Lesson 3

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LESSON 3 FROM THE

AGE OF SYMBOLISM
TO EXPRESSIONISM​
SYMBOLISM
SYMBOLISM
Artistic and literary movement that emerged in
the late 19th century, particularly in France. It
emphasized the use of symbols rather than direct
representation to express emotions, moods, and
ideas. Symbolist artists and writers believed that
reality could only be apprehended through a
subjective experience, and that art should evoke a
spiritual experience in the viewer or reader.
ALBERT AURIER
Albert Aurier was a French art critic and writer who
championed Symbolism in the late 19th century. He was
one of the early supporters of artists such as Vincent van
Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Odilon Redon, whom he
considered to be the progenitors of the Symbolist
movement. Aurier was also an influential figure in the
formation of the Nabis group, which included artists
such as Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard.
Concepts and Styles
1. Synesthesia: The blending of different senses, such as sound and
color or taste and touch, to create a more immersive sensory
experience.
2. Decadence: A fascination with the darker and more forbidden
aspects of life, often associated with themes of decay and decline.
3. The Femme Fatale: A seductive and dangerous woman who
represents the destructive power of love and desire.
4. Japonisme: A fascination with Japanese culture and aesthetics,
which influenced many Symbolist artists and writers.
ART
NOVEAU
BIRTH OF ART NOVEAU​
In the last third of the 19th century, a
basic approach to architecture and
interior design emerged. There was a need
for a liberating change of direction
throughout Europe, a desire to break
away from established formulas based on
pastiche of historical styles, and a search
for creative ideas, all of which led in the
development of Art Nouveau at the
beginning of the 1890s.
INTRODUCTION TO ART
NOVEAU​
Art Nouveau (French for "New Style")
was popularized by the famous Maison de
I'Art Nouveau (House of New Art), a Paris
art gallery operated by Siegfried Bing.​
INTRODUCTION TO ART
NOVEAU​
Art Nouveau represents the beginning of
modernity in design. (Modern Architecture).
It happened at a period when the market was
becoming more mass-produced, and designers,
architects, and artists realized that the
handcrafted work of centuries past could be
lost. While reclaiming this craft tradition, art
nouveau designers simultaneously rejected
that emphasized humanity's connection to
nature.
INTRODUCTION TO
ART NOVEAU​
HALLMARKS OF ART NOUVEAU STYLE

Flat, decorative Intertwined organic An emphasis on


patterns; forms such as stems handcrafting as
or flowers; opposed to machine
manufacturing;

The use of new And the


materials; rejection of
earlier styles
DEFINING ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURES OF THE ART NOVEAU
STYLE​
ASYMMETRICAL LINES AND MOVEMENTS
Architectural designs abandon straight edges in
favor of following lines, repeating rhythm, and
asymmetry for natural feel.
ORGANIC MOTIFS
Motifs or repeating design patterns include
depictions or organic shapes, like flower buds,
plant stalks, vines, insects and even female forms.
DEFINING ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURES OF THE ART NOVEAU
STYLE​
WIDE COMBINATION OF MATERIALS
With access to new technologies of the Industrial
Revolution.

SCULPTURAL CONCRETE AND IRONWORK


Sculptural concrete and ironwork are prevalent on
many Art Nouveau exteriors.
DEFINING ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURES OF THE ART NOVEAU
STYLE​
EARTH AND JEWEL TONE COLOR PALETTES
Art Nouveau draws inspiration from the color
palette already provided by nature.

STAINED GLASS & INTRICATE WINDOW PANES


Many Art Nouveau buildings also incorporated the
use of stained glass or decorative window panes.
TRADITIONAL V.S MODERN
ARCHITECTURE​ ARCHITECTURE​
ART NOVEAU
ARCHITECTURE
Pierre
Francastel
Divides Art Nouveau
into two main
tendencies that could
broadly termed the
organic and the
rationalist
RATIONALIST ORGANIC​
ART NOVEAU
ARCHITECTURE
Stephen Tschudi
Madasen (Art Historian)
Proposed a mere subtle
classification, but still
relies on an assumed
antagonism between
four designs​
In his book Sources of Art Noveau, he describes four styles:
1. An abstract, structural style with a
2. A floral approach focuding on organic
strong symbolic and dynamic
plant forms
tendency (France & Belgium)
(Harta, Guimard, Van de Velde) (Galle, Majorelle, Volin)

