LO NOTES

TIME MANAGEMENT SKILLS

The term time management refers to a person's ability to identify different
priorities and decide when to do them and how much time is needed for
each priority. In Grade 9, your priorities might be schoolwork, sports
commitments and spending time with your friends and family. It may seem
as though there isn't enough time to do everything you need to do, but if you
learn and practice good time management, you will be able to do everything
you need to do. The key to good time management is to identify different
priorities and when you need to do them. If you are working towards your
exams, you need to prioritize your studies, but if you are getting ready for a
big sports event at school, you need to prioritize your practice time.
Sometimes you will have quite a few priorities and then you need to be
disciplined and decide which priority is the most important and then plan
your time accordingly.

In short,time management is the process of planning the length of time spent

on specific activities , with the goal to increase efficiency Or productivity.
Time management requires you to use a range of skills,tools,and
techniques,especially when you need to do projects,specific tasks and goals.
These skills include planning,allocating,setting goals,delegating
tasks,analyzing the time spent on doing things,monitoring the
progress,organizing,scheduling your time and prioritizing
ACCOUNTABILITY IN CARRYING OUT RESPONSIBILITIES

Learning about and applying good time-management skills are part of

sharing accountability for your education and responsibilities as a
learner.The diagram below shows all the different people and systems that
are to help you as the learner. The diagram shows that you can contact all
the people (such as the principal) and systems (such as the Department Of
Basic Education) that are available to help you directly. However,it is your
responsibility to contact them. You are in charge of your own success or
failure.

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Let us look at some of the responsibilities for which you need to be
accountable. We will then look at how time management can help you
succeed in these responsibilities. The responsibilities are:

● Exercising self discipline

● Participating in class activities
● Studying
● Meeting deadlines
● completing homework
● Contributing to a positive learning environment

In order to participate to the best of your ability,you need to apply good

time-management skills. If you manage your time effectively,you will be able
to balance your schoolwork with your other commitments. You will have time
to relax and you will get enough sleep to be fresh and attentive in class. You
will also be able to complete your homework,meet deadlines and find
enough study time to study for exams

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF IN SOCIETY: SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

AND SEXUAL HEALTH

Sexual behavior and sexual health are critical topics, especially in the context
of life sciences and public health education. Understanding these concepts is
vital for promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing negative outcomes such
as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies.

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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL HEALTH

Sexual behavior refers to the actions and practices individuals engage in

related to sexual activity. Sexual health, as defined by the World Health
Organization, is a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being
related to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to
sexuality and sexual relationships, free of coercion, discrimination, and
violence.

RISK FACTORS LEADING TO UNHEALTHY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Several factors can contribute to unhealthy sexual behaviors, including:

1. Peer PressureTeenahers often face pressure from peers to engage in

sexual activity before they are ready, leading to risky behaviors such as
unprotected sex or multiple sexual partners.

2. Substance Abuse: The use of alcohol and drugs can impair judgment and
reduce inhibitions, leading to risky sexual behavior. Substance abuse is
associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex, which
increases the risk of STIs and unintended pregnancies.

3. Lack of Education: Inadequate sexual education can leave individuals

unaware of safe sex practices, the importance of consent, and how to
prevent STIs and unintended pregnancies.

4. Mental Health Issues: Conditions such as depression and low self-esteem

can lead to seeking validation through sexual activity, sometimes resulting in
risky behavior.

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5. Cultural and Societal Norms: In some cultures, discussing sexual health
openly is taboo, which can lead to misinformation and unhealthy sexual
practices.

UNWANTED RESULTS OF UNHEALTHY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Unhealthy sexual behavior can have numerous negative outcomes, including:

1. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Engaging in unprotected sex

increases the risk of contracting STIs such as HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and
syphilis. STIs can have serious health consequences if left untreated.

2. Unintended Pregnancies: Lack of contraceptive use can result in

unintended pregnancies, which can have significant social, economic, and
health impacts on individuals, particularly teenagers.

3. Emotional and Psychological Effects: Unhealthy sexual behavior can lead to

feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety, affecting mental health and well-being.

4. Impact on Relationships: Risky sexual behavior can damage relationships,

leading to trust issues and emotional distress.

TEENAGE PREGNANCY

Teenage pregnancy is a significant public health issue with far-reaching

consequences:

1. Health Risks for the Mother and Baby: Teenage mothers are at higher risk
for pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth,
and low birth weight. These complications can affect both the mother’s and
the baby’s health.

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2. Educational and Economic Impact: Teenage mothers are less likely to
complete their education, which can limit their job opportunities and
economic stability. This can perpetuate cycles of poverty.

3. Social Stigma: Teenage pregnancy often carries social stigma, which can
lead to isolation, discrimination, and a lack of support from peers and family.

In South Africa,66% of teenage pregnancies are unwanted. Many teenagers

fall pregnant because they do not use any contraceptives. They do not always
have access to condoms,contraceptive pills or the injections. For example,
boys are scared to buy condoms,and girls feel embarrassed to go to a clinic
to get some contraceptive pills. They are also scared to talk to their parents
about the fact that they are sexually active.

PROMOTING SEXUAL HEALTH

To promote sexual health and prevent unhealthy sexual behaviors, it is

essential to:

1. Provide Comprehensive Sexual Education: Education should cover topics

such as consent, safe sex practices, contraceptive use, and the prevention of
STIs.

2. Encourage Open Communication: Creating environments where

individuals feel comfortable discussing sexual health can reduce stigma and
misinformation.

3. Support Access to Health Services: Providing access to reproductive health

services, including contraception and STI testing, is crucial.

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4. Address Substance Abuse: Implementing programs to prevent and treat
substance abuse can reduce its impact on sexual behavior.

By addressing these factors, we can work towards a society where sexual

health is prioritized, and individuals are empowered to make informed and
healthy decisions regarding their sexual behavior.

RAPE

Rape is a severe and violent form of sexual assault that involves sexual
activity without the consent of one or more participants. It is a profound
violation of an individual's autonomy and human rights and has devastating
physical, emotional, and psychological consequences for the victims.

DEFINITION AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Rape is defined as non-consensual sexual intercourse that is achieved

through force, threats, or coercion. The legal definitions of rape can vary by
jurisdiction, but the core element is the absence of consent from the victim.
Consent must be clear, voluntary, and ongoing; it cannot be obtained
through manipulation, intimidation, or while the victim is incapacitated due
to alcohol, drugs, or unconsciousness.

CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS

1. Power and Control: Rape is often about exerting power and control over
the victim rather than sexual desire. Perpetrators seek to dominate and
demean their victims.

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2. Cultural Norms: Societal attitudes that devalue women and tolerate or
normalize aggression contribute to the incidence of rape. In some cultures,
victim-blaming and the stigmatization of rape survivors exacerbate the
problem.

3. Substance Abuse: Alcohol and drugs can impair judgment and self-control,
potentially leading to aggressive and violent behavior. Perpetrators might use
substances to incapacitate their victims or use their own intoxication as an
excuse for their actions.

4. Mental Health Issues: While the majority of individuals with mental health
issues do not commit violent acts, certain conditions, particularly those
involving aggression or impulse control problems, may be associated with an
increased risk of committing rape.

CONSEQUENCES OF RAPE

1. Physical Health: Victims of rape may suffer from immediate physical

injuries, including bruises, cuts, and internal damage. They are also at risk for
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies.

2. Mental Health: Rape can lead to long-term psychological trauma. Many

survivors experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression,
anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. The trauma can affect their daily lives,
relationships, and overall well-being.

3. Social Impact: Victims often experience social stigma, isolation, and

difficulties in relationships. They may face disbelief or blame from friends,
family, and society, which can further compound their trauma.

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4. Economic Impact: The aftermath of rape can lead to significant economic
consequences for victims, including medical expenses, loss of productivity,
and the costs associated with seeking justice and support.

PREVENTION AND SUPPORT

1. Education and Awareness: Comprehensive education about consent,

respect in relationships, and the serious nature of rape is essential. Public
awareness campaigns can help change societal attitudes and reduce the
prevalence of rape.

2. Support Services: Providing accessible support services such as hotlines,

counseling, and legal assistance is crucial for victims. Rape crisis centers and
support groups offer safe spaces for survivors to share their experiences and
receive help.

3. Community and Legal Measures: Strong legal frameworks and community

support systems are vital. Law enforcement agencies need proper training to
handle rape cases sensitively and effectively. Laws should be in place to
ensure perpetrators are held accountable.

4. Challenging Cultural Norms: Efforts to change societal attitudes that

condone or trivialize sexual violence are essential. This includes addressing
gender stereotypes, promoting gender equality, and encouraging respectful
behavior in all aspects of life.

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5. Encouraging Reporting and Justice: Creating an environment where victims
feel safe to report rape is important. This includes ensuring their privacy,
providing psychological support, and guaranteeing a fair and thorough legal
process.

SUPPORTING SURVIVORS

Supporting survivors involves understanding the trauma they have

experienced and offering empathy and practical assistance. Key aspects of
support include:

1. Emotional Support: Listening without judgment, validating their feelings,

and providing a safe space for them to express themselves.

2. Medical Care: Immediate medical attention to address physical injuries,

prevent STIs, and manage potential pregnancy.

3. Legal Support: Assisting with navigating the legal system, including filing
reports, obtaining protective orders, and providing legal representation.

4. Long-term Care: Access to ongoing mental health services, including

counseling and therapy, to help survivors cope with the long-term effects of
rape.

Addressing rape requires a multifaceted approach involving education, legal

action, community support, and cultural change. It is imperative to create a
society that respects consent, supports survivors, and holds perpetrators
accountable.

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RESPECTING THOSE INFECTED WITH HIV AND AIDS

•People may not be isolated in hospitals simply because they are HIVpositive.

•HIV-positive people have the right to get married and have children in the
same way as HIV-negative people.

•Nobody can be tested for HIV infection without giving informed consent.
This means that the person must understand the implications of the test.

•All HIV-positive people have access to continuing support and health

services.

·All HIV-positive people have the right to complete confidentiality about their
health and HIV status. This means that doctors and nurses are not allowed to
tell anyone that the person is HIV positive; not even the person's sexual
partner. Even after a person's death, medical staff members are not allowed
to tell anyone that the person was HIV positive.

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL HOLIDAYS

1. Freedom Day (April 27): Celebrates South Africa's first non-racial

democratic elections held in 1994.

2. Heritage Day (September 24): A day to celebrate South Africa's diverse

cultural heritage and traditions.

3. Reconciliation Day (December 16): Aims to foster reconciliation and

national unity in South Africa, commemorating the end of apartheid.

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4. Youth Day (June 16): Honors the youth involved in the Soweto Uprising of
1976, advocating for improved education and rights.

5. Workers' Day (May 1): Celebrates the contributions of workers and the
labor movement, observed globally as International Workers' Day or Labor
Day.

6. Women's Day (August 9): Marks the 1956 protest by South African women
against apartheid pass laws.

7. Africa Day (May 25): Commemorates the founding of the Organisation of

African Unity (now the African Union) and promotes unity and development
in Africa.

8. Nelson Mandela Day (July 18): Honors Nelson Mandela's legacy by

encouraging acts of kindness and community service.

9. World Refugee Day (June 20): Raises awareness about the plight of
refugees worldwide and promotes support for their rights and well-being.

10. National Health Days: Various days dedicated to raising awareness about
health issues, promoting healthy lifestyles, and encouraging preventive
measures. These days vary by country and health issue.

Here is a list of notable national health days observed in various countries,

along with their dates. These days aim to raise awareness and promote
health and wellness:

● World AIDS Day - December 1

● World Cancer Day - February 4
● Healthy Lifestyles Awareness Day - February 17

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 ● World Tuberculosis (TB) Day - March 24
● World Immunization Week - Last week of April
● World Malaria Day - April 25
● World No Tobacco Day - May 31
● World Mental Health Day - October 10

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ROLE MODELS IN SOUTH AFRICA

TRAITS

Positive Role Models:

● Integrity: They act with honesty and transparency, adhering to ethical

principles even in challenging circumstances.
● Leadership: They inspire others through their vision, courage, and
ability to bring about positive change.
● Compassion: They show empathy and kindness towards others,
advocating for justice and equality.
● Resilience: They demonstrate perseverance and determination in the
face of adversity, overcoming obstacles with grace and strength.
● Empowerment: They uplift and support others, helping them realize
their potential and achieve their goals.

Negative Role Models:

● Lack of Integrity They engage in dishonest and unethical behavior,

often prioritizing personal gain over moral principles.
● Authoritarianism: They exert control and influence through coercion,
manipulation, and abuse of power.

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 ● Selfishness: They demonstrate a lack of empathy and consideration for
others, prioritizing their own interests at the expense of others'
well-being.
● Intolerance: They promote discrimination, prejudice, and division,
perpetuating harmful stereotypes and attitudes towards certain
groups.
● Irresponsibility: They shirk accountability for their actions, refusing to
take responsibility for the consequences of their behavior.

These traits serve as distinguishing factors between positive and negative

role models, influencing their impact on individuals and society as a whole.

WORLD OF WORK:OPTIONS AVAILABLE AFTER GRADE 9

The National Senior Certificate (NSC) is a high school qualification in South

Africa, typically earned after completing Grade 12. It's the main
school-leaving certificate in the country, awarded by the Department of Basic
Education.

The National Certificate Vocational (NCV) is also a qualification in South

Africa, but it focuses more on vocational and occupational skills. It's designed
to prepare students for employment or further education in specific fields.

DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY IN THE NCV

The National Certificate Vocational (NCV) covers a wide range of fields to

prepare students for various vocational careers. Some of the fields of study
in the NCV include:

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1. Engineering Studies: This covers areas such as electrical infrastructure
construction, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering.

2. Hospitality Studies: Focuses on hospitality operations, food preparation,

and accommodation services.

3. Information Technology and Computer Science: Covers computer systems,

software development, and network management.

4. Business Studies: Includes entrepreneurship, office administration, and

financial management.

5. Tourism: Focuses on tourism operations, guiding principles, and travel

services.

6. Primary Health: Covers community health work, healthcare support, and

patient care.

7. Creative Arts: Includes visual arts, performing arts, and design principles.

These are just a few examples, as the NCV offers various fields to cater to
different interests and career paths.

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IMPLICATIONS OF CHOICES BETWEEN THE NSC AND NCV

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THE WORKPLACE

1.Rights in the workplace

- Fair treatment

- Equal pay

- Non-discrimination

- Safe working conditions

- Right to privacy

2.informing employees of their rights

- Orientation sessions

- Employee handbook

- Regular communication

- Training programs

- Access to HR resources

3.Responsibilities in the workplace

- Fulfilling job duties

- Following company policies and procedures

- Maintaining professionalism

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 - Contributing to a positive work environment

- Respecting colleagues and supervisors

4. Responsibilities to respect working hours

- Arriving on time

- Completing assigned tasks within scheduled hours

- Avoiding unnecessary overtime

- Balancing work and personal commitments

- Communicating effectively about scheduling needs

5. Responsibilities for safety in the workplace

- Following safety protocols and guidelines

- Reporting hazards or incidents

- Participating in safety training

- Using protective equipment properly

- Promoting a culture of safety among colleagues

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6. Opportunities in the workplace

- Career advancement

- Skill development programs

- Training workshops

- Mentorship opportunities

- Networking events

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