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    Chem Notes Bonds

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    Notes of my chem class

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    Chem Notes Bonds

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    Notes of my chem class

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    Notes of my chem class

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views2 pages

    Chem Notes Bonds

    Uploaded by

    aeris.sky23
    Notes of my chem class

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Chemistry 101: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Professor Smith Date: September 5,

    2024
    1. Overview of Chemical Bonds
    • Definition: A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in molecules or compounds.
    • Types of Bonds:
    • Ionic Bonds: Formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom, creating ions.
    Characterized by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
    • Covalent Bonds: Formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Strength and
    number of shared electrons can vary, leading to single, double, or triple bonds.
    • Metallic Bonds: Involves the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.
    2. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
    • Electronegativity: A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
    Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
    • Polarity: Occurs when there is a difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms. The
    greater the difference, the more polar the bond.
    • Example: Water (H2O) has polar covalent bonds between Oxygen and Hydrogen because
    Oxygen is more electronegative.
    3. Lewis Structures
    • Purpose: A way to represent molecular structures that show all the valence electrons among the
    atoms in a molecule.
    • Steps:
    1. Determine the total number of valence electrons.
    2. Place the least electronegative atom at the center (except Hydrogen).
    3. Draw single bonds between the central atom and other atoms, then fill the octet rule.
    4. Add double or triple bonds as necessary to satisfy the octet rule.
    4. VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)
    • Goal: Predict the geometry of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs in the
    valence shell of the central atom.
    • Geometries:
    • Linear: Occurs when there are 2 electron pairs (e.g., CO2).
    • Trigonal Planar: Occurs with 3 pairs (e.g., BH3).
    • Tetrahedral: Occurs when there are 4 pairs (e.g., CH4).
    • Additional shapes: Trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral, based on more complex electron
    pair arrangements.
    5. Hybridization
    • Concept: Mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3) suitable for the
    pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds.
    • Examples:
    • Methane (CH4): sp3 hybridization where 1 s orbital mixes with 3 p orbitals to form 4
    equivalent sp3 orbitals.
    • Ethene (C2H4): sp2 hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals mixing.
    6. Molecular Orbital Theory
    • Basics: Electrons in molecules occupy molecular orbitals, which are spread over several atoms.
    Molecules will be more stable if more electrons are in bonding orbitals than in antibonding
    orbitals.
    • Significance: Explains properties like magnetism, conductivity, and the color of molecules.

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