Henry Van de Velde's house Aquarium Pavilion


3. The linear, flat approach, with a heavy 4. A structured, geometric style (Austria
symbolic element & Germany)
(Glasglow group, Mackintash) (Wagner, Olbrich, Hoffman, Loos

Majolikahaus in Vienna
Glasglow School of Art
by Otto Wagner
by Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Famous Art Nouveau
Artist & Legacy and
Influence of Art
Nouveau
Aubrey Beardsley
Aubrey Beardsley’s career, though cut short by the onset of tuberculosis, was notable
because of its impressive impact on illustration art. In the seven years he was able to
illustrate, Beardsley made a name for himself as one of the most talked-about artists of
his time.
Gustav Klimt
Before the Art Nouveau movement, Gustav Klimt was recognized for his decorative
paintings of historical scenes and figures. These paintings were commissioned to be
created on public buildings and would later lead to his “Golden Phase” which lasted from
1903-1909.
Alphonse Mucha
Alphonse Mucha was primarily known for his work on commercial posters and
advertisements, though he also dabbled in other mediums such as furniture, theatrical
sets, and jewelry. Women were his primary subject, specifically the “new woman,” which
celebrated femininity and the socially empowered and engaged woman.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was the first artist to elevate advertising to the level of fine
art, creating a shift in history that acknowledged that an important work of art could be
an everyday poster in a nightclub.
Egon Schiele
Egon Schiele lived a short life, dying of influenza at the age of 28. Though his style was
marked by elements of Expressionism, Schiele was heavily influenced by the work of
Gustav Klimt. He served as both a friend and a mentor, leading to Schiele’s focus on the
female figure.
Antoni Gaudi
Antoni Gaudí was an innovative architect who worked predominantly in Barcelona
where his Art Nouveau style filled the city. His work was inspired by nature and the
Catholic faith, with curved lines and vibrant surfaces that differed from typical
architectural styles.
Victor Horta
Victor Horta was one of the founders of Art Nouveau and known for expanding the
movement from visual and decorative arts into architecture. Horta’s work was marked
by his understanding of industrial advances with both iron and glass. His buildings
featured twisted and bent iron that extended seamlessly from the exterior to the decor.
Louis Comfort Tiffany
Louis Comfort Tiffany was the son of the famous jeweler Charles Lewis Tiffany. Though
initially trained in painting, in 1875 he began experimenting with stained glass, and went
on to establish his own glass making factory three years later.
Émile Gallé
Émile Gallé was a glass maker who founded the École de Nancy, a group dedicated to
expanding the reach of Art Nouveau, along with Louis Majorelle. His work was inspired
by nature and literature.
Louis Majorelle
Louis Majorelle co-founded the École de Nancy with Émile Gallé who was a mentor and
guide of his work. Before meeting Gallé, Majorelle’s work copied old style furniture,
often reviving old pieces.
FAUVISM
Fauvism is the name applied to the work produced by
a group of artists (which included Henri Matisse and
André Derain) from around 1905 to 1910, which is an
art movement that was established towards the
beginning of the 20th century. Characterized by its
bold colors, textured brushwork and non-naturalistic
depictions, the Fauvist style marked a seminal
moment in the early 20th century.
What did Fauvism focusing on?

separating color from its descriptive,


representational purpose and allowing
it to exist on the canvas as an
independent element
Other Fauvism
Painter
Henri Matisse
Bonheur de Vivre (1905-1906)
André Derain
Charing Cross Bridge (1906)
Raoul Dufy
Boat at Martigues (1908)
Émilie Charmy Self portrait with black
earrings (1950)
Albert Marquet Street Lamp, Arcueil (1899)
Georges Rouault The Old King (1936)
Fauvism
Characteristics
and Style
Fauvism was known for bold, vibrant, almost
acidic colours used in unusual juxtaposition, and
an intuitive, highly gestural application of paint.
The artists of Fauvism were experimenting with
the ways in which colour could be liberated from
subject matter. They purposefully painted
recognisable imagery but with surprising
chromatic dissonance; a sky could be red, or a
woman’s face green, allowing for colour to convey
meaning in its own right, outside of its connection
to the object depicted.
The characteristics of Fauvism include:
A radical use of unnatural colors that separated color from its usual
representational and realistic role, giving new, emotional meaning to
the colors
Creating a strong, unified work that appears flat on the canvas
Showing the individual expressions and emotions of the painter
instead of creating paintings based on theories of what paintings
should look like with objects represented as they appear in nature
Bold brush strokes using paint straight from the tube instead of
preparing and mixing it
EXPRESSIONISM
Expressionism - the artistic style in which the artist
seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the
subjective emotions and responses that objects and
events arouse within a person. The artist accomplishes
this aim through distortion, exaggeration,
primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid,
jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal
elements.
Edward Munch :
The scream

The scream, tempra


and casejn on
cardboard by
Edward Munch,
1883; in the
National Gallery
Oslo.
Emil Nolde:
Dance around the
Golden Calf

Dance around the


Golden Calf, oil
painting by Emil
Nolde, 1910; in the
Bayerische
Max Pechstein:
Indian and
Woman

Indian and Woman,


oil on canvas by
Max Pechstein, 1910;
in the Saint Louis
Art Museum.
The Cabinet of
Dr. Caligari

Still from Robert


Wiene's classic
Expressionist film
The Cabinet of Dr.
Caligari (1919)
The old Guitarist
by Picasso

The Old Guitarist is


an oil painting by
Pablo Picasso,
which he created in
late 1903 and early
1904.
THE ADVENT OF EXPRESSIONISM IN
GERMANY
Expressionism is a distinct style or movement refers to a number of German
artists, as well as Austrian, French, and Russian ones, who became active in the
years before World War I
Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor (1885–1900) evolved a
highly personal painting style.
The second and principal wave of Expressionism began about 1905, when a
group of German artists led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner formed a loose
association called Die Brücke (“The Bridge”). The group included Erich
Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, and Fritz Bleyl.
They wanted to reinfuse German art with a spiritual vigour
Characteristic of Expressionism
The German Expressionists soon developed a style notable for its harshness, boldness,
and visual intensity. They used jagged, distorted lines; rough, rapid brushwork; and
jarring colours to depict urban street scenes and other contemporary subjects in
crowded, agitated compositions notable for their instability and their emotionally
charged atmosphere.
Many of their works express frustration, anxiety, disgust, discontent, violence, and
generally a sort of frenetic intensity of feeling in response to the ugliness, the crude
banality, and the possibilities and contradictions that they discerned in modern life.
They used jagged, distorted lines; rough, rapid brushwork; and jarring colours to
depict urban street scenes and other contemporary subjects in crowded, agitated
compositions notable for their instability and their emotionally charged atmosphere.
Famous Expressionist Artist
1. Edvard Munch - A Norwegian artist, for known his iconic painting, The
Scream He. was one of the pioneers of Expressionism.
2. Wassily Kandinsky - A Russian artist, often referred to as the father of
abstract art. His works were characterized by bold colors and shapes.
3. Paul Klee - A Swiss-German artist, known for his unique style that
blended Expressionism, Surrealism, and Cubism. Symbolism is another art
movement that emerged in the late 19th century. It was characterized by the
use of symbols and metaphors to convey a hidden message or meaning.
Symbolist artists aimed to depict emotions, psychology, and spirituality.
DECLINE OF THE MOVEMENT
Expressionism's demise was accelerated by its nebulous aspirations
for a better world, use of highly lyrical language, and overall
profoundly private and exclusive nature of its manner of
presentation. The rise of the Nazis to power in 1933 resulted in the
unmistakable death of expressionism. They declared practically all
Expressionist art to be degenerate, prevented them from exhibiting
or publishing, and eventually even from finding employment.
Several Expressionists fled to exile in the US and other nations.

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