical Equations

Ex. 2 mol H2 + 1 mol O2 2 mol H2O

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

SR: 2 mol C2H6 = 7 mol O2

2 NaNH2(l) + N2O(g) NaN3(s) + NaOH(s) + NH3(g)

3 SCl2(g) + 4 NaF(s) SF4(g) + S2Cl2(l) + 4 NaCl(s)

3LiBH4(s) + 3 NH4Cl(s) B3N3H6(l) + 9 H2(g) + 3LiCl(s)

What was the percent yield of B3N3H6(l)?

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