HORTICULTURE CROP PRODUCTION

Introduction
Horticulture is a science, as well as, an art of production, utilization and
improvement of horticultural crops, such as fruits and vegetables, spices and condiments,
ornamental, plantation, medicinal and aromatic plants. Horticultural crops require intense
care in planting, carrying out intercultural operations, manipulation of growth, harvesting,
packaging, marketing, storage and processing. India is the second largest producer of fruits
and vegetables in the world after China. In India, about 55–60 per cent of the total population
depends on agriculture and allied activities. Horticultural crops constitute a significant
portion of the total agricultural produce in India. They cover a wide cultivation area and
contribute about 28 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). These crops account for
37 per cent of the total exports of agricultural commodities from India.

BRANCH OF HORTICULTURE

Horticulture is a wide field and includes a great variety and diversityof crops.
The science of horticulture can be divided into several branches depending upon the crops
it deals with. The following are the branches.

1.Pomology (Fruit crops)

• India is the second largest producer of fruit after Brazil. A large variety of fruit
crops are grown in India. Of these, mango, banana, citrus, papaya,guava, pineapple,
sapota, jackfruit, litchi, grapes, apple, pear, peach, plum, walnut etc. are important
ones.
• India accounts for 10 per cent of the total world production of fruits. It leads the
world in production of mango, banana, sapota and acid lime besides recording
highest productivity in grape. The leading fruit growing states are Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

2. Olericulture (Vegetable crops)

•
More than 40 vegetables belonging to Solanaceous,
cucurbitaceous,leguminous, cruciferous, root crops and leafy vegetables are
grown in Indian tropical, sub- tropical and temperate region.
• Important vegetables grown in India are onion, tomato, potato, brinjal, peas, beans,
okra, chili, cabbage, cauliflower, bottle gourd, cucumber, watermelon, carrot, radish
etc.
• India is second in vegetable production next to China in area and production
contributing 13.38 percent to the total world production. Indiaoccupies first position
in cauliflower, second in Onion, third in cabbage in the world.
• West Bengal, Orissa, U.P, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka are the important states
for Horticultural crop production.
3. Floricultureand Ornamental Gardening (Flower Crops)

• Flower part of socio cultivation is being practiced in India. Since ages it is an industry
inortant/integral cultural and religious life of Indian people. recent year s taken a shape
of
• India is known for growing traditional flowers such as jasmine,marigold,
chrysanthemum, tuberose, crossandra, aster, etc. Commercial of cut
flowers like, rose, orchids, gladiolus, carnation, anthurium, gerbera etc.
• The important flower growing states are Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, AP, Maharashtra,West
Bengal, Sikkim, J&K, Meghalaya etc.
• This is one of the important sectors contributing about 7500 crores to export earning. The
major plantation crops include coconut, arecanut, oil palm, Cashew,tea coffee, rubber cocoa,
betel vine, vanilla etc. The leading states are Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, A.P.,
Maharashtra, Goa, Assam etc.

1. Postharvest Technology and Preservation

Study of post harvest handling, market, and processing of horticultural crop is covered
under this branch. post harvest management of fruit, vegetable, flower with their
storage, marketing and preservation is studied under this branch e.g., preparation of jam,
jelly and sauce etc.
HORTICULTURE IS IMPORTANT FOR THE FOLLOWING

1. As a source of variability in produce.

CONSIDERATIONS

2. As a source of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, flavor, aroma, alkaloids,

3. As a source of medicine.
oleores

4. As an economic proposition as they give higher returns per unit area in terms

5. Employment generation 860 man days/annum for fruit crops as against 143
of energy, money, job, etc.

man days/annum for cereal crops and the crops grapes, banana and
like pineapple need 1000- 2500 man days

6. Effective utilization of waste land through hardy fruits and medicinal plants.
per annum.

7. As a substitute of family income being component of home garden.

8.As a foreign exchange earner has higher share compare to agriculture crops.
9. As an input for industry being amenable to processing, especially fruit

10. Aesthetic consideration and protection of environment.

andvegetable preservation industry.

11. Religious significance.

 ACTIVITY NO-01
SITE/HOST FARMER SELECTION FOR
CULTIVATION

DATE: - 28/03/2024
PLACE:-
GINABAHAR

Today on 28/03/2024 we the student of 4th year meet the sarpanch of village and got
permission for program After getting permission from sarpanch, we select our host farmer
with the point provided by our RHWEP coordinator.

FOLLOWINGS ARE GUIDELINES FOR SELECTED HOST

FARMER: -

• Host farmer should have interested in growing horticulture crop.

• There should availability of well drainage and source of irrigation.
• Soil should well fertile.
GENERAL INFORMATION OF HOST FARMER
 Name:- manesh sai
 Occupation:- Farmer
 Family Member:- 4
 Total Land:- 3 acres
 Irrigated Facility:-Tube well
 Soil:- Sandy loam soil
 Drainage:- Manually
 Previous cropping history:-
01. Kharif-rice
02. Rabi-rice
 ACTIVITY NO:-02

To Study about farming situation and cropping pattern ofthe

village DATE:-07/03/24
PLACE:- GINABAHAR

Today on 27 March 2024 on RHWE we study about farming situations and cropping pattern
on which we known about the water facility ,electricity, nearestmarket places , boundaries
of the village.
We also ask from the farmer about the cropping pattern fromthere we
mainly known about the farmer mixed farming.

Reason behind the existing Cropping Pattern of Village:-

 Dominance of cereal crops.
 Cultivation is for self consumption.
 land productivity has not increased.
 Shift towards high valued commercial crops has been very small.

On the basis of our survey on cropping pattern we can concludethat:-

 Main cropping pattern is Rice based.
 Irrigation facility is not utilized properly.
 Groundwater source is the major source of irrigation.
 Village have the very little crop diversification and crop rotation.
 Less Cropping intensity.
 Scientific method of cultivation should be put into practice and this canbe
enhanced by proper extension system.
 ACTIVITY NO:-03

Demosration of Herabal Gulal

Material Required
 BeatRoot
 Palak
 Palash
 Arrowroot

 Natural Herbal Gulaal Gift Pack. 100% Organic Natural Herbal Holi colour (Gulal).
 Eco-Friendly and Edible Product with Resuable Tin Gulal Jar Packaging makes a
beautiful gift for corporates, friends, family and loved ones.
 Non-Toxic Herbal Gulal For Holi Celebration, Skin Friendly, Natural Handmade Holi
Gulal, eco-friendly, Made of Edible Grade Maize starch, Tesu Flowers, Rose, Marigold,
Sandalwood, Red Sandalwood, food colours.
 Natural & Permitted Food Grade Ingredients. Product Of India. Made by released
prisoners. Provides livelihood and rehabilitation opportunities to prisoners. Herbal and
free of harmful chemicals. Skin-friendly and completely non-toxic. 100% SAFE.

Fig:- Herbal Gulal

 ACTIVITY NO:-04

Demonstration of Nursery Bed

DATE:-27/04/24

PLACE:- GINABAHAR
Objective:- Demonstration of different type of nursery bed.
Today on 27h April different type of nursery bed was demonstrated andtell them about
use of it by student of 4th year CHRS JASHPUR
Materials required:

Digging and hoeing implements, seed, measuring tape, rope and wooden pegs,organic manures
(FYM), mulching material.

Procedure: A nursery beds are of three types

 Flat nursery bed

 Raised nursery bed
 Sunken nursery bed

Flat nursery bed:

 It is prepared during spring-summer when there is no risk of rain and in the areas where
the soil is light sandy to sandy loam and has no problem of water stagnation.
 The area selected for nursery is well prepared till the pulverization of land and well
rotten FYM at the rate of 10 kg per square meter area and is thoroughly mixed in thesoil.
The field is divided into small plots comprising of beds of uniform size depending upon
the requirement, with the help of layout rope and measuring tape.
 Ridges are prepared around each bed, which facilitate the cultural practices. In between
two rows of beds, control irrigation channel is prepared through which each bed is
connected.

Raised nursery bed:

 It is especially useful for raising seedlings during rainy
season when stagnation of water becomes problematic and causes damping off
disease. Raised bed of 10 to 15cm height from ground level is prepared.
 All the stumps, stones, pebbles, weeds etc. are removed from the bed and FYM at
the rate of 10kg per square meter is mixed in the soil.
 In between two rows, a space of 45 to 60cm is left so as to carry out cultural
practices easily. The seeds are sown in lines in the bed.
Sunken nursery bed:
 This type of bed is useful and prepared during winter season. This type of nursery
is prepared 10 to 15cm downwards from the soil surface.
 The air blows across the surface of soil and the seedlings in sunken bed is not hit
by the cool breeze of the air.
 Further, covering of sunken bed with polyethylene sheets becomes easy which
is required for protecting the seedlings from cool air.

FIG:- Demonstration of Nursery Bed

 ACTIVITY NO -05

Demonstration of field irrigation

DATE:-12/04/24
PLACE:- GINABAHAR

Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water
requirements. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various
sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and even
dams.Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development, germinationand other
related functions.

Surface Irrigation
In this system, no irrigation pump is involved. Here, water is distributed across the landby
gravity.

Importance of Irrigation
The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points:

1. Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and famines
are caused due to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivityeven in low
rainfall.
2. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land.
3. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of
the regions. However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year.Irrigation
facilities make it possible to grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country.
4. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation.5.Irrigation
has stabilized the output and yield levels.
6.Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases theincome
of the farmers.

Fig.:- Field Irrigation

 ACTIVITY NO:-06

Cultivation of Horticulture Crop

CLUSTER BEANS

DATE:-13/04/24
PLACE:- KHAJURBAHAR

Cluster bean is an erect annual, growing to a height of up to 3 in with stiff erect

branches. Stem isangled and leaves are trifoliate. Small white or purple flowers
are borne on axillary racemes. Fruits are compressed, erect and 4-10 cm long.
Each fruit has 5 to 12 white to grey or black coloured seeds.

Varieties:-
Varieties grown in India differ in height of plants. Cultivars grown in South India
are vegetabletypes while those in North-West India are grown for seeds. There are
giant and dwarf types in cluster bean. Vegetable types are mostly dwarf types with
smooth appearance. Fodder types aremostly hairy.

Some of the improved varieties developed at IARI, New Delhi are

1.Pusa Domausami – Suitable for rainy season. Late and branching variety with
80 days to firstpicking. Pods smooth, light green and 10-13 cm long
.2Pusa Sadabahar – Suitable for summer and rainy season, non branching type.
3. Pods green and 12-13 cm long.• Pusa Navbahar – Non branching variety with
pod quality of Pusa Mausmi. Developed by crossisng Pusa Domausami and Pusa
Sadabahar.
CLIMATE AND SOIL
This hardy and drought tolerant crop comes up well during summer and rainy season in well-
drained sandy loam. It cannot tolerate shade and preferslong day condition for vegetative growth
and short day condition for flowering.

Land preparation and sowing

. Summer crop is raised by sowing during February-March. Field is prepared to a fine tilth by
ploughing and harrowing. Seeds are either broadcasted or dibbled behind country plough at a
distance of 25-30 cm. Seeds are also dibbled at specified spacing of 45-60 cm x 15 cm. Seed
requirement is 25-30kg/ha.
InterculturalThe field is kept free of weeds during initial stages. Though a hardy crop, irrigation
increases yield. Irrigation at flowering and fruiting stages is the most critical. For getting high
yield in vegetable types, irrigationmay be done at 7-10 days interval.
Stacking is also necessary to avoid lodging in tall varieties.
Harvesting and yield
Harvesting starts 40 days after sowing and pods are harvested at tender stage. A vegetable yield
of 5-8 tonnes and seed yield of 0.6 to 1.0 t/ha areexpected within crop duration

Fig .-Field Preparation

Fig. Seeds Sowing

 ACTIVITY NO:-07

Demonstration of Guava learning

DATE:-24/04/24

PLACE:- Ginabahar

LAYERING: - Layering is a mean of plant propagation in which a portion of an arial

stem grow roots while still attached to parent plant and then detach as an independent
plant.

Select a healthy branch. Choose a spot in which leaf growth will occur above the point of
layering sp choose a spot on the stem where you want the soil level to be.Make two clean cuts
around the branch about on inch apart with a sharp knife.

Peel off the bark between those two cuts. Make a ball of soil mixed with tree mass on soil
mixed with sand and wood ash area where the bark has been peeled off.

• Wrap the soil with plastic sheet of right choice

• It may take up to 8-10 weeks for roots to appear after that you can cut the stemjust below
the bottom of soil wrap and pot
The layer the new plant will require some pampering until the root system becomes more
developed
 ACTIVITY NO:-08
Visitof Vermicompost Preparation
DATE:-17/05/24
PLACE:- Ambikapur

Vermicomposting-
Darwin (1881) was the first to show that earthworms affect soil formation and
development. Vermiculture is culturing of earthworms: Earthworms effectively harness the
beneficial soil microflora, destroy soil pathogens and convert organic wastes into valuable
products known as cast which contains biofertilizers, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, growth
hormones and proteinaceous worm biomass. Hence earthworms are called as „artificial
fertilizer factories.

Commonly used species:

 Eisenia foetida, Perionyx excavates, Eudrilus eugeniae

 Lumbricus rubellus, L. terrestris.
 Eudrilus eugenia – African night crawler .
 Eisenia foetida – Tiger worm
 Perionyx excavates – Indian blue

Preparation of vermicompost: -Pit size: 10 m x 1 m x 0.3 m

In irrigated area and heavy rainfall areas – above ground.

Drench with chlorpyrifos @ 2 ml/lit of H2O. Leave for one week and then go for filling the pit
in the following manner. Hormones and proteinaceous worm biomass. Hence earthworms are
called as „artificial fertilizer factories.
• Coconut coir or any material which is having higher WHC
• Dung / Biogas slurry
• Crop residue
• Green leaves
• Black soil
• Paddy straw / sugarcane trash

Method: -
• Crop residues 15 to 10 cm thickness; Black soil 3-5 cm; other layers 6 to 10 cm.

• Apply water @ 30 to 60 liters for 16 days. Leave 1000 to 2000 worms of suitablespecies
(E. eugeniae) at about 10 cm depth.
• Worm multiplication and compost production will be higher if sugarcane trash, sunflower
or bajra residues are used.
• Keep the pit always moist (30-60% moisture) by daily watering (@ 50 lit)during summer
or twice a week during rainy season. Provide shade to the pit.

• Vermicompost production is seen after 45 days of leaving worms to the pit. It will be
complete in 80-90 days. Residue will be converted to vermicompost
(75%).
• To collect / take vermicompost from the pit, leave the pit without watering for about 3 days.
• Worm will move to deeper layer due to lack of moisture in the upper layer. Take out the
compost from the upper layer and sieve the compost and store it in a gunny bag under shade.
• About 2 to 4 vermicompost will be produced from one gunta area in 3 months and 6 to 12 t
o vermicompost will be produced from one gunta in one year.
Benefits of vermicompost: -
• It contains NPK (0.8: 1.1: 0.5%)
• It contains micronutrients (Mg, Fe, Bo, Mo, Zn), growth regulators andbeneficial MO.
• It increases WHC of soil.
• It increases aeration in soil.
• Decreases salinity and increases availability of nutrients.
• Reduces soil erosion.
• Decreases cost of cultivation.
• Reduction in incidence of diseases and pests
• Increases yield.

Use of vermicompost in agriculture: -

• For almost all crops, apply vermicompost @ 2.5 t/acre at the time of sowing.
• Verm culturing (in situ): Leave worms in the field. Maintain sufficient moisture by regular
irrigation and lot of crop residues. Crop residues have to be there in the field. Don‟t apply
chemicals or chemical fertilizers to soil but through the leaves.
• Spray the Verm wash on the crop (it contains micronutrients, growth regulators and MO)
(Coelomic fluid-antibacterial).
• Primary degradation by microorganisms and secondary degradation by earthworm. All
microorganisms multiply several times in earthworm guts. These microorganisms do bio
gradation than actual earthworms.
FIG:- Visit of Vermicompost
 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONINTERVENTIONS

OLERICULTURE (Vegetable

Production) Introduction: -

• The term Olericulture is originated from Latin word “oleris” meaning potherb And the
English word “culture” means raising of plants.
• Thus, Olericulture is defined as, “Science of Vegetable” • Vegetable growing is an important
branch of horticulture.
• India has shown tremendous progress in the increase of vegetable production, at present India
is the second largest producer of the world afterto China and large number of leafy vegetables.
• Vegetables are essential to human diet particularly in India.
• Various nutritive elements like calcium, phosphorus and iron are generallypresent in vegetables
like cabbage, cauliflower, beans, peas, tomato, carrot,onion etc.
• Green leafy vegetables are rich in quantities of cellulose necessary for digestion and prevent
constipation. Vegetable provides vitamins necessaryfor human body.
• A large number of vegetables are grown in Chhattisgarh like Tomato, Brinjal, Cole crops,
Cucurbitaceous crops, Okra, Bulb crops, Root crops, Tuber crops, Chili and large number of
leafy vegetables.

