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Summary Bioethics

Theories and Principles of Health Care


Ethics

Ethics - is the moral principles that


govern a person behavior or the
conducting of an activity

Morals - are concerned with principles


of right and wrong behavior and the
goodness or badness of human
character
treated with dignity and respect
Theories of Ethics  Identifying one’s duty and acting
accordingly
- utilitarianism
-deontology  Strongest model for applied public
-virtue of ethics relations ethics
 There may be disagreement about
Meanings
the principles involved in the

Utilitarianism decision
- Right action is that which has greatest
utility or usefulness Virtue of Ethic’s
- no action is, in itself good or bad - judges a person by his/her character
- the only factors that make actions rather than by an action that may
good or bad are outcomes deviate from hi/her normal behavior
 the greatest good for the greatest  considering what virtue’s makes a
number good public relations professionals
 making a decision based on what  Making a decision in light of those
will benefit the majority favored virtues
 harming a minority and and  Misses the importance obligation to
benefitting a majority doesn’t built client and public
mutually beneficially relationships  The possibility of conflict virtues.
 it is not always possible to predict
the outcome of the decision Ethical Principles
- backbone in arriving with a decision
Deontology - provide the framework/ tools which
- the rightness or wrongness of an act may facilitate individuals and society to
depends upon the nature of the act, resolve conflict in a fair, just and moral
rather manner.
than it’s consequences
- people should adhere to their 1. Autonomy
obligations and duties when engaged in 2. Veracity
decision making when ethics are in play 3. Confidentiality/ privacy
- a person who adhere to deontology 4. Beneficence / nonmaleficence
theory will produce very based on the 5. Fidelity
individual’s set duties 6. Justice
 the idea that people should be
 do good
 act in a way that benefits the
Autonomy patient
“Self determination”  centerpiece of caring
 Autos means self, nomos means  cosely related to nonmaleficence
rule = self rule  do or promote good
 The right to participate in and
decide on a course of action Nonmaleficence
without undue influence.  Requires no harm be caused to an
 Right to self determination individual, either maintaining or
Capacity to make decisions deliberately
independently;  this principle requires nurses to
+ developmental considerations protect individuals who are unable
+ health related challenge to protect themselves
Major components
Veracity  Do NoT cause Harm
 obligation to tell the truth and not o  PREVENT harm
lie or deceive to other  REMOVE harm
 The duty to tell the truth  More binding than beneficence
 Truth telling, Honesty
Source of ethical challenge arising from Fidelity
differences  Loyalty
+personal beliefs  Strict observance of promises and
+unique cultural features duties
Privacy/ Confidentiality Include implicit and explicit promises
 Respecting the self of other ① Implicit - promises that are
 Respecting privilege knowledge implied, not verbally communicated
② Explicit - promises that are
Beneficence explicitly communicated
 This principle means “doing good”
for other Justice
 Nurses need to assist client in  principle that deal with fairness,
meeting all their needs: Biological, equity and equality and provides
psychological, social for an individual to claim that which
Major components they are entitled.
Treat cases a like
① Comparative justice - making
decision based on criteria and outcome.
② Noncomparative justice - a
method distributing needed kidneys by Principle of Common good Subsidiarity
a lottery system. • the totality of social conditions
③ Distributive justice - refers to allowing persons to achieve their
distribution of benefits and burdens commands and individual fulfillment.
An equally distributed to • the coordination of society activities
• need in a way to support the internal life of
• effort local communities.
• social contributions
• merit Principles of stewardship
• legal entitlement • encompasses the ethical
responsibility to act on behalf of other
Other relevant Principles and to honor the responsibility of
service, rather than to pursue of self
Double Effect interest
• some actions can be morally justified
even through consequences may be a Principles of Totality
mixture of good and evil. • not limited to physical aspect
• we treat people as a total person

Principles of Integrity
• the honesty and truthfulness or
earnestly of one’s action

Principles of ordinary
Principle of Legitimate Cooperation • all treatment, management,
• cooperating with an evil act in order diagnosis and other will be provided
to prevent a greater evil for occurring. without burden to the patient.

Principles of extraordinary
• opposite to ordinary which all
treatment, management, diagnosis and
other will be provided with burden to
the patient.

Under the PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY


Ethical Issues
Questions

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