Lecture 1 Vector Algebra

Ch 1.3 Scalars and Vectors

Scalar A quantity that has only magnitudes

ex time mass distance temperature

Vector A quantity that has both mug and direction

ex
Velocity force displacement

Fields A function that specifies a particular

quantity everywhere in either
a
region a

scalar field or vector field

G
temp dist in a building
 Chl 2 Preview

In the Electromagnetics course we study about

Maxwell's equations

f D p
715 0
2B
Tx Ee Fi
Ari Teti

Note that the arrow on top of a letter

indicates it is a vector
quantity Alternatively
many textbooks use boldface letter to indicate
vector quantities
Maxwell's shows that
A quick look at equation
we are going to deal with vector quantities
Consequently we will spend first three lectures
to review the mathematical tools vector analysis

Since we deal with 3 D vectors in

EM course we restrict the dimension of
vectors to be 3 D
Ch 1.4 Unix Vector

Magnitude of a vector F A on IAI

vector IA
unit
FF
Note that total L

A Aiaa

Another convention Many people use to denote

unit vectors for example I B E
i e 141 151 127 1
I would use both conventions in our lecture

A vector ft in Cartesian coordinate

A Ax As Az on F Ax Kt Ag Tt Ae E
Magnitude of it
A IF I Axt A5tAE
Unit vector along It is given by
aa A
Ch 1.5 Vector Addition and subtraction

C It B Is done comparent wise

in Cartesian coordinate

C Ax 113 7 At Aust BD Ft Azt Bz E

Subtraction is carried similarly

5 I I
Ax 13
7 At CAs BD Ft Az Bz E

Graphical representation

1 71 I
B

Multiplication by scalar

E RF kAx KAY KAH

K is a scalar
Three basic laws of algebra hold
Addition Multiply
Law_
Commutative FtB BtA kE Fk
Associative A Btc _EtB tE Kett Ckett
Distributive kCFtB kAtkB
k l are scalars
 Ch l 6 Position and Distance Vectors
Z
r r Position vectors

Vp 3 4 C
3 It 48 c iz
1
qP
3 k y
x
Distance vector

a ftp.a ra

FYa hpppF cxa xpjxtcya L.by

Za Ep

Position vector vs vector fields

Two vectors related to point P

P P
s
vector I at point P
For example
F 2xy2t yay EEE
Ae P
 4 I 32
A
41 5 32

ex 1.1
I
A 40 4 6 B 2 o

a Component of F along any 4

b The magnitude of 3F B

37 8 30 12 18 2 I o

28 13 18

I 3ft Bl 282tl5 35.94

unit vector along A 1215

I 1215 10 4 6 t 4 2 o

14 2 6
14 46
A A t2B
1444436
0.9113 I 0.13028
0.3906
I Etzel I as
ex l Z Skip
PCO 2,4 QC 3 I 5
card Trp Co 2,4

b distance vector from P to Q

Tpa Tra Tp C3 I 5 co 2,4

C 3 1 1

Cc distance between P and d

d trial Cat D
d A nectar parallel to PQ with magnitude of co
I

I co I co
IEpof FT IC 9.045
3.015
3 015
exc 3 Skip N

Ub to km hr

Um 2km h r
E
w

Kly
Jb lol cos450 Sir 45

co

Fm 2C cos450 six 450

2C E
total Jbturn Ee 6k
Ch1 7 Vector Multiplication

A Dot product Cinner product

Definition
3
I I I ai bi
L

Properties
The output of dot product Is a
scalar
I b tall II cos O

O is the angle between a andb

EH a 3,4 o b 0 4 3

cost E Is
tall 51 25

F 5 5 F
F CBTE Bt II E

AF IF I AZ
I I f of I I I
ix of yr I E R o
 Application example

ex W E E
Assume no fliction on the floor
Question what will be the
F velocity of the object

theacement

Answer Won done by force while moving

by d
W E f Flcoso
From the conservation of energy
Ek to Ep Flcoso

a Ep mgbsino
SEK fl.co so
mglsinf
Imu mgesinot Fl SO

v Zm Cm lsinotFbcoso
BP Cross product
Definition

i
ix

if
if

bi bz be
Recall the detention of determinant of
d matrix

c Ab Det AI
Aik is the matrix obtained from

A by excluding f th now and

k th column
 b a'Ifbe b3

carbs As bi F Carbs as bi

E Caba azbi
ex

Properties
The output of a xD is the
vector but not a scalar

tax b I lallbkinol
CMaximum value when It b

a xb is perpendicular to both
a and 5
a xD Jia right hand rule

a xcfxEI tcaxbxc
axc.be E a XI taxa
 a x of 0

Also note that

I xp E
Ix E D
E xk I
The order R J E matters
Quite
it
a
strange
x
definition Theoutput 8 5 is in
most
irrelevant direction to both a and 5
The magnitude of oixb is larger when
ol and b are more irrelevant.Corthogonal
to each other
Why do we need this cross product then
BECAUSE it describes various physical
quantities concisely

ex 1 The area of a triangle formed by two

vectors

try s E FxBl
More irrelevant the directions of two vectors are
perpendicular
larger area formed by the triangle
 How about the direction of XBJ
It is the normal direction to the plane on which
the triangle located So we can
say
I XBJ where the direction
of indicates the normal direction of the plane
Actually this is a widely used convention in Physics
to define an area vector J This mathematical
convention often simplifies the notation a lot
ES Volume formed tetrahedron
by a

CAFE E
U
f
very simple

More obvious example showing the usefulness of the cross

product is actually in Electrodynamics that we study in this
lecture
ex4 E air xD
1 Ti
B
B

q
Htt F O
to.tt t 9
E O
 Iii

B
X x x x

x x x

jg.fi x x x x
F

The strongest forceimposed on a charged

particle when the velocity of the change
is perpendicular to the B field

The demonstrates the strength and the

cross product
direction of force upon a moving charge over B very
succinctly

Ch 1.8 Components of a vector

A

AB B
AB

Scalar component A B of F along vector B

Ab AcosO
 Vector component ATs of F along B

AT Acoso This Acoso FBI

B

ex 1.4 Skip
A 3kt 4J 1 18 25 5
0 2
5 3
0.109
cos D
AB f pg
0 83.70

Alternatively
A F I 23 15,6
A xD
I
If xD I 15465 fT4T

5h0 0.994
AB

0 83.90
ex 6 Skip
Derive a b7c 2bc cos A

I E
L
a

a
Fb El 15141812 25.8

tar
i a b c zbc

Perine
s
that s

ftp.xf bcsinA is the area of the triangle.S

Similarly
d tax51 Iab since S

f IE at
x ask B S

c The equation holds