PRESENT STATUS OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION INCHHATTISGARH

As per the agro-climatic zone of planning commission Chhattisgarh comes under eastern
Argo -climatic Climate Soil Vegetables grown
zone

Northern hills zone Sub-tropical humid and Red and yellow Potato, Sweet potato Cole
cool Crops, Yams, Leafyvegetables.

Chhattisgarh Tropical sub humid and Bhata, matasi, Tomato, Brinjal, Chili,
Plains hot dorsa, kanhar Cucurbitaceous crops,
Okra, leafy vegetables.

Bastar plateau Moderate tropical Red and yellow Potato, Tapioca,

Colocasia, Sweet potato

plateau & hills zone further the Chhattisgarh state is sub dividedto three-agro climatic zone.
 CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE CROP IN OPEN FIELD

CROP – CHILLI
(Capsicum annuum L.)
Solanaceae
 Botanical name :- Capsicum annuum L.
 Family :- Solanaceae
 Chromosome No.:- 2n=24
 Origin :-Peru & Bolivia
 Common Name :- Mirchi

Variety
We have grown the VNR-305 variety.
Soil
Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter with pH range 6.5-7.5.
Season of sowing
1. January - February
2. June - July
3. September- October

Seed rate

For hybrid 200-250gm required for one hectare.And for 30meter square required 0.6gm.
Preparation of seedling is done in step by step which are asunder:

Step1 - Mixture of vermicompost, soil, cocopeat is prepared in a ratio of 1:2:1Step 2 - Filling of

this mixture in a seedling tray in an equal ratio.

Step 3- After that sown the seeds in tray by put one seed in a cell and
spread the remaining mixture on tray.

Step 4- Cover the tray by black cotton clothes to maintain moisture level and temperature for
better germination of seeds.
Step 5-After 6 days place the protrays with germinated seedlings individuallyon the raised
beds inside the shade net.

Seed treatment
Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g / kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/ kg and
sow in lines spaced at 10 cm in raised nurserybeds and cover with sand. Watering with rose can
has to be done daily.

Drench the nursery with Copper oxychloride @ 2.5 g/l of water at 15 days interval against
damping off disease. Apply Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m. atsowing.

Field preparation
Thoroughly prepare the field with the addition of FYM @ 25 t/ ha and form ridges and
furrows at a spacing of 60 cm. Apply 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg / ha of
Phosphobacteria by mixing with 20 kg of FYM. Irrigate the furrows and transplant 40-45
days old seedlings, with the ball of earth on the ridges.

Spacing
Varieties : 60 x 45 cm
Hybrids : 75 x 60 cm

Weed control
Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha as pre- emergece
herbicide followed by hand weeding once 30 days after planting.

Irrigation
Irrigate is done at weekly intervals.

Manuring

Basal dose : FYM 30 t / ha, NPK 30:80:80 kg / ha.

Top dressing : 30 kg N / ha in equal splits on 30, 60 and 90 days afterplanting.

Growth regulators
Spray Triacontanol @ 1.25 ml/l on 20, 40, 60 and 80th day of planting. SprayNAA 10
ppm (10 mg/l of water) on 60 and 90 days after planting to increase fruit set.

Weed control

Hand weeding is done.

Plant protection
Pests

 Fruit borer
 Thrips.
 Aphids
 Yellow Muranai mite

 Root knot nematode

Diseases
 Damping off
 Leaf spot
 Powdery mildew
 Die-back and fruit rot
 Anthracnose
 Chilli mosaic

Management
 Use of disease-free seeds.
 Treat the seeds with T. viride 4 g/kg or P. fluorescens 10 g / kg of seed 24
hours before sowing.
 Spray Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit thrice at 15 days
interval starting from noticing the die-back symptoms.

Harvest
Harvesting can be done 75 days after transplanting. First two picking yieldgreen chilli
and subsequently yield red ripe fruits.

Yield
Varieties : 2 - 3 t/ha of dry pods or 10 - 15 t/ha of green chillies.Hybrids : 25 t / ha
of green chillies.

MARKETING

• Villageproduceistransported to thenearbytownsand citymarketsonlybyroad.

Marketing channels
• A marketing channel is described as the set of people, organizations, and activitiesthat
work together to transfer goods (products and services) from the point oforigin to the
point of consumption
FLOW CHART OF CULTIVATION
 ACTIVITY NO:-09
Visit for Azolla preparation

DATE:- 17/05/24
PLACE:- Ambikapur
Growing conditions for azolla

Azolla prefers shade and requires light (30-50% light required for itsgrowth) forphotosynthesis.
Azolla is a water based crop; one should ensure atleast 5 inches of water in pond for proper
growth. Azolla grows well where theideal temperature range is 20-35°C. It requires a water pH
value of 5 to 7 and relativehumidity of 80-90%.

Steps in azolla cultivation

1) Size of the tank depends quantity of feed to be harvested. For small holders apond of about
2m length and 1m width is sufficient. The ground is levelled and bricks are laid in required
dimension.

2) Old plastic sacs or sheets are placed in the bottom of the pond
3) Then the pond is covered with 150 gauge durable plastic sheets
4) Secure sides of the plastic sheets by placing bricks over the side walls
5) About 25 kg of clean and fertile soil is spread uniformly across the pond
6) Then, a mixture of 5 kg cowdung and 30g rajphos/musoorie phos is applieduniformly
7) Water is maintained at a depth of 10 cm in the pond
8) 500g of azolla culture is required per square meter of the pond
9) Azolla will fully cover the pond by 1-2 weeks and can start harvesting it.

