Suggested Answers For Chemistry STPM

Section A

1 (a) (i) nucleus has no (zero) influence over the electron. 1m

(ii) Energy required = 1310 / 6.0 x 1023 = 2.18 x 10-21 kJ 1m

or 2.18 x 10-18 J

(iii) Difference in energy (J per electron) between n = 2 and n = 4

= (1230 – 981) x 103 / 6.0 x 1023 J per electron transition.
= 4.15 x 10-19 J per electron transition 1m
E = hf
f = 4.15 x 10-19 / 6.3 x 10-34 = 6.26 x 1014 s-1 1m

(b) (i) P1: 35Cl+ ion and P3: 37

Cl+ 1m

(ii) Peak height P2 : Peak height P4

100 : 33 = 3 : 1 1m
3 : 1 which conforms to the relative abundance of 35Cl and 37Cl 1m

(c) (i) At very high pressures, the volume occupied by the gas 1m
molecules cannot be ignored because the volume of the gas is small
and the molecules are closer together.

(ii) At medium pressure :

-negative deviation caused by stronger intermolecular forces of 1m
attraction since HCl is a bigger molecule than hydrogen.

- HCl is a polar molecule; hence stronger intermolecular forces 1m

exist .
10m

2 (a) (i) 0 = 2(-127) + 2∆Hf (ClO2)- 2 (-25) 1m

∆Hf (ClO2) = + 102 kJ mol-1 1m

(ii) The enthalpy of formation of ClO2 is endothermic, hence ClO2 is 1m

unstable compared to chlorine and oxygen.
(b) (i) Fe3+(aq) + e Fe3+(aq); EӨ = +0.77 V
ClO2 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 5 Fe3+
+
Cl- (aq) + 5Fe2+ + 2H2O ;
E.m.f of the cell = 1.50 – (+0.77 ) = + 0.73 V 1m
Since e.m.f of the cell is positive, ClO2 oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ 1m
spontaneously.

(ii) S + 2H + + 2e H2S (aq); EӨ = +0.14 V

ClO2 + 4H2S 2Cl (aq) + 5S + 4H2O + 2H+
-

E.m.f of the cell = 1.50 – (+0.14 ) = + 1.36V 1m

Since e.m.f of the cell is positive, ClO2 oxidises H2S to sulphur 1m
spontaneously.

(iii)
 2m

* Correct arrangement of apparatus as well as functional; 1 mark

* correct materials and prperly labelled : 1 mark

(c) 2ClO2 + 2OH- ClO2- + ClO3- + H2O 1m

10m

3 (a) The minimum energy required to displace/remove one mole of

electron from one mole of atom in the gaseous state 1m
(b) 1. atomic size increases 1m
2. screening effect (shielding effect) increases 1m
(c) -Valence electron configuration: 1m
Mg: 3s2 ; Al: 3s23p1
- more energy is required to remove an electron from a fully occupied 1m
s-orbital than from a singly occupied p orbital.
(d) -the small boron ion will distort the electron cloud of its neighbouring 1m
anions, giving a covalent characteristic to its compounds.
- the big Ba2+ ion will not show much polarization; thus barium 1m
compounds are more ionic.

(e) (i) x

x 1m
Mg2+ x N3-

x
(ii) Mg3N2 + 6 H2O 2NHs(g) + 3Mg(OH)2 2m
10m

4 (a)
C H Br
No. of moles 35.2/12 = 2.9 6.5/1 = 6.5 58.3/80 = 0.73
Mole ratio 4 9 1 1m
Molar mass : 136.9
Molecular formula : C4H9Br 1m

(b) (i)
 CH3
1m
CH3 - CH - CH2Br

(ii) Nucleophilic substitution SN2 (primary halogen alkanes) 1m

(c) (i)
H H
1m
CH3 - C = C- CH3 or CH3 CH = CHCH3

(ii)
CH3
1m
CH3 - C - CH3

Br
(iii) Isomer: CH3 CH2 – CH = CH2 or CH3- C = CH2 1m

CH3
Equation:
CH3 CH2 – CH = CH2 + 5[O] CH3 CH2 – COOH +CO2+ H2O 1m
Or C(CH3)2=CH2 + 4[O] (CH3)2C=O + CO2 + H2O

(d) -Warm with aqueous acidified KMnO4. 1m

-Alcohol P does not decolourise the purple solution.
-2-methyl-1- propanol decolourises the purple solution. (oxidation of 1m
primary alcohols)
10m
 SECTION B

5 (a) (i) Relative atomic mass

= Mass of one atom of element X

1/12 x Mass of one atom of 12C
1mark
(ii) Isotopes means atoms of an element having the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons.
2 marks
(b) Ethanol molecule: CH3CH2OH
During bombardment by high speed electrons, various bonds can be broken,
positive ions which are fragments are formed.

m/e Ion
15 CH3+
28 CH3CH+
31 CH2OH+
45 CH3CH2O+
46 CH3CH2OH+
5marks
(c) (i) Water molecule undergoes autoionisation.
H2O <=== > H+ + OH- ΔH = Endothermic
Ionic product of water, Kw = [H3O+ ] [OH-]
= 1 x 10-14 mol2dm-6 at 250C
When temperature increases, the position of equilibrium shifts to the right
forming more H+ and OH- . Hence the value of Kw increases.
4marks
(ii) Ca2+ (aq) + 2e Ca(s) EӨ = -2.87V
The standard electrode potential of calcium is the potential difference obtained
when the half cell of Ca/Ca2+(aq) is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode
under standard conditions.
3marks

6 (a) (i)
KNO3(s) + aq K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
The forward reaction of dissolution of KNO3 is an endothermic
process as the temperature drops when it dissolves. 1m
The backward reaction of crystallization is an exothermic process.
On cooling a saturated solution, heat is given off/ removed from the
system. By Le Chatelier’s Principle, processes occur in the system to
counteract the lost of heat by favouring the reaction that gives out heat. 1m
Since the crystallization is an exothermic process, it is favoured and
crystals formed. (2)

(ii) Ca2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) CaSO4(s)

When concentrated sodium sulphate solution is added to a saturated
solution of calcium sulphate, concentration of sulphate ions increases. 1m
By Le Chatelier’s Principle, processes occur in the system to
 counteract this increase of sulphate ions by favouring the process that 1m
decreases the concentration of sulphate ions. The equilibrium shifts to 1m
the right to favour the precipitation reaction, a white precipitate of (3)
calcium sulphate forms.

