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Kim Stoichiometri Farmasi

Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It allows the determination of amounts of products that can be formed from given amounts of reactants. Key concepts include the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas, percentage composition, limiting reactants, and theoretical and actual yields. Stoichiometric calculations can be applied to reactions in various phases including solutions using molarity to quantify concentration.

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43 views12 pages

Kim Stoichiometri Farmasi

Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It allows the determination of amounts of products that can be formed from given amounts of reactants. Key concepts include the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas, percentage composition, limiting reactants, and theoretical and actual yields. Stoichiometric calculations can be applied to reactions in various phases including solutions using molarity to quantify concentration.

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amajidaars
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STOICHIOMETRI:

QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL
RELATIONSHIPS

Dr.rer.nat. Witri Wahyu Lestari


Definition: Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction


stoichiometry to distinguish it from) is the • Sulphur reacts with oxygen
calculation of quantitive (measurable)
relationships of the reactants and products
in a balanced chemical reaction
(chemicals). It can be used to calculate
quantities such as the amount of products
that can be produced with the given
reactants and percent yield. [1]

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry

[2] picture of Thomas Seilnacht



The Mol Concept

 mole (mol): amount of chemical substances


 One mole of any element: number of formula unit in 0.012 kg (12 g) of
carbon-12
 The number of atom in 12 g of carbon-12= 6.022 x1023
 Avogadro´s number
 Equal numbers of moles contain equal numbers of formula units.
 Stoichiometric Equivalencies: the ratio (by atoms or by moles) in which they
occur in the formula, ex: P4O10

Questions: -How many moles of nitrogen atoms are combined with 8.6 moles of
oxygen atoms in N2O5?
- How many moles of oxygen atoms are combined with 4.2 moles of chlorine atoms in
Cl2O7?
Measuring Moles of Elements and
Compounds
 In Nature, Carbon is found as C-12 (98,89%) and C-13 (1.11%)
 1 mol of carbon has a mass of 12.011 g
 1 mol of element formula mass of element (in grams)

 Ex: How many moles of silicon are in 4.60 g of Si?


 How many moles of sulfur atoms are present in 35.6 g of sulfur ?
 How many grams of silver are in 0.263 mol of Ag ?
 How many atoms are in 1.000 x 10 -9 g of lead ?
 Formula Mass and Molecular Mass
 NaCl, Ca3(PO4)2, KCl; glukosa, senyawa kompleks
 Ex: How many grams of sodium carbonate must be taken to obtain 0.125 mol of
Na2CO3 ?
 How many grams of Cl are needed to combine with 24.4 g of Si to make silicon
tetrachloride?
 How many grams of iron are needed to combine with 25.6 g of O to make Fe 2O3 ?
Percentage Composition

 Percentage by mass: The number of grams of the elements present in 100


g of the compound
 % by mass= (mass of part/mass of whole) x100%
 Theoretical percentage composition: calculated from the formula
Ex: 1) calculate the theoretical percentage composition of N2O5 and Na2O3.
2) From 0.5462 g of a compound there were isolated 0.1417 g of nitrogen
and 0.4045 g of oxygen. What is the percentage composition of this
compound ? Are any other elements present?

Pg 96
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
 Empirical Formula: smallest whole numbers that describe the ratios of the atoms in the
substances
 Molecular Formula: specify the actual composition of one molecule.
 Ex: 1). A 1.5246 g sample of a compound contains 0.7117 g of nitrogen and 0.8129 g of
oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula.
 2). A 2.012 g sample of a compound was found to consist of 0.5219 g of nitrogen and
1.4901 g of oxygen. Calculate its empirical formula.
 3) Black iron oxide occurs naturally in the mineral magnetite. When a 2.448 g sample
was analyzed it was found to have1.771 g of Fe and 0.6766 g of O. Calculate the
empirical formula of the compound.
 4). A white solid used to whiten paper has the following percentage composition: Na,
32.37%; S, 22.57%; and O; 45.06%. What is the empirical formula?
 5) The combustion of a 5.048 g sample of a compound of C, H, and O gave 7.406 g CO 2
and 3.027 g H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
 6) 0.5438 g sample of a liquid consisting of only C, H, and O was burned in pure
oxygen, and 1.039g of CO2 and 0.6369 g of H2O were obtained. What is the empirical
formula of the compound
Writing and Balancing Chemical
equations
 P(s) + O2(g) P4O10
 Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
 NaOH(aq) + H3PO4 Na3PO4(aq)+H2O
 Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s)
 Further exercise: page 130
 Using chemical equations in calculations (page 107)

 Example:How many moles of sodium phopshate, Na3PO4, can be made from


0.240 mol of NaOH by the following reaction?
NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) Na3PO4 + H2O
Flow of calculations

Use Use ratio of Use


formula coefficients formula
mass of A to convert mass of B
to convert moles of A to to convert
to moles moles of B to grams

Gram of
Moles of Moles of Gram of
substance
A substances A substances B substances B

Lab unit Chemical unit Chemical unit Lab unit


Limiting Reactant Calculations

 Limiting reactant: the reactant that completely consumed limits the amount
of product that forms

 N2 + H2(g) NH3(g)

Which one is the


 N2 = 1 mol limiting reactant?
 H2= 5 mol

 N2= 2 mol
 H2= 5 mol

Exercise : page 113


Theoretical and Percentage Yield

 Percentage yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x100%


 Actual and theoretical yield must be in the same units
 Example:
P4 + Cl2 PCl3
P4 : (12 g)
Cl2: 35 g
PCl3: 42.4 g
Percentage yield of the compound (?)
Reaction in Solution

 Same phase
 Precipitation reactions
 Solutions: solute and solvent
Reaction in Solution
 Solutions: dilute solution and concentrated solution
 Saturated solution

 Molar concentration

Molarity (M) = moles of solute/Liter of solution


Standard solutions by dissolutions:
Vdil. Mdil = Vconcd. Mconcd
Stoichiometry of reaction in solution:
Example: page122

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