Harvesting of Azolla

Azolla will be ready for harvest by 2-3 weeks. Plastic sieves can be used forharvesting. One
can obtain an average of 1kg azolla per day from a pond of above mentioned dimensions.
Harvested azolla can be fed directly or mixed with nutrients and fed to livestock like cattle,
sheep, goat, poultry etc. Azollacan also be fed in dry forms. The leaves are to be cleaned with
fresh water before feeding.
Maintenance of Azolla

• Apply 1kg cowdung and 10-20g rajphos once in 2 weeks

• Remove one fourth of water from the pond and refill it with fresh water oncein 2 weeks
• Remove the soil and add 5 kg fresh soil to the pond
• The pond should be emptied once in 6 months and cultivation of azolla isrestarted with
fresh culture and soil

Care to be taken

1. Maintenance of pure culture free from contamination is essential for goodyield.

2. Azolla should be harvested regularly to avoid overcrowding.
3. Temperature is an important factor for good growth. It should be around 35degree Celsius.
The fodder plot is to be covered with a plastic sheet in cold regions so as to reduce the impact
of cold weather.

4. Places with direct and adequate sunlight should be preferred. Ashady placeyields less.
5. The pH of the medium should be between 5.5 to 7
6. Suitable nutrients such as cow dung slurry, micronutrients should be supplemented as and
when required.

FIG:-Production of Azolla
 ACTIVITY:-10
Discussion on scope & importance of Integrated Farming &Organic
farming with farmer

DATE:-16/04/24
PLACE:-
GINABAHAR
On 16th. April 2024 we Student 4th year of CHRS JASHPUR discuss about the scope &
importance of Integrated Farming & Organic farming with farmers.

INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM

Integrated Farming System (IFS): A component of FSR (Farming Systemresearch),introduces a

change in the farming techniques for maximum production in the cropping pattern and takes
care of optimal utilization ofresources.

IFS as a mixed animal crop system where the animal component is often raisedon agricultural
waste products while the animal is used to cultivate the soil andprovide manure to be used as
fertilizer and fuel.

FACTORS AFFECTING INTEGRATION OF FARM ENTERPRISE

1. Soil and climatic features of the selected area.

2. Availability of resources, land, labor and capital.
3. Present level of utilization of resources.
4. Economics of proposed integrated farming system.
5. Managerial skill of the farmer
TYPES OF INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM

Crop-livestock farming system

Crop-livestock- fishery farming system

Crop-poultry-fishery- mushroom farming systemCrop-livestock- fishery-vermicomposting

Agri- horticulture- silviculture-pastoral system

ADVANTAGES OF IFS

IFS is a multidisciplinary whole farm approach and very effective in solvingthe problems of
small and marginal farmers.

The approach aims at increasing income and employment from small- holding by
integrating various farm enterprises and recycling crop residues andby products within the farm
itself (Behra and Mahapatra 1999, Singh et al.
2006).
Increased productivity, profitability and sustainability are ensured with protective food and
environmental safety. Recycling of waste material, income round the year, saving energy,
meeting fodder crisis, employment generation and ultimately increasing the standard of living
of the farmers are other major benefits of integrated farming system.
Meaning and Importance of Organic Farming
 ACTIVITY NO:-11
Weeding of farmers

DATE:-01/05/24

PLACE:-

GINABAHAR

On 1st may 2024 we discussed talk about different types of weed and collected weeds.
Demonstrate there effect in the cropping system andtheir competition with main crops.

Materials required

1. Conveyance to visit area

2. Note book to note the information
Procedure
Weeding is the process of removing unwanted plants from a field. The agricultural field
is weeded primarily using two methods: tilling and mowing. Weed plants are tilled
completely with their roots and removed during tilling. Mowing is the process of
removing unwanted plants froma field.

Grasses

 Echinochloacolonum
 E. crusgalli
 Digitariasanguinalis
 Dactylocteniumaegyptium
 Sporobolusdiander
 ACTIVITY N0:-12
Demonstration of Tomato ketchup

DATE -29/04/2024

PLACE-GINABAHAR

Ingredients:-
 TOMATO CONCENTRATE,
 HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP,
 DISTILLED VINEGAR,
 SALT
 ONION
 SPICES
 BEETROOT
 SUGAR
 BLACK PEPPER
 GARLIC
 CLOVE
 Flow Sh.eet
TOMATOES
(Fully ripe, red)

WASHIN"G

SHOR.TING AND TRIM::tl'IING

CUTTING AND CHOPPING

HEATING AT 70-90°C FOR 3-5 MINUTES

PULPING

I STRAINING OF PULP

COOKING OF PULP \\TITH ONE-THIRD OF SUGAR

PUTTING SPICE EAG PRESSING OCCASIONALLY

COOKING TILL ONE-THIRDOF OiRIGIN"ALVOLillvIE OF PULP

REMOVAL OF SPICE BA:G

ADDITION OF REMAINING SUGAR

COOKING

JUDGING O:F END POINT

ADDITION OF \!JNEGARI PRESERATIVES

BOTTLE FILLING (88°C), CROWN CORKING

PASTUKIZATION (85-90°C), COOLING AND STORAGE

 PROCEDURE:-

1. Selection of raw material

Careful selection of tomato for the manufacture of tomato ketchup is very crucial step as it may
affect the quality as well as shelf-life of the finished product. The criteria for selection include
maturity, freedom from blemishes and defects. Ripe deep red coloured tomatoes with higher
TSS and pulp provide a better quality product.

2. Extraction of pulp or juice –

The pulp or juice could be extracted by using hot or cold pulping method. However, hot pulping
method yields pulpwith higher proportion of total solids, lycopene; pectin content and of good
microbiological quality.

3. Addition of ingredients –
spices – The coarsely ground spices are tied loosely in a muslin cloth bag and the bag
placed in the tomato juice during boiling. The bag is pressed intermittently to release the
flavouring component during processing. Theproportion these spices should be standardized in
such a way that they should not affect the colour of the resultant product and does not impart
bitterness
Sugar – Sugar is mainly used to adjust the sugar-to-acid ratio of the ketchup or
sauce. Sugar may be added in the form of granular sugar, corn syrup and other syrups are used.
However, granular sugar is most preferred one. About 1/3 rd of sugar is added in the initial stage
of boiling. This help in preserving the natural colourof the product.Rest of the sugar is added
minute before final concentration is reached.

Common Sault – Salt bleaches the colour of the tomato and also dissolve to some extent
copper from the processing equipment. It is, therefore, desirable to add towards the end point of
the process. Range of common saltvaries between 1.5 – 3.5%, salt is added to enhance flavour
of the product and exert preservative action to a lesser extent.

Vinegar – Well matured salt-vinegar, cider vinegar or malt vinegar may be used as acidulant
in the product.However, these vinegars are not colourless; hence they may affect the colour of
the finished product. Vinegar contains not less than 5 percent acetic acid.

4. Cooking and concentration –

The tomatoes juice along with other ingredients is cooked and concentrated to get thedesirable
flavour, uniform taste and fine thickness or body. The cooking of ingredients may be carried out
in open jacketed kettle or vacuum concentrator. The cooking continues till the concentration
reached 25 percent TSS. However, concentration of 28-30 percent total solid is ideal as further
increase may adversely affect the flavour of the product.

6. Bottling and packaging –

The ketchup after attaining the desired total solid level and consistency is finally passed through
a finisher to remove any tomato fibre, seeds and any other suspended solids. The Ketchup or
sauce after cooking should be bottled hot at 85-88°C to preventbrowning and loss of vitamin
during subsequent storage and distribution. Hot filling of bottle also assist in creation of
vacuum in the headspace during the cooling of ketchup. The crown cork used for ketchup bottle
should be lined with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to prevent the contact of ketchup with the
metallic portion to avoid the black neck formation. However, nowadays sauce and ketchup is
also packed in
laminated flexible packaging materials consisted of polyethylene (PE), polyester (PET) and
aluminum
Pasteurization
Although, hot filling of the ketchup in bottle is considered safe for consumption and have
sufficient shelf-life, but still come manufacturers prefer further thermal treatment. The hot filled
bottles are pasteurized inhot water (85-88°C) for 30-35 minutes. Care must be taken to cool the
bottle immediately after pasteurization to avoid the degradation of nutrients and over-processing.
Shelf-life is also enhanced by using preservatives.
 ACTIVITY NO.-13
DEMONSTRATION OF MANGO
BAR

DATE:-29/04/2024
PLACE:-
GINABAHAR

Ingredients:-
 Mango
 Sugar
 Salt
 Chilli powder
 Cardamom
 Black pepper
 ACTIVITY NO:-14

To Acknowledge Farmer about staking in Horticulture Crop

DATE:-03/04/2024
PLACE:- GINABAHAR

On 3rd April 2024, we discussed about the staking in Horticulture crop and it‟s importance with
the farmer by 4th YearStudents of CHRS JASHPUR.
Staking Meaning
Staking is a means of providing supports to ensure clean and unblemished fruits by keeping
fruits off the ground, thereby increasing marketable yield.
Staking of plant

Staking is necessary to keep plants erect and to maintain propershape of plants and bloom.
Stakes are prepared mostly from bamboo sticks.
Staking of plants is required for vertical support of the plants

Importance of Staking

Staking provide supports to ensure clean and unblemished fruits whichkept fruit away from the
ground.
Minimizing diseases and rotting of fruit thereby increasing
marketableyield Supported plants are easier to harvest than those
sprawling on ground.
Staking provides sturdy support to the plants with thin stems and helpsthem keep growing.
Not only does staking support plants and improve plant vines, it alsohelps make the best use of
space in vertical cultivation.
Fig:- Staking
 ACTIVITY NO:-15
Demonstration of papaya candy

DATE-
PLACE-GINABAHAR
INGREDIENTS:-
PAPAYA( IMMATURE)
Sugar Lemon
Food colour
Flow sheet of papaya candy
 ACTIVITY NO.-16
DEMONSTRATION OF PAPAYA JAM
DATE-26/04/24
PLACE-
GINABAHAR

INGREDIENTS:-
 Papaya (mature)
 Sugar
 Lemon
 Cardamom
 Food colour

Flow sheet of papaya jam

 COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND
RESEARCH STATION JASHPUR
(C.G.)
CHAPTER – 3
PLANT
CLINIC HPP-
5421
RHWE & AIA 2023-2024

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Parmeshwar Gore. Pushplata Rajwade

Department of Entomology ID No:- 20202184

B.Sc.Horti.(Hons.)

4th Year,2nd Sem

 PLANT CLINIC
DEFINITION:
Plant clinics are the clinics designed to provide plant disease diagnostic and
recommendation services for anyone from home owners to commercial growers.The services
in plant clinics include thorough examination and analysis of sampleplant materials for
fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens.
It focuses on controlling pests and diseases; maintaining the soil health and encouraging
healthy agricultural practices to improve the plant and soil health, since healthy soil is for
healthy plants and healthy plant is for healthy people.

WHY PLANT CLINIC:

Sticking to the fact that almost 66% of people depends upon agriculture for their
livelihood agriculture has major contribution to the economy of India. Some reason i.e., lack
of appropriate technology, inaccessibility to agriculture input and post harvest loss, farmers
are not able to get optimum benefits from their farming. they are totally depending upon on
the retailer running agro-vets for the treatment of the disease and pest affected plants and the
recommendationthey get are not safe enough to be relied upon and hence disease, insect and
soilhealth are deteriorating the entire crop health. Thus, to deal with these problemsin more
practical and effective way plant clinic have highly needed for problem diagnosis and to
provide basic information to formers.

