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    Graphic Arts 105 Syllabus

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    Cristopher Mirez
    wdwadawds

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    Graphic Arts 105 Syllabus

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    Cristopher Mirez
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    wdwadawds

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    15 views17 pages

    Graphic Arts 105 Syllabus

    Uploaded by

    Cristopher Mirez
    wdwadawds

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Carolyn Meddaugh

    GRAPHIC_ARTS

    GRAPHIC_ARTS_105_SYLLABUS

    In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the affine geometry of curves is the study

    of curves in an affine space, and specifically the properties of such curves which are

    invariant under the special affine group

    SL

    ⋉
    R

    .{\displaystyle {\mbox{SL}}(n,\mathbb {R} )\ltimes \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}In the classical

    Euclidean geometry of curves, the fundamental tool is the Frenet–Serret frame.In affine

    geometry, the Frenet–Serret frame is no longer well-defined, but it is possible to define

    another canonical moving frame along a curve which plays a similar decisive role.The

    theory was developed in the early 20th century, largely from the efforts of Wilhelm

    Blaschke and Jean Favard.== The affine frame ==

    Let x(t) be a curve in

    n
    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}

    .Assume, as one does in the Euclidean case, that the first n derivatives of x(t) are linearly

    independent so that, in particular, x(t) does not lie in any lower-dimensional affine

    subspace of

    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}

    .Then the curve parameter t can be normalized by setting determinant


    det

    ,
    x

    )
    ]

    1.{\displaystyle \det {\begin{bmatrix}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},&{\ddot {\mathbf {x} }},&\

    dots ,&{\mathbf {x} }^{(n)}\end{bmatrix}}=\pm 1.}Such a curve is said to be parametrized

    by its affine arclength.For such a parameterization,

    )
    ,

    )
    (

    {\displaystyle t\mapsto [\mathbf {x} (t),{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}(t),\dots ,\mathbf {x} ^{(n)}

    (t)]}

    determines a mapping into the special affine group, known as a special affine frame for the

    curve.That is, at each point of the quantities

    ,
    x

    {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},\dots ,\mathbf {x} ^{(n)}}

    define a special affine frame for the affine space


    R

    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}

    , consisting of a point x of the space and a special linear basis

    ˙
    ,

    {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }},\dots ,\mathbf {x} ^{(n)}}

    attached to the point at x.The pullback of the Maurer–Cartan form along this map gives a

    complete set of affine structural invariants of the curve.In the plane, this gives a single

    scalar invariant, the affine curvature of the curve.== Discrete invariant ==

    The normalization of the curve parameter s was selected above so that


    det

    ,
    x

    )
    ]

    1.{\displaystyle \det {\begin{bmatrix}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},&{\ddot {\mathbf {x} }},&\

    dots ,&{\mathbf {x} }^{(n)}\end{bmatrix}}=\pm 1.}If n≡0 (mod 4) or n≡3 (mod 4) then the

    sign of this determinant is a discrete invariant of the curve.A curve is called dextrorse (right

    winding, frequently weinwendig in German) if it is +1, and sinistrorse (left winding,

    frequently hopfenwendig in German) if it is −1.In three-dimensions, a right-handed helix is

    dextrorse, and a left-handed helix is sinistrorse.== Curvature ==

    Suppose that the curve x in

    R
    n

    {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}

    is parameterized by affine arclength.Then the affine curvatures, k1, …, kn−1 of x are defined

    by

    )
    =

    −
    1

    .{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{(n+1)}=k_{1}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}+\cdots +k_{n-1}\

    mathbf {x} ^{(n-1)}.}

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