(iii) 2NO2 (g) N2O4(g) Δ H –ve

(brown) (colourless)
Since cooling favours the exothermic reaction which gives out heat, 1m
the forward reaction is exothermic.
On compressing the gaseous mixture, total pressure in the system
increases; By Le Chatelier’s Principle, the forward reaction that 1m
produces less molecules of gas is favoured, the colour fades as the
brown NO2 gas forms the colourless dimer.
On warming, heat is supplied to the system. According to Le
Chatelier, the process that absorbs heat is favoured. Since backward 1m
process is endothermic, it is favourd. The brown colour is restored as
colourless N2O4 dissociates to form brown NO2.
(3)

(b) C(s) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CO (g) 1m

Initial partial press./atm 1.0 0 0 1m

Equilm partial press./atm 0.1 0.9 0.9
Change in partial pressure of steam = 1.0- 0.1 = 0.9 atm.
Since 1 mol of steam produces 1 mol of H2 and 1 mol of CO, partial pressure
of H2 = partial pressure of CO = partial pressure of steam used = 0.9 atm
Kp = 0.9 x 0.9 / 0.1 = 8.1 1m
(3)

(c) Ksp = [Mg2+ ] [ OH-]2

At pH 9,
pOH = 14-9 = 5 and [OH-] = 10-5 = 1 x 10-5 mol dm-3 1m
Max. value of [ Mg2+] = Ksp / [OH-]2 = 1.8 x 10-12 / (1 x 10-5)2 1m
= 1.8 x 10-2 mol dm-3

At pH 6.5,
pOH = 14-6.5 = 7.5; [OH-] = 10-7.5 = 3.16 x 10-8 mol dm-3 1m
Max value of [ Mg2+] = Ksp / [OH-]2 = 1.8 x 10-12 / ( 3.16 x 10-8 )2
= 1803 mol dm-3
Peat based soil is preferred. 1m(4)

(15m)
7. (a) Silver bromide is used in black and white photography. The surface of 5m
the paper is spread with a layer of silver bromide. When exposed to
sunlight, the bromide ion will be oxidized to bromine gas, leaving a layer
of silver on the surface of the paper.
(b) (i) [Co(NH3)3(Cl)3] 1m
(ii)
NH3
2m
Cl NH3
Co
Cl NH3

Cl
fac-triamminetrichlorocobalt(III)

NH3
2m
Cl NH3
Co
Cl Cl

NH3
mer-triamminetrichlorocobalt(III)

(c) (i) Observation: no visible change

Explanation: There is no reaction between the solution and silver 2m
nitrate because there is no chloride ion present.

(ii) Observation: White precipitate forms when silver nitrate is added 3m

+
Explanation: Ag will react with the chloride ion from the complex
to form AgCl solid which appears as a white precipitate.

(15m)

9 (a) HCl or H2SO4or H+ or acid 1m

conc(if HCl only)/dilute/aqueous + heat 1m

(b) two rings only (1 ring around the α-C of tyrosine & 1 around the α-C of lysine) 1m
+ -
(c) NH3CH2CO2 (or displayed formula) 1m
(d) (i) NH2CH2CO2- (Na+) (either -CO2-Na+or -CO2Na but NOT –CO-O-Na) 1m

(ii) (Na+) –O-C6H4-CH2CH(NH2)CO2- (Na+) 1m+1m

(iii) (Cl-)+NH3(CH2)4CH(NH3+)CO2H (Cl-) 1m+1m

(iv) HO-C6H2Br2-CH2CH(NH2)CO2H (if shown, Br at 2,6 to OH group) 1m

(6m )
 (e)
2m

(f)

3m

15m

10 (a) (i) AlCl3/FeCl3/Al/Fe/I2 (+ heat) (N.B. NOT AlBr3 etc.) 1m

(or names)

(ii) (sun)light/hf/UV 1m

(b) SOCl2/PCl3/PCl5 1m
(or names)

(c) (i) C > B > A 1m

(ii) (acyl chloride fastest) highly δ + carbon atom joined to 2 1m

electronegative atoms
or
addition-elimination mechanism is possible
(aryl chloride slowest) delocalisation of lone pair over ring → stronger C- 1m
Cl bond
Or impossibility of ‘backside’ attack on the C-Cl bond

(i) C6H5-CO2C6H5 1m
(d) (ii) C6H5-CONHCH3 1m
(iii) C6H5-CONHCH3 1m
Or structural formula (3m)
(e) (i) E 1m

- CH3CH2CH2CO2-(Na+) [NOT C3H7COO-Na or C3H7COOH] 1m

but allow CH3CH2CH2CO2Na]
- CHl3 or name 1m

(ii) the alcohol from E has four different groups around a carbon atom 1m

∴ it is chiral/asymmetric or it is produced as a 50:50 mixture of mirror 1m

images

or its mirror images are non-superimposable.

1m

(15m )
END OF MARKING SCHEME