OBJECTIVES: -

• Reduce crop loss due to insect and disease.

• Minimizing the indiscriminate use of agrochemical.
• Dissemination of appropriate plant protection technology.
• Provide service on soil health related problem.
 ACTIVITY NO:-01

Identification of Major disease & insect of Major

Horticulture Crops
DATE:- 17/04/24
PLACE -GINABAHAR

FAR CRO INSEC SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRP IDENTIFICAT SYMPTO CONTROL

M
ER P T NAME H -
ION MARKS M S OF
NAM OF INSECT DAMAGE
E
Manes Okra Root- Meledogyne Galls on Typical Crop
h Sai knot spp. the symptoms rotation.
nematod roots. by Use of trap
e this plant are crops like
Discolor- marigold
ation and radish
shortening sesame.
of leaves, Useof
stunting of bioagent
plant and (Mix FYM
occasionally &
their death. paecilomyces
lilacinus
@45 kg/ha)
Use of
nematicides
 Cow Pod Helicoverp Eggs: - spherical Defoliation Bird
Man - Pea bore a armigera creamy white, in early perches@
e sh r singly laid. stages. 50/ha.
sai Larva: - colour larva˚s head Ligh trap.
variation from alone thrust Pheromone
greenish to inside and trap@12/ha
brown. the rest of NPV@250L
Pupa: - brown the E/ha+0.1%
in colour, occurs body teepol.
in soil, leaf pod hanging out. NSKE-5%
and crop debris. pods with twice
Adult: - light round followed by
pale brownish holes. Triazophos
yellow stout 0.05%
moth. Forewing Monocrotop
grey to pale hos
brown with V 36SC@625
shaped speck. ml/ha.
Hind wings are
pale smoky
white with a
broad
blackish
outer margin

3. Cauli- Diamon Plutella Eggs: - It makes Mustard as

Virendr flowe d back xylostell minute bite holes trap crop.
r moth a yellow- in leaves, Spray 750ml
colored Causes of Dipel or
leaves excess 750gm of
upper defoliation. Halt WP (Bacillus
(surface) severe thurin- giensis
Larva: - var. kursatki) in
attacks
pale 200 - 250 lit water
yellowish could abort
head in eve. At 1 week
green interval.
caterpillar formation.
. Pupa: -
in foliage
in
transparent
cocoon.
Adult: -
small
greyish
brown.
 Forewings
have three
white
triangular
spots along
the inter
margin.

4) Bitter Red Raphido- Grub: - Grub bore Sow the crop in

virendr gourd pumpkin palpa freshly into the November. to avoid
a beetle foveicollis hatched roots, damage.
Paikra dirty white, underground In infested. After
fully grown stems and harvesting the
grub sometime infested fields,
creamy into fruits plough deep to kill
yellow in touching the grub in soil.
colour. the soil. spray 375g
A. Beetle carbaryl 50 WP in
foveicollis: injures the 250 lit water/ha.
- red in cotyledons,
colour flowers and
foliage by
biting holes
into them.
5) Okra Red Dysdrecus Nymphs Infested biocontrol agent
virendr cotton cingulatus &adults seeds harpactor costallis
a bug Reddish become predaceous on
Paikra bugs with shriveled nymph and
white bands and adults. Spray
on the discoloured. phosphomai don
abdomen 40 SL
and black @600ml/ha.
markings on
the wings.
FIG:- Identification of Major Insect & Pest
D

P
 ACTIVITY NO-02
Demonstration of Agni Astra

DATE- 26/04/2024
PLACE-GINABAHAR
MATERIAL REQUAIRMENT

Method:-

First of all, 0.5kg chilli and 300gm garlic were ground and dissolved in water in 5 liters of water, after

mixing well, the remains of garlic and chilli were separated with the help of a filter and the prepared

mixture was kept clean.The prepared mixture was mixed well and filled in a clean bottle.
 ACTIVITY NO:-03
Demonstration of Light Trap & Yellow Sticky
Trap DATE:-23/04/24
PLACE:- GINABAHAR
On 23 April 2024, we discussed & Demonstrated the information about the
Light & Yellow sticky trap and alsointroduce the importance in reducing
the Insect in land.

Light Traps
 Light trap technology is developed based on the behaviour of attraction of insects to
light sources.
 Light source of trap attracts both sexes of flying insects.
 The light traps are effective only during night hours and the insects caught should be
collected and killed daily early morning of next day or they can be killed by keeping
cotton swab with any insecticides.
 It is useful to monitor the activities of insect pests and to time the plant
protection measures.
 Battery operated LED light sources can be used in rainfed/dryland condition where
power source is not practically possible.

Pest attracted

Armyworm, bugs, cutworm, flies, gnats, bollworm, leafhoppers, plant hoppers, stem borers.

Yellow Sticky Trap

Pest attracted
White flies, aphids, leaf miners

Crops

Cotton, mustard, vegetable and flowers.

Yellow STICKY TRAPS

• Sticky traps, also known as adhesive traps or glue traps, are commonly used in pest
control to catch and monitor various pests without the use of harmful chemicals.

• They work by using a sticky substance to trap insects or rodents that come into contact
with them.

• The color of sticky traps is an important factor in attracting specific types of pests.

• Different are used to target various insects and pests.

Fig:- Yellow Sticky Trap Fig:- Light Trap

 ACTIVITY NO:-04
Information given to the farmers about Insecticidal
Toxicity DATE:-05/04/24
PLACE:- GINABAHAR
We gave information about insecticidal toxicity.

S. Toxicity Symbol Toxicity in mg/kg Examples of pesticide

No.
1 Very Stomach 1-50  Aluminium phosphate
highly Contact 1-200  Monocrotophas
Toxic  Phorate
 Methyl
parathion zinc
Phosphide etc.

