DR. S. & S. S.

GHANDHY GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SURAT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AI and Machine learning (3170924)

Fuzzy Logic

The term fuzzy refers to things that are not clear or are vague. In the real
world many times we encounter a situation when we can’t determine whether
the state is true or false, their fuzzy logic provides very valuable flexibility for
reasoning. In this way, we can consider the inaccuracies and uncertainties of
any situation.
In the boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents the absolute truth value
and 0.0 represents the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there is no
logic for the absolute truth and absolute false value. But in fuzzy logic, there is
an intermediate value too present which is partially true and partially false.
Example:

Understanding Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic stems from the mathematical study of multivalued logic.
Whereas ordinary logic deals with statements of absolute truth (such as, "Is this
object green?"), fuzzy logic addresses sets with subjective or relative
definitions, such as "tall," "large," or "beautiful." This attempts to mimic the
way humans analyze problems and make decisions, in a way that relies on vague
or imprecise values rather than absolute truth or falsehood.
In practice, these constructs all allow for partial values of the "true"
condition. Instead of requiring all statements to be absolutely true or absolutely
false, as in classical logic, the truth values in fuzzy logic can be any value
between zero and one. This creates an opportunity for algorithms to make
decisions based on ranges of data as opposed to one discrete data point.
Today, fuzzy logic is used in a broad range of applications including:
aerospace engineering, automotive traffic control, business decision-making,
industrial processes, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

Architecture of Fuzzy System

Its Architecture contains four parts :
 RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions
provided by the experts to govern the decision-making system, on the basis
of linguistic information. Recent developments in fuzzy theory offer several
effective methods for the design and tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of
these developments reduce the number of fuzzy rules.

 FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy

sets. Crisp inputs are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and
passed into the control system for processing, such as temperature, pressure,
rpm’s, etc.

 INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current

fuzzy input with respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired
according to the input field. Next, the fired rules are combined to form the
control actions.

 DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the

inference engine into a crisp value. There are several defuzzification methods
available and the best-suited one is used with a specific expert system to
reduce the error.
Difference between Fuzzification and Defuzzification:
Fuzzification: It is the method of transforming a crisp quantity(set) into a fuzzy
quantity(set). This can be achieved by identifying the various known crisp and
deterministic quantities as completely nondeterministic and quite uncertain in
nature. This uncertainty may have emerged because of vagueness and
imprecision which then lead the variables to be represented by a membership
function as they can be fuzzy in nature. For example, when I say the temperature
is 45° Celsius the viewer converts the crisp input value into a linguistic variable
like favorable temperature for the human body, hot or cold.
Defuzzification: It is the inverse of fuzzification. The former one was used to
convert the crisp results into fuzzy results but here the mapping is done to
convert the fuzzy results into crisp results. This process is capable of generating
a non-fuzzy control action which illustrates the possibility distribution of an
inferred fuzzy control action. Defuzzification process can also be treated as the
rounding off process, where fuzzy set having a group of membership values on
the unit interval reduced to a single scalar quantity.

Sr.
No. Comparison Fuzzification Defuzzification
Precise data is converted Imprecise data is converted
1. Basic into imprecise data. into precise data.
Defuzzification is the
inverse process of
Fuzzification is the method fuzzification where the
of converting a crisp mapping is done to convert
quantity into a fuzzy the fuzzy results into crisp
2. Definition quantity. results.
Like, Stepper motor and
3. Example Like, Voltmeter D/A converter
Intuition, inference, rank Maximum membership
ordering, angular fuzzy principle, centroid method,
sets, neural network, weighted average method,
4. Methods etcetera. center of sums, etcetera.
5. Complexity It is quite simple. It is quite complicated.
It can use IF-THEN rules It uses the center of gravity
for fuzzifying the crisp methods to find the centroid
6. Use value. of the sets.
Membership function
Definition: A graph that defines how each point in the input space is mapped
to membership value between 0 and 1. Input space is often referred to as the
universe of discourse or universal set (u), which contains all the possible
elements of concern in each particular application.
There are largely three types of fuzzifiers:
 Singleton fuzzifier
 Gaussian fuzzifier
 Trapezoidal or triangular fuzzifier

What is Fuzzy Control?

 It is a technique to embody human-like thinkings into a control system.

 It may not be designed to give accurate reasoning but it is designed to give
acceptable reasoning.
 It can emulate human deductive thinking, that is, the process people use to
infer conclusions from what they know.
 Any uncertainties can be easily dealt with the help of fuzzy logic.

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

 This system can work with any type of inputs whether it is imprecise,
distorted or noisy input information.
 The construction of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable.
 Fuzzy logic comes with mathematical concepts of set theory and the
reasoning of that is quite simple.
 It provides a very efficient solution to complex problems in all fields of life
as it resembles human reasoning and decision-making.
 The algorithms can be described with little data, so little memory is
required.

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems

 Many researchers proposed different ways to solve a given problem
through fuzzy logic which leads to ambiguity. There is no systematic
approach to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic.
 Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because
every time we do not get a mathematical description of our approach.
 As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data so most of the
time accuracy is compromised.
Application

 It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and

satellites.
 It has been used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
 It is used for decision-making support systems and personal evaluation in
the large company business.
 It has application in the chemical industry for controlling the pH, drying,
chemical distillation process.
 Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language processing and various intensive
applications in Artificial Intelligence.
 Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control systems such as expert
systems.
 Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person
would make decisions, only much faster. It is done by Aggregation of data
and changing it into more meaningful data by forming partial truths as
Fuzzy sets.

Conventional set vs fuzzy set

Set: A set is defined as a collection of objects, which share certain
characteristics.

Classical/ Conventional set

1. Classical set is a collection of distinct objects. For example, a set of

students passing grades.
2. Each individual entity in a set is called a member or an element of the set.
3. The classical set is defined in such a way that the universe of discourse is
splitted into two groups members and non-members. Hence, In case
classical sets, no partial membership exists.
4. Let A is a given set. The membership function can be use to define a set A
is given by:
Operations on classical sets: For two sets A and B and Universe X:

Union:

This operation is also called logical OR.

Intersection:

This operation is also called logical AND.

Complement:

Difference:

Properties of classical sets: For two sets A and B and Universe X:

Commutativity:

Associativity:

Distributivity:
Idempotency:

Identity:

Transitivity:

Operations of fuzzy set

Fuzzy set

1. Fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0. Fuzzy

sets are represented with tilde character(~). For example, Number of cars
following traffic signals at a particular time out of all cars present will have
membership value between [0,1].
2. Partial membership exists when member of one fuzzy set can also be a part
of other fuzzy sets in the same universe.
3. The degree of membership or truth is not same as probability, fuzzy truth
represents membership in vaguely defined sets.
4. A fuzzy set A~ in the universe of discourse, U, can be defined as a set of
ordered pairs and it is given by

When the universe of discourse, U, is discrete and finite, fuzzy set A~ is

given by
Fuzzy sets also satisfy every property of classical sets.

Common Operations on fuzzy sets:

Given two Fuzzy sets A~ and B~

Union : Fuzzy set C~ is union of Fuzzy sets A~ and B~ :

Intersection: Fuzzy set D~ is intersection of Fuzzy sets A~ and B~:

Complement: Fuzzy set E~ is complement of Fuzzy set A~ :

Some other useful operations on Fuzzy set:

Algebraic sum:
Algebraic product:

Bounded sum:

Bounded difference: