CEE 101 LECTURE NOTE

COURSE TITLE: INTRO. TO CIVIL ENGIINEERING

COURSE LECTURER: ENGR. UKACHUKWU ONYEDIKACHI COLLINS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a practical problem.

Engineering is the application of math and science to create something of value from our natural
resources, because engineers create the world that never was. Civil Engineering is the oldest and
quintessential engineering profession, it encompasses a variety of sub-disciplines and jobs. As
stated by Oaies (1993)."Professional engineers should work for the welfare of the public. They
are responsible for observing societal needs, and often have the position and resources to
improve society. As professionals, engineers are expected to set examples in the work field and
to establish themselves as assets to society," Civil engineering works towards the ideal of nature
to create and improve human habitats, also civil engineers must be mindful that they have a
moral impact to the society.

After, taking a civil engineering degree, there are profession that would be useful for other fields.
Because Civil engineering has to do with this kind of fields, such as Engineering designer,
Construction engineer and Estimator. Civil engineering is engaging with other profession,
because civil engineering is not only responsible for the whole infrastructure projects. Civil
engineers need to cooperate with other profession to complete or finish the infrastructure
projects. Within infrastructure delivery we need a range of disciplines - so civil engineers,
landscape architects, materials scientists, manufacturers, end users. They all contribute right from
the development of the brief through the design and construction process. We should be more
confident in recognizing what we don't know and when we need to bring in different skills and
expertise in to help us.

The main objective of this note is to discover any professions that are useful and related to the
civil engineering profession. Also, this note aims to differentiate the similarities and differences
between architecture and civil engineering. Because general people have a confusion between
two professions. They tend to mis distinguish architecture and civil engineering.

2.0 Profession related to civil engineering

As a civil engineering graduate or qualified civil engineer, there are jobs that you can find in a
range of sectors. Particularly in the construction sector, on buildings and large structures of all
kinds, transport and communications infrastructure. Civil engineer can also work for production,
storage, and distribution of electricity, gas, and water. There are also opportunities to work in-
house for a variety of national and multinational organizations, particularly within the public
sector. Local authorities, government departments and environmental organizations, for example,
employ civil engineers to set up project specifications and draft tender documents.

3.0 Jobs directly related to Civil engineering degree

There are jobs that related to civil engineering degree. The following jobs below are related

3.1 Building control surveyor

Building control surveyor are responsible for examine the plans, drawings, specifications, and
other documents submitted for approval that make sure that the plans are follow the building
regulations. This building regulations are guided by Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH). Building control surveyor also inspect buildings, that if a building violated or not the
building regulation such as regulation for health, fire safety, energy conservation, and
sustainability and building accessibility.

3.2 CAD technician

CAD technicians are usually work in engineering, manufacturing, and construction industries
and specialize fields. CAD technicians are responsible for creating high-quality detailed
technical drawings and plans, that based on the architect and designers existing drawings, They
establish working relationship with architect, civil engineers, and designer to understand the
design requirement and to provide technical advice to manufacturing and construction
technician. They provide accurate design, scales, and detailed drawings.
3.3 Consulting civil engineer

Consulting civil engineer are responsible to investigate the potential risk of specific projects, and
undertake risks management in specialist roles. They manage, supervise, and visits contractors
on site and advise civil engineering issues. Consulting civil engineer acquire all relevant
requirements around issues such as building permits, environmental regulations, sanitary design,
good manufacturing practices, and safety on works assignments
3.4 Contracting civil engineer
Contracting civil engineer are consigned with consulting civil engineer for the implementation of
refinement. Contracting civil engineer usually negotiate with architect and consulting engineers.
They also responsible for finding solution to overcome unforeseen construction difficulties.
Contracting civil engineer deal with complaints from local people that experiencing disruption
due to building works.
3.5 Design engineer
Design engineers are responsible to analyze the existing plans in able the plans will improve.
They also cover the concept, specification, tender, and development of a new projects or
components. As a design engineer, they are also responsible for the designing materials and
functionality of components. They used CAD. CAN,CAM, system to design and visualize the
projects. They plan effectively to ensure that the projects are delivered on time, to standard and
to budget.
3.6 Estimator

The estimator is responsible for estimating the costs, materials, and labor needed to complete a
project. They must be fully versed on the project and be able to quantify the project using
specific metrics. They use sophisticated estimating software to aid them, but must also
communicate with the rest of the team and outside companies in order to gain knowledge on the
costs of different tasks. Estimator are responsible presenting bids to the clients and answering
their question related for the cost and estimation of the project.

3.7 Nuclear engineer

Nuclear engineers are usually done for designing, building. running or decommissioning nuclear
power plant. As a nuclear engineer you will design a new system to improve the efficiency,
stability and sustainability of nuclear power plant. Decommissioning is also important because in
nuclear power plant there are existing radioactive materials that are highly dangerous, it must
need a safety procedure for the transport, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials. As a
nuclear engineer, they solve operational problems with reactor cores and shielding, hydraulics
and electrical system, and compiles instrumentation such as monitoring equipment.
3.8 Site engineer
Site engineer acts as a technical adviser on a construction site for subcontractors, craftspeople
and operatives. They ensure that all materials are used and work with according to their
specifications. Site engineer are responsible to manage, monitor and interpret the contract design
documents supplied by the client or architect.

3.9 Structural engineer

Structural engineers are responsible for designing structure to withstand stresses and pressure
imposed through environmental condition and human use. Structural engineer ensures buildings
and other structures do not deflect, rotate, vibrate excessively or collapse. The building that they
build must be remain stable and secure throughout their use. They also examine an existing
buildings and structures to test if there are structurally sound and still fit for purposes. Structural
engineer also responsible for the choosing appropriate materials, such as concrete, steel, timber
and masonry. They need to do this in order the design meet the specifications and will often be
involved in inspecting word and advising contractors.
3.10 Water engineer
Water engineers are engineers that specialize in water bused-projects. Water engineers works
with variety of different liquids but will generally deal with the provision of clean water, disposal
of waste water and sewage and prevention of flood damage. The asset management played a
major role in water engineering work, this involving the repair.
maintenance and building structures that control water resources.
4.0 Jobs where civil engineering degree would be useful
After taking a civil engineering degree, the following jobs are useful or civil engineering

graduates can apply for their works.

4.1 Building services engineer

As a building services engineer, they are responsible to design, install, and maintain the services
that allow building to do what it's designed to. They negotiate and develop project contracts and
agree these with clients, if working in consultancy and putting out tenders. They use and develop
Building information Modelling (BIM) to ensure that the systems are coordinated in a compiles
construction or refurbishment project. Also, as a building services engineer they advise clients
and architects on energy use and conservation in a range legislative and health and safety
requirement.

4.2 Construction manager

The construction manager is responsible for overseeing the entirety of the project from start to
finish. They may individually manage a project, or work with other construction managers
depending on the scale of the project and its complexities. They are responsible for planning,
budgeting, and overseeing progress. During the planning process they must decide what
materials to be used, how to schedule employees, and create a schedule for the project. They
must keep constant communication with all others on the project as well as the client. They are
on-call at all times because it is their responsibility if something on the project goes wrong at any
point. Due to the variety of job duties included in being a construction manager, many find
benefits in the implementation of cloud-based software to aid them in their planning,
implementation, and communication from start to finish.

4.3 Engineering geologist

As an engineering geologist, they detailed the technical analysis of soil, rock, ground water, and
other natural condition, also the risk assessment of geological hazards. In order, to determine the
sustainability of a site foe construction development. It also identifies and deals with geological
factors and may work as an adviser to private and public bodies. They also involved with
analyzing sites and designs for environmentally sensitive developments, such as landfills sites.
By monitoring development areas and analyzing ground conditions. They ensure that the
structure is secured for short and long term.
4.4 Fire risk assessor
Fire risk assessor assess the possible fire hazards and risks, they record the findings, and advise
on fire prevention. Preparation an emergency plans and provide training to all employees,
updating and reviewing fire risk assessment regularly, are their responsible. They also prevent
the loss of life and the cost of damage property; fire assessment is a legal requirement for any
place of work or business that gives access to members of the public. Geotechnical engineer
As a geotechnical engineer, they support design and construction by carrying out testing and
analysis to assess risk to humans and the environment. Its assessment will enable to evaluate the
soil and rock and determine the feasibility of a construction or engineering plan. Geotechnical
are slightly linked to, and overlaps with both engineering geology and ground engineering. They
also responsible to study the geological maps and aerial photographs from a range of sources and
different time periods. They also start to develop the factual and interpretative ground modules.
4.5 Patent attorney

Patent attorneys are knowledgeable with intellectual property law, they lead individual investors
or companies through the required process to obtain a patent and then act to enforce investors'
rights if patents are infringed. They discuss inventions and processes with investors and
manufacturers and as certain whether they’re likely to succeed in being granted patents.

4.6 Quality Surveyor

Quality Surveyor minimize the cost and risk of a construction project and enhance value for
money, while still achieving the required legal standards and quality. They prepare the estimated
cost of the work and when the project is in progress, they keep to track of any variations to the
contracts that may affect costs and create reports to slow profitability. They also prepare and
contract documents including bills of quantities with the architect and client.
4.7 Sustainability Consultant

Sustainability Consultant provides a sustainable solution for the often -conflicting needs of
people, the environment, development and success business. They help business to develop an
environmental conscience, saving money by making choices that positively impact the earth and
all who live on it. Their work involves evaluating the impact a company is having on the
environment and the minimizing the impact or panning the use of limited resources.
4.8 Urban Designer
Urban designer helps to bring viable developments to our life, ensuring that the environments are
created to be useful and enjoyable. It works under own initiative and direction, as a part of a
large and multi-skilled team, including architects ,local government , building contractors,
material supplier, and local communities.
5.0 Roles and Relationship of Construction Project Participation
Roles and Relationship of Construction Projects participants able to show the construction
contract interpretation and fundamentals. This way, we can fully understand who real does what
on s construction site job site.
5.1 Owners/Client

The person of entities conceiving a construction project and hiring others parties to perform
various parts of said projects, not always a property owner outright (lessees also develop and
pursue construction purpose). This person is responsible for making payments for completed
work. Also, owners may or may not be responsible for representing Conditions on the project
site.

5.2 Architect
Architects are concerned with the planning, architectural drawing, architectural designing,
Structural drawing, utilization of space , application for building bye-laws, applications of
Principles of the science of human settlements (ekistics), interior design, aesthetics I f the
Environment, pleasant appearance, etc.

5.3 Engineers
Civil Engineers are concerned with the preliminary surveys measurements and execution Of
projects at the sires, structural design making, quantity surveying , supervision, planning Sore
activities, procurement of materials, billing, construction safety, structural detailing of Steel, etc.

5.4 Construction Manager

The construction manager oversee both pre-construction and during -construction phases Of the
construction project on the behalf of the owner and in consultation with the Architect/engineer
with the goal of construction project being completely smoothly, on Time, and within budget,
this includes supervising the operations of contractors and Subcontractors.
5.5 Contractors
Constructors are can be hired by construction forms hired directly by the owner or Construction
manager to perform work and furnish materials on a construction project. They responsible to
owner for performance of subcontractors and suppliers whom they Hire. Also, contractors are
responsible to subcontractors and suppliers for owner’s failures To make payment
5.6 Subcontractors
Construction firms hired by higher level contractors to perform work on a construction Project,
often due to a specialization not possessed by the prime contractor (i.e. hazardous material
abatement, electrical , etc.). They do not have privacy of contract With owners and usually
cannot enforce rights against owners except through mechanic’s Liens on the property.
Subcontractors look to contractors for payment and responsible to Contractors for properly
performing contract.
5.7 Suppliers
Suppliers are person’s and entities that sell materials for a construction project, usually to
Contractors or subcontractors, but do not perform labor in the project. Suppliers usually do Not
have privacy of contract with the owners and usually cannot enforce rights against Owners
except those mechanic’s liens. They look to the contractor or subcontractor who Purchased the
materials for suitability for materials. They may occasionally be liable to Owners or users of
property under products liability theories.

6.0 Summary of Roles and Relationship of Construction Project Participants

Roles and Relationship of Construction Projects is quite complicated, because it involves Many
parties but some parties don’t have contact or communicate with the other parties. Owners are
the person who conceiving projects and hiring other parties to perform various Parts of the
projects, owners used to communicate with the Architect, Engineer, Construction manager and
contractor. Also, owners may or may not be responsible for Representing conditions on the
project site. Architects are concerned with planning, Architectural drawing, architectural
designing, structural drawing, utilization of space, Application of building bye- laws, application
of principles of the science of human Settlements (ekistics), interior design, aesthetics of the
environment, pleasant appearance Etc. Civil Engineers are concerned with the preliminary
surveys, measurements, execution Of projects at the sires , structural design making, billing,
quantity surveying, supervision, Planning site activities, procurement of materials, construction
safety, structural detailing Of steel, etc. The construction manager oversees both pre-construction
and during Construction phases of the construction project on behalf of the owner and in
consultation With the architect/engineer with the goal of construction project being completely
smooth. Contractor can be hired directly by the owner or the construction manager. It is
responsible For the perform work and furnish materials on the construction project.
Subcontractors can Be hired by contractors, they responsible for perform work on the
construction project, Often due to a specialization not possessed by the prime contractor such as
hazardous material abatement, and electrical. Suppliers are persons and entities that sell materials
for a construction project, they usually contact contractors and subcontractors who purchased the
materials that needed for construction
7.0 Architecture and Civil Engineering
The Architecture and Civil engineering are both involved in planning and designing buildings &
structures. However, Architecture focuses more on the spatial functionality and aesthetics of the
development work and is more concerned with the artistry, look, feel and functionality of the
design, while Civil Engineering concentrates on the structural elements of the design, making
certain that the structure can endure normal and extreme conditions.
7.1 Brief History of Architecture and Civil engineering

During the Old-World phase, the relation between the architect and the civil engineer cannot be
traced, because a common working paradigm has not been existed yet as the "Architect”, the
"Civil Engineer", and even the Contractor did not exist that time, they were simple domestic
buildings, and simple religious or public places that were built directly by their owners, or a
group of simple builders. At the age of Ancient Civilizations, the relationship of Architect and
Civil engineer were started to shape, and emerged only after humanity enter this phase of
significant structures, where both tasks were carries by a single talented person called the
Builder. In the Modern 20² and 21" Century and the revolution of architecture theories,
innovative architectural design concepts, the need to build more complex and large-scale public
facilities, and the progress in construction technologies and building materials,- created the
necessity to set complex job responsibilities for each of the architect and the civil engineer
separately. The relationship of Architect and Civil Engineer working paradigm has become clear
and well defined.
7.2 Similarities between civil engineering and architecture
The following are the similarities of civil engineering and architecture.

• Architects and civil engineers must have strong math and technology skills to create
accurate and safe construction plans.
• Both need analytical thinking capabilities to provide cost, risk, and timeline estimates for
clients
• Architects and civil engineers should have leadership and management skills to oversee
Construction contracts and monitor building processes.

7.3 Differences between civil engineering and architecture

The following are the differences of civil engineering and architecture.

• Civil engineers manage a broader range of projects encompassing transportation

Infrastructure and water systems, while architects focus on buildings.
• Architects are more deeply involved in the pre-construction phases, while civil engineers
Directly oversee all phases of construction work.
 • Civil engineers oversee a variety of workers, including construction managers, architects
and mechanical engineers.
• Architects spend a majority of their time in offices, while civil engineers divide their
time between desk work and direct site supervision.
• Both roles require a bachelor’s degree and state licensure, but civil engineers often earn
advanced degrees to secure a senior position.
7.4 Skills acquired by architect
Architects’ job duties include using sophisticated software programs to create detailed building
plans, They may also submit job proposals and conduct pre-design reporting such ns feasibility
and site selection studies. Architects meet with clients and engineers during design phases to
make sure facility objectives are met. They are available to clients during the construction
process, and often visit building sites to make sure all design, material, and schedule
requirements are followed. There are also essential skills that architect must acquire.
7.4.1 Design skills

Architects are designers, and their art form is the structure of a building. Design skills are
something that each architect develops on their own, using hand-drawing and computer-design
skills.

7.4.2 Advanced Mathematics

As a building designer, knowing advanced mathematics is necessary for calculating not only the
stress, strain, and weight-bearing information but also the aesthetic details of a building’s style.

7.4.3 Communication

Architects need to understand their clients’ needs, provide updates regarding plan design and
construction, and provide clear direction to employees and construction crews.

7.4.4 Computer Skills

In addition to having foundational computer skills, architects need to know how to use computer-
aided design (CAD) sites and building information modeling (BIM)software that are both
architectural and non-architectural in nature.
7.4.5 Building Code Knowledge

Building codes vary by locale. For architects to be successful in their jobs, they Need to be able
to learn and recall the building codes for their particular region.
7.4.6 Business Acumen

While some architects initially work for companies, many of them are consultants or freelancers
who work on a per-project basis. Others work for themselves and need to know how to run the
business elements of an architectural enterprise.
7.5 Skills acquired by civil engineers
Civil engineers conduct surveys, analyze construction sites and materials, and evaluate costs,
regulations, and risks related to a project. They also use complex design programs to plan
structures and systems. Once construction begins, they monitor worksite processes to ensure
structural safety and solve problems as they arise. Civil engineers typically work for engineering
firms and state and local governments. There are also essential skills that civil engineer must
acquire.
7.5.1 Technical Skills

Civil engineers must understand physics and mathematics, as well as the ability to use
specialized design software. Computer-aided design (CAD) suites and building design software
are necessities for a civil engineer. Additionally, proficiency with scheduling software is a must
7.5.2 Communication

Civil engineers will interact with clients to figure out their needs and pass that

Information on to construction teams.

7.5.3 Project Management
Project management includes scheduling, material listing, and logistics tracking. Engineers also
monitor regulations and building standards and must be able to solve any site challenges.
7.5.4 Design Implementation
Civil engineers focus on designing whole systems, such as city sewer lines and other
infrastructure projects. The ability to put different parts together into a single working system is a
hallmark of civil engineering.

7.5.6 Critical Thinking

Civil engineers are typically required to create elegant solutions while working within various
limitations such as the laws of nature, regulations, available materials, and public safety, Critical
thinking allows them to devise solutions within all these potential problem areas.
8.0 Master of Science in Civil Engineering

Civil engineers have vast responsibilities for ensuring the reliability and cost-efficiency of
essential construction projects. When looking at architecture and civil engineering, the
demanding nature of civil engineering careers makes an advanced educational background all the
more important. Civil engineers benefit from a higher level of training that can build the
confidence needed to complete complex infrastructure projects beyond a single building
structure.
9.0 Some of the courses a student will explore while pursuing a civil engineering master’s
degree program, Master of Science in Civil Engineering include:
9.1 Traffic Engineering Operations and Control
This course gives engineers an understanding of traffic regulations, traffic flow monitoring, the
design and operation of traffic control systems, and specialized engineering methods including
delineation and illumination.

9.2 Advanced Highway Design and Traffic Safety

This course will introduce students to the theories behind highway design, with a focus on
statistical analysis of accidents, solutions for high-hazard locations, and other tactics to improve
highway safety.
9.3 Advanced Bridge Engineering

Students will explore the practice and research aspects of bridge engineering. Including design,
analysis, and performance assessment.

9.4 Others mentioned and discussed in class

10.0 CONCLUSION
Civil engineering can be widespread through a different section regarding to the profession that
civil engineers may apply in the future. Because civil engineering is flexible to the other sectors.
Particularly in the construction sector, on buildings and large structures of all kinds. Transport
and communications infrastructure. Civil engineer can also work for production, storage, and
distribution of electricity, gas, and water. There are jobs directly related to Civil engineering
degree and jobs where civil engineering degree would be useful.
Roles and Relationship of Construction Projects is quite complicated, because it involves many
parties but some parties don’t have contact or communicate with other parties. It includes
owners, architect, engineer, construction manager, subcontractor, contractor, and supplier. Each
construction projects members hive different responsibilities in order to complete the project
smoothly.
Architect and Civil Engineer are being mis distinguish regarding what they do, because both of
them are part of construction site. Even before the relationship of Architect and Civil engineer
were cannot be traced, because a common working paradigm has not been existed yet. In order to
differentiate architect and civil engineer knowing its similarities and differences are an easy way.
Also, the skills that must architect and engineer acquired. In architect, they must acquire Design
skills, Advanced Mathematics, Communication, Computer Skills, Building Code Knowledge,
and Business Acumen. While, Civil engineers must acquire Technical Skills. Communication,
Project Management, Design Implementation, and Critical Thinking.
Civil engineers have vast responsibilities for ensuring the reliability and cost-efficiency of
essential construction projects. When looking at architecture and civil engineering, the
demanding nature of civil engineering careers makes an advanced educational background all the
more important. This kind of higher-level training helps civil engineer to have a confidence that
needed for confidence infrastructures.

To sum it up, Civil engineering is engaging with other profession, because civil engineering is
not only responsible for the whole infrastructure projects. Civil engineers need to cooperate with
other profession to complete or finish the infrastructure projects. They help each other right from
the development of the brief through the design and construction process.
ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL BODIES
We have several engineering bodies in Nigeria. Some of which are
1. Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN)
2. The Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE)
3. Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers
4. Nigerian institution of water engineers

1.0 Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN)

Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) formerly known
as Council for the Registration of Engineers in Nigeria, is the regulatory body that governs
the practice of engineering in Nigeria.
1.1 Registration Procedure
Registration is done online and first requires the individual's institution sending the
individuals transcript to a specified mail address. This also involves paying some fee and
uploading some document to the body's website. COREN membership is required to practice
engineering independently, is a requirement for some engineering firms, and is mandatory for
government contracts.
1.2 Council Structure
The Council is the highest policy making body. The Members of the Council must be
registered Engineering Personnel. The Council consist of 26 members in accordance with the
Act, as follows:
• President – elected by the Council
• Six Representatives of the Nigerian Society of Engineers
• Four Representatives of the Universities with Engineering Faculties
• One Representative of the Polytechnics
• One Representative of the Technical Colleges
• Six Representatives from States of the Federation
• Four Representatives of the Minister
• One Representative of NATE
• One Representative of NISET
• One Representative of NAEC
1.3 Council Committees
• Regulation and Control
• Finance and general purpose
• Registration Committee
 • Education and training
• Appointment, Promotion and DisciplinaryCommittee of Council

2.0 The Nigerian Society of Engineers

he Nigerian Society of Engineers is the umbrella organization for the Engineering Profession
in Nigeria. The Society looks after the professional needs of members through well structured
programmes and regular interactions among the different cadre of membership, enhancing
high professional standard and ethical practices.

The Organisation was Founded on 16th February, 1958 major challenge by a group of young
Nigerian graduate engineers and students in the UK, the Society was inaugurated at the
Nigerian House in London. The NSE is registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as
a company Limited by guarantee.

It was incorporated as a Company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital in
1967. The original Memorandum and Articles of Association were amended on 1st December
1998. Like some of its counterparts in other professions, the Society has distinguished itself
through progressive and imaginative programmes to become the avenue for the professional
development of its members as well as technological development of the country.

2.1 VISION:
The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall be one of the very best Engineering Professional
bodies in the World

2.2 MISSION:

• The Nigerian Society of Engineers is dedicated to providing quality service aimed

at enhancing professional competence and development of its members at all times
• The Nigerian Society of engineers is committed to focus collaboration with,
influencing and providing quality advice to the various arms of Government, Industry,
Commerce, academia and the Society at large, for the purpose of uplifting the country
as a whole.
• The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall make meaningful contributions to the
advancement of technology worldwide.
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE SOCIETY
The objective of the Society is to promote the advancement of engineering education,
research, and practice in all its ramifications. Naturally, this is with a view to maintaining and
enhancing the professional capabilities of its members so as to better equip them to fulfill the
needs of the profession for the good of the public and the nation of large.
The objects for which the Society is established are:
• To provide a central organisation for engineers in Nigeria and to generally to such
things as may for time to time be necessary to maintain a strict standard or
professional ethics among its members and to advance the interest of the engineering
profession in Nigeria.
• To promote, protect, encourage and maintain a high standard of engineering study
and practice and to encourage greater efficiency therein.
• To present to the Government of Nigeria the views of the Society on any subject of
concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria and if considered advisable to join with any
other bodies in submitting such representation.
• To represent to any other individual or bodies or organisation the views of the
society on any subject of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria or any appropriate
subject on which the views of the Society may be invited.
• To provide a body to which the Government or other official or unofficial authority
or organisation in Nigeria can have recourse for advice, assistance or the expression
of views on any subjects of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria.
• To facilitate the development and acquisition of technology by conducting visits to
places of engineering interest, reading technical papers, holding meetings,
conferences, publishing books journals and periodicals on engineering matters.
• To subscribe or guarantee or otherwise use monies of the Society for charitable or
benevolent objects or scholarships on bursaries or for any exhibitions for any public
general or useful objects.
• To provide for the training and examination of students in engineering as well as
the continuing professional update and development of its members.
• To nominate any member of members as arbitrators, panelists, investigators,
auditors expert witnesses or specialist advisers, when called upon to do so.
• To assist necessitous members and any of the dependent kindred of deceased
members including the widows and widowers of members and to appoint treasurer
and distributor of any benevolent fund or funds which may be contributed by
members or others for these purposes or any of the them and subject to the provisions
of paragraph four (prohibiting payments being made to members), to make any
contributions out of the surplus assets or income of the Society from time to time to
any benevolent fund or funds.
• To purchase, hold, lease, let, mortgage, sell, improve, or otherwise acquire and
dispose of any movable or immovable property and any rights or privileges, which
may be necessary or convenient for the advancement of any of the objects of the
Society.
• To invest and deal with the monies of the Society not immediately required in any
manner.
 • To borrow money where necessary to promote any of the objects set out herein
upon such securities as may be determined.
• To apply or petition for any legislation, parliamentary or otherwise that would
further any of the objects of the Societies.
• To do all or any such Lawful things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment
of the object and generally to further the profession of engineering in Nigeria as well
as enhance the status of engineers in Nigeria. Provided that the Society shall not
support with its funds and objects nor endeavour to impose on or procure to be
observed by its members or others any regulation, restriction or condition which if an
object of the Society would make it a trade union.
• To maintain and enhance links with national, international and multinational
organizations and bodies to promote any of the objects of the Society.
• To collaborate with Industry, Commence, Academia, and other such national bodies
as may be necessary or convenient for the advancement of any of the objects of the
Society.
• To promote and enforce a high standard of performance and professional ethics
among its members.
• To promote and enforce a high standard of performance and professional ethics
among its members.
• To watch over, promote, and protect the mutual interests of its members and to give
advice to members.
2.4 LIAISON WITH GOVERNMENT
The Society liaises with Government on the NSE matters affecting the engineering
progression on the Boards of some government bodies and organisations.

2.5 LIAISON WITH THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING

IN NIGERIA, (COREN)
The Society is represented on COREN and arranges registration interviews for COREN. It
maintains close relations with the body on all issues relating to the Engineering Profession.
These include Engineering Regulation Monitoring (ERM), Mandatory Continuing
Professional Development, (MCPD), and remuneration for Engineers.

3.0 Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers

N.I.C.E is an acronym for the Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers. NICE is a division of
the Nigerian Society of Engineers, the umbrella body for all engineers in Nigeria. In an effort
to promote understanding among members, the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE)
encouraged the formation of Divisions along disciplinary lines. The Civil Engineering
Division was approved in 1984 by the NSE Council.
3.1 REGISTRATION
3.1.1 COORPERATE
Any person who desires to be admitted into the Institution as a corporate member must be a
member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers, and subsequently make a formal application to
the Institution on the prescribed form and shall state under what category he seeks admission
as provided under these Articles. Each application may be supported by recommendations
from two CORPORATE MEMBERS of the appropriate grade. The Council, if satisfied that
the candidate is not disqualified for any other reason, shall consider the application and shall
decide whether the membership be granted. The Council shall be under no obligation to give
any reason/ explanation for its decision on any application for admission.

3.1.2 AFFILIATES
3.1.2.1 STUDENT
A person seeking Student Affiliateship shall be undergoing a regular course of study in Civil
Engineering Science of a duration not less than three years in a University or Technical
Institution whose curriculum is approved by the Council in respect of Civil Engineering
Education.
3.1.2.2 GRADUATE
A person seeking Graduate Affiliateship shall have undergone a regular course of study in
Civil Engineering Science of a duration not less than three years in a University or Technical
Institution whose curriculum is approved by the council, and completed such a course
successfully, or satisfied the requirements of other Engineering Societies approved by the
Council in respect of Civil Engineering Education shall at the time of admission be actually
engaged in the profession of civil Engineering Education shall at the time of admission be
actually engaged in the profession of Civil Engineering.
3.1.2.3 HONORARY FELLOW
The Council may exercise its discretion to elect persons to be Honorary Fellows of the
Institution. Honorary Fellows shall comprise every person, who has been elected into the
grade of Honorary Fellowship so long as his name is on the Register as such. They shall be
either distinguished persons who from their positions have been or are able to render
assistance in the public works, or persons eminent for science and experience in pursuits
connected with the profession of Civil Engineering. Any person so elected shall receive a
scroll denoting this honor. An Honorary Fellow shall enjoy such privileges as the Council
may from time to time approve and shall be exempted from the payment of enrolment fees or
annual subscription. The total number of Honorary Fellows of the Society at any time shall be
fixed by the council.
3.1.2.4 ASSOCIATE
A person seeking election as an Associate of the Institution shall posses as academic
qualification at the level of a University degree in the Sciences allied to Civil Engineering
science, or other qualifications approved by the Council of the Institution. In addition, he
shall have been engaged on work related to be practice of Civil Engineering for a minimum
period of five years.
4.0 Nigerian institution of water engineers
The Nigerian Institution of Water Engineers (NIWE) is a professional engineering body for
all engineers in the water sector of Nigeria. As a division of the Nigerian Society of
Engineers (NSE), the Institution seeks to create a platform through the organization of
conferences, summits, roundtable discussions, and training on the problems bedevilling the
Nigerian Water Sector and synthesizing solutions through networking, synergy, collaboration,
and partnership among experts, managers, decision-makers and other stakeholders in the
water sector. The primary functions of water in sustainable development cannot be
overemphasized, hence, the need to develop and manage it using IWRM principles. Suffices
it to say that engineers are always at the centre of water resources development and
management.
4.1 Professional activities
NIWE as a professional engineering body is committed to ensuring international best
practices in the exploration, development and management of Nigeria’s water resources; our
core objectives include:
i. To bring together all practicing engineers in the water sector of the Nigerian economy for
technological, social and economic cooperation and advancement.
ii. To develop the Water Resources Engineering Specialization and practice in Nigeria.
iii. To promote training, research, and development in Water Resources Engineering.
iv. To carry out advocacy for best practice in the exploration, development, and
management of the water resources of Nigeria
v. To support Governments (Federal, State, and Local), and organized private sector in the
formulation and execution of Water policies for a sustainable development of Nigeria’s water
resources.
vi. To develop cooperation and partnership with other Divisions/Institutions of the Nigerian
Society of Engineers, and other similar professional organizations and industry in the field of
Water Engineering practice.
vii. To execute other activities that are consistent with the aims and objectives of the
Nigerian Society of Engineers.
4.2 NIWE COMMITMENT
Sustainable Development Goals: NIWE is a supporter and advocate of global goals,
especially goal 6, which deals with ensuring adequate water and sanitation to the people of
Nigeria. All our programmes are tailored towards helping our members contribute towards
the attainment of these goals.

Open Defaecation Free Initiative: NIWE has signed on to support the “make Nigeria Open
defaecation free” initiative of the Federal Government. Water and Sanitation cannot be
separated, hence our strategic intervention using different approaches such as capacity
development; promotion of improved technology options through sanitation marketing;
provision of sanitation facilities in public places; Community - Led Total Sanitation;
promotional and media campaigns.
Lecture Note: Introduction to Civil Engineering Materials

1. Introduction

Civil engineering materials are fundamental to the construction and infrastructure sectors. These
materials form the backbone of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other essential structures that
support modern life. The selection and use of appropriate materials are crucial for ensuring the
safety, durability, and sustainability of these projects.

Importance of Civil Engineering Materials

I. Structural Integrity

a. Load-Bearing Capacity: Materials must be able to support various loads without

failure. This includes dead loads (permanent/static loads), live loads
(temporary/dynamic loads), and environmental loads (wind, seismic, snow).

b. Durability: Materials need to withstand environmental conditions such as moisture,

temperature variations, chemical exposure, and mechanical wear to maintain their
structural integrity over time.

II. Safety

a. Fire Resistance: Certain materials, like concrete and masonry, provide better fire
resistance than others, enhancing the safety of structures.

b. Toxicity: Materials should not release harmful substances into the environment or
pose health risks to occupants.

c. Stability: Proper material selection ensures that structures can withstand natural
disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes without collapsing.

III. Sustainability

a. Resource Efficiency: Sustainable materials reduce waste and make efficient use of
natural resources. Examples include using recycled aggregates in concrete and
sustainably harvested timber.

b. Environmental Impact: Materials with lower carbon footprints and minimal

environmental degradation contribute to greener construction practices. This
includes the use of materials that require less energy for production and
transportation.

c. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): LCA evaluates the environmental impact of materials
from extraction through disposal, encouraging the use of materials with the least
negative impact.

IV. Economic Considerations

a. Cost-Effectiveness: Materials must be affordable and provide good value over their
lifespan. This includes considering initial costs, maintenance, and replacement costs.

b. Availability: Locally available materials reduce transportation costs and support the
local economy.
 c. Constructability: Materials that are easy to work with can reduce labor costs and
construction time, enhancing overall project efficiency.

V. Performance

a. Adaptability: Materials should be versatile and adaptable to various design

requirements and construction methods.

b. Aesthetics: The visual and tactile qualities of materials contribute to the aesthetic
appeal of structures, influencing design choices.

c. Compatibility: Materials must be compatible with other materials used in the

project to prevent issues like corrosion, differential movement, or chemical
reactions.

VI. Innovations and Advancements

a. High-Performance Materials: The development of high-performance materials such

as ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and advanced composites has expanded
the possibilities for innovative designs and constructions.

b. Smart Materials: Materials that can respond to environmental changes, such as self-
healing concrete and shape-memory alloys, are becoming more prevalent.

c. Sustainable Innovations: The use of bioplastics, green concrete, and other eco-
friendly materials is gaining traction in the industry.

Examples of Infrastructure Projects

1. Buildings

o Skyscrapers: Utilize steel and high-strength concrete to achieve great heights and
withstand wind and seismic forces.

o Residential Homes: Commonly use timber, bricks, and concrete blocks for
construction due to their availability, cost, and performance.

2. Bridges

o Suspension Bridges: Use high-strength steel cables and concrete or steel decks to
span large distances.

o Arch Bridges: Often constructed from stone or reinforced concrete, providing both
strength and aesthetic appeal.

3. Roads and Highways

o Asphalt: Widely used for paving roads due to its flexibility, smoothness, and ability to
withstand traffic loads.

o Concrete: Used for highways and airport runways due to its durability and ability to
handle heavy loads.

4. Dams

o Gravity Dams: Constructed from concrete or masonry, relying on their weight to hold
back water.
 o Earthfill Dams: Made from compacted earth materials, often with a clay core for
waterproofing.

5. Water Supply and Waste Management

o Pipes: Made from materials like PVC, ductile iron, and concrete for transporting
water and sewage.

o Treatment Plants: Constructed with concrete, steel, and specialized coatings to

handle corrosive substances and ensure long-term performance.

2. Types of Civil Engineering Materials

Civil engineering materials are broadly categorized into natural materials, synthetic materials, and
composite materials. Each type has unique properties and applications that suit different
construction and infrastructure needs.

I. Natural Materials

Natural materials are those that are found in nature and require minimal processing. They have been
used in construction for centuries due to their availability and inherent properties.

• Stone

o Properties: High compressive strength, durability, weather resistance.

o Applications: Foundations, walls, pavements, monuments, and bridges.

o Types: Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, and slate.

• Timber

o Properties: Renewable, lightweight, good insulator, aesthetic appeal.

o Applications: Framing, flooring, roofing, and furniture.

o Types: Softwood (pine, spruce) and hardwood (oak, maple, teak).

• Clay

o Properties: Plasticity when wet, hardness when fired, thermal mass.

o Applications: Bricks, tiles, earthenware, and adobe construction.

o Types: Earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain (depending on firing temperature and

clay composition).

II. Synthetic Materials

Synthetic materials are man-made and often engineered to achieve specific properties. They play a
crucial role in modern construction due to their versatility and performance.

• Concrete

o Composition: Cement, aggregates (sand, gravel), and water.

o Properties: High compressive strength, good durability, fire resistance.

o Applications: Buildings, bridges, pavements, dams, and foundations.

 o Types: Normal concrete, high-strength concrete, lightweight concrete, self-
compacting concrete, and fiber-reinforced concrete.

• Steel

o Properties: High tensile strength, ductility, recyclability, weldability.

o Applications: Structural frameworks, reinforcement in concrete (rebar), bridges,

towers, and industrial buildings.

o Types: Carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, weathering steel.

• Asphalt

o Composition: Bitumen (binder) and aggregates.

o Properties: Flexibility, waterproofing, recyclability, smooth surface.

o Applications: Road pavements, airport runways, roofing, and waterproofing.

o Types: Hot mix asphalt, warm mix asphalt, cold mix asphalt, and porous asphalt.

III. Composite Materials

Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical properties. The combined materials produce a material
with characteristics different from the individual components.

• Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRP)

o Properties: High strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication.

o Applications: Bridge decks, reinforcing bars, retrofitting of structures, and non-

corrosive reinforcements.

o Types: Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber-reinforced polymer

(CFRP), and aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP).

• Geotextiles

o Properties: Permeability, filtration, separation, reinforcement.

o Applications: Road construction, erosion control, drainage systems, and soil

stabilization.

o Types: Woven geotextiles, non-woven geotextiles, and knitted geotextiles.

• Engineered Wood Products

o Properties: Enhanced strength, dimensional stability, uniformity.

o Applications: Beams, joists, panels, flooring, and roofing.

o Types: Plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and
cross-laminated timber (CLT).

IV. Emerging and Innovative Materials

Advances in materials science have led to the development of new materials that offer superior
performance and sustainability.

• Nanomaterials

o Properties: Enhanced strength, self-cleaning, self-healing, improved thermal and

electrical properties.

o Applications: High-performance concrete, coatings, insulation, and sensors.

o Types: Nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanocomposites.

• Smart Materials

o Properties: Responsiveness to environmental changes (temperature, moisture,

stress).

o Applications: Adaptive structures, self-healing concrete, and smart coatings.

o Types: Shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and self-healing materials.

• Sustainable Materials

o Properties: Low environmental impact, renewable, recyclable, energy-efficient.

o Applications: Green buildings, eco-friendly pavements, and sustainable

infrastructure.

o Types: Green concrete (using industrial by-products like fly ash), bioplastics, and bio-
based composites.

3. Properties of Materials

• Mechanical Properties: Strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness, toughness, and fatigue.

• Physical Properties: Density, porosity, thermal conductivity, and moisture content.

• Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, chemical stability, and reactivity.

• Durability: The ability to withstand environmental conditions and maintain performance

over time.

4. Common Civil Engineering Materials

• Concrete

o Composition: Cement, aggregates (sand, gravel), and water.

o Properties: High compressive strength, good durability, and versatility.

o Applications: Buildings, bridges, pavements, dams, and foundations.

o Types: Normal, high-strength, lightweight, and self-compacting concrete.

• Steel

o Properties: High tensile strength, ductility, and recyclability.

 o Applications: Reinforcement in concrete (rebar), structural frameworks, bridges, and
towers.

o Types: Carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel.

• Timber

o Properties: Lightweight, renewable, good insulator, and aesthetic appeal.

o Applications: Residential construction, flooring, roofing, and furniture.

o Types: Softwood (pine, spruce) and hardwood (oak, maple).

• Asphalt

o Composition: Bitumen (binder) and aggregates.

o Properties: Flexibility, waterproofing, and recyclability.

o Applications: Road pavements, roofing, and waterproofing.

o Types: Hot mix asphalt, warm mix asphalt, cold mix asphalt.

• Masonry

o Materials: Brick, stone, concrete blocks.

o Properties: Durability, fire resistance, and thermal mass.

o Applications: Walls, foundations, arches, and facades.

5. Selection Criteria for Materials

• Economic Factors: Cost, availability, and lifecycle costs.

• Environmental Factors: Sustainability, energy efficiency, and environmental impact.

• Performance Requirements: Load-bearing capacity, weather resistance, and maintenance

needs.

• Aesthetic Considerations: Appearance, texture, and color.

6. Sustainability in Civil Engineering Materials

• Use of recycled materials: Recycled concrete, steel, and plastics.

• Innovative materials: Geopolymers, bio-based materials, and green concrete.

• Life cycle assessment (LCA): Evaluating environmental impact from production to disposal.

7. Advancements in Civil Engineering Materials

• Nanomaterials: Enhanced strength, durability, and self-healing properties.

• Smart materials: Responsive to environmental changes (temperature, stress).

• 3D printing: Customizable, efficient, and reduced waste.