2 Highly Stomach 51-500  Carbaryl,

toxic Chlorpyriphos
Contact 201-
2000  Dimethoate

3 Medium Stomach 501-  Ethophenprox

toxic 5000
Contact 201-  EDB. Dicophol
2000  Malathion
 Triazophosetc,
4 Low Stomach 5000  Acephate, neem
toxic Contact 2000  Product etc.
 ACTIVITY NO:-05

Demonstration about precaution and Safe guard to

betaken by farmer at the time of Chemical Spray
DATE:- /05/24

PLACE:-GINABAHAR

Before Spraying
 Identify the pest and asvertain the damage done.
 Use pesticide only if it has exceeded the Economical Injury Level.
 Use only the recommended pesticide which is the least toxic.
 Read instructions manual of the pesticide and equipment.
 Check the spraying equipment and accessories which are to be used.
 Ascertain that all components are clean, especially filling and
suction strainer, sprayer tank, cut off device and nozzle.
 Replace worn out parts such as 'O' ring, seal, gasket, worn out nozzle
tip, hose clamps and valves.
 Test the sprayer and ascertain whether it pumps the required output
at rated pressure. Check the nozzle spray pattern and a discharge
rate.
 Calibrate the sprayer. Set spraying speed and nozzle swath by
adjusting spray height and nozzle spacing.
 Make sure that appropriate protective clothing is available and is used.
 Train all concerned with the application and also understand the
recommendations. Ensure that soap, and plenty of water is
available.
 Pesticides should be kept in a dry, locked store.

During Spraying
 Take only sufficient pesticide for the day's application from the store
to the site.
 DO NOT transfer pesticides from original container and packing into
the containers.
 Recheck the use instructions of pesticide and equipment.
 Make sure pesticides are mixed in the correct quantities.
 Wear appropriate clothing.
 Avoid contamination of the skin especially eyes and mouth.
 Liquid formulation should be poured carefully to avoid splashing.
  Do not spray in high wind, high temperature and rain.
 Avoid drift by selecting proper direction of spraying and also
holding nozzle and boom at a proper height.
 Start spraying near the down wind edge of the field and proceed
upwind so that operator moves into unsprayed area.
 Never eat, drink or smoke when mixing or applying pesticides.
 NEVER blow out clogged nozzles or hoses with your mouth.
 Follow correct spray technique. Spray plant crop thoroughly
by operating sprayer at correct speed and correct pressure.
 Never allow children or other unauthorized persons to be nearby during
mixing. NEVER leave pesticides unattended in the field. Never spray if
the wind is blowing towards grazing lives tock or pastures regularly
used.

After Spraying
 Remaining pesticides left in the tank after spraying should be
emptied and disposed off in pits dug on wasteland.
 Never empty the tank into irrigation canals or ponds.
 Never leave unused pesticides in sprayers. Always clean
equipment properly. After use, oil it and then keep away in store
room.
 Do not use empty pesticide containers for any purpose.
 Crush and bury the containers preferably in a land filled dump.
 Clean buckets, sticks, measuring jars ,etc. used in preparing the
spray solution.
 Remove and wash protective clothing and footwear. Wash yourseld
put on clean clothing.
 Keep an accurate record of pesticide usuage.
 Prevent persons from entering treated areas until it is safe to do so.
 Mark the sprayed plots with a flag.

FIG:- Precaution & Safeguard

 ACTIVITY NO:-06

Demonstration & Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture

DATE:-06/05/24

PLACE:-

GINABAHAR
Advantages: -
• It is easily preparing according to need.
• A normal farmer can afford this easily.
• Bordeaux Paste use to control fungal disease.
• Used to control many fungal diseases of horticultural crops viz; fruit trees and
plantation crops.
• Bordeaux mixture is too cheap than other fungicides.
• Method of preparation of Bordeaux mixture is very easy.

Ingredient used: -
• Copper sulphate (CuSo4)
• Quick lime [ Ca (OH)2]
• Water (H2O)
• Water container

Several ratios: -
• Bordeaux mixture 1:1:1
• Bordeaux pastes 4:2:1

Procedure of preparation: -
• Preparation of standard 1:1:1 Bordeaux Paste is made by dissolving 100 gm CuSo4
and 100 gm [Ca (OH)2] in a liter of water. In a wooden or earthen container.
• At first stock solution of the 2 constituents are prepared by dissolving 100 gm in ½
liter of water.
• For preparation of lime solution stock, the lime with small quantity of water and
makes a thin paste before the remaining water is to be added.
• The two-stock solution are mixed together just before use by pouring the CuSo4
solution in the lime solution.
• The find reaction of the mixture should be either neutral or slightly alkaline. Result:
Effective in control of many fungal disease of horticulture crop, like fruit trees and
plantation crops.

Farmer’s Response:
This technique (Bordeaux paste) was new for the farmers hence, they gave good response to
us and appreciated to prepare Bordeaux Paste& mixture.

FIG:- Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture

 ACTIVITY NO:-07

Demonstration & Preparation of Neem Extract(Neemastra)

DATE:-08/04/24

PLACE:- KHAJURBAHAR
Neemastra is an organic preparation used in zero budget farming. It is usefulagainst sucking
pests and mealy bugs.

Material Required
1. Water(100litre)
2. Local cow urine(5 Litres)
3. Local cow dung(5kg)
4. Crush neem leaves(5kg)

Preparation:-
 Take 100 liters of water in a drum.
 Add 5 liters of local cow urine and 5 kg local cow dung into it.
 Crush 5 kg of neem leaves and add it into the water.
 Allow it to ferment for 24 hours.
 Stir this solution twice a day by a stick.
 Filter this by cloth.
 Use this for foliar spray in one acre.

Advantages of Bordeaