Lecture 10 Tractor Hinges Traction and Stability

POWER ENGINEERING
TRACTOR: HINGES,
TRACTION &
STABILITY
Lecture 10
OBJECTIVES
1. To be familiar with the different kinds of tractor hitches
2. To be able to understand the tractor hydraulic system
3. To learn the importance of tractor stability

TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
 Structures made to attach and/or support implements
 Hydraulically controlled in 4W tractors
 Dimensions and locations are standardized
 Drawbar and 3-point hitches

TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
2W Tractor Hitch/Drawbar
This is a single hole hitch

but manufacturers
sometimes have a 3-hole
hitch
TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
Types of 4W Tractor Drawbar as per PSAE 118:2001
TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
4W Tractor Hitch/Drawbar
Fixed Drawbar
Swinging Drawbar Link Drawbar
TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
4W Tractor Three-point linkage components (PAES 118:2001)
TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
4W Tractor Three-point linkage (another view)
TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
4W Tractor
drawbar and
3-point hitch
TRACTOR LINKAGES
& HITCHES
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Principle of Operation
1. Liquids have no shape of their own but will flow and acquire the
shape of a container
2. Liquids can be considered as incompressible at pressures used in a
hydraulic system
3. Liquids transmit pressure equally in all direction
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
1. Hydraulic Pump
 converts mechanical power into hydraulic power
 Can be Gear, Vane, or Piston pumps
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
1. Hydraulic Pump – Gear Pump
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
1. Hydraulic Pump – Gear Pump
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
1. Hydraulic Pump – Vane Pump
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
1. Hydraulic Pump –
Piston Pump
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
2. Hydraulic Valves
 controls pressure, volume, and direction of
flow
 Relief valves-used to limit the pressure in a
hydraulic system
 Unloading valves-used to unload the pump
when a point in the system reaches a desired
pressure
 Throttling valve-regulates flow to the outlet
port
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
3. Hydraulic Actuators
 converts hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy
 Most common are Hydraulic Cylinders
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
In a double acting
cylinder, flow can be
induced on both sides to
move the piston
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
In a double acting
cylinder, flow can be
induced on both sides to
move the piston
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Components
3. Hydraulic Actuators-Single Acting Cylinders
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
Other Components
4. Filters – for cleaning oils
5. Reservoir – supplies oil to the hydraulic pump and

provides a place for oil returns
6. Hydraulic lines – used to transmit the oil from one

component to another
Power Engineering
TRACTOR HYDRAULICS
 Some tractors only

use single acting
cylinder to lift
implements and
lowers them via
gravity
Power Engineering
TRACTOR STABILITY
Tractor Center of Gravity

 Considered to be the balance point where the
tractor’s weight act
Tractor Weight Transfer
 Changes in the front and rear wheel reactions
that occur when a tractor pulls a drawbar load
TRACTOR STABILITY
Tractor Center of Gravity
Sum Moment at Rear Wheel (Rr )
𝑊𝑥𝑋𝑐𝑔 - 𝑅𝑓 𝑥𝑊𝐵 = 0
𝑅𝑓 𝑥𝑊𝐵
𝑋𝑐𝑔 =
𝑊
Where:
W = weight of the tractor
Xcg = horizontal dist. of Rr from center of
gravity
Rf = Reaction at the small wheel
WB = wheelbase
TRACTOR STABILITY
TRACTOR STABILITY

Note:
Negative change in front wheel
Positive change in rear wheel
TRACTOR STABILITY
Conditions:
Case 1: If ΔRf = 0, front wheel will leave the ground
Case 2: If ΔRf = negative, overturning/toppling will

happen
Case 3: If ΔRf =positive, stable condition

TRACTOR STABILITY
Stability Enhancement
 Putting weights in the
front wheel
TRACTOR STABILITY
Ballasting for traction or adding a material

to the tractor wheels to improve traction
and stability
 Removable cast iron weights are bolted
to the rim of the wheel
 Another method is to partially fill the
tires with water
References
Lesics (2018). Clutch. How does it work? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=devo3kdSPQY
Mcmillan R.H. (2009). The Mechanics of Tractor Implements. Chapter 7 & 8.
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (2001). PAES 118-2001 Four Wheel Tractor
Specifications. Philippines.
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (2001). PAES 109-2001 Walking type

Agricultural Tractor Specifications-Part 1. Philippines.
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (2001). PAES 110-2001 Walking type
Agricultural Tractor Specifications-Part 2. Philippines.
Garcia, Elaine Ann. 2020. AB Power Engineering Modules.
Power Engineering

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POWER ENGINEERING

1. To be familiar with the different kinds of tractor hitches

2. To be able to understand the tractor hydraulic system

3. To learn the importance of tractor stability

 Hydraulically controlled in 4W tractors

 Dimensions and locations are standardized

 Drawbar and 3-point hitches

This is a single hole hitch

 Can be Gear, Vane, or Piston pumps

5. Reservoir – supplies oil to the hydraulic pump and

6. Hydraulic lines – used to transmit the oil from one

 Some tractors only

Tractor Center of Gravity

Tractor Weight Transfer

Tractor Weight Transfer

Case 2: If ΔRf = negative, overturning/toppling will

Case 3: If ΔRf =positive, stable condition

Ballasting for traction or adding a material

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (2001). PAES 109-2001 Walking type

Garcia, Elaine Ann. 2020. AB Power Engineering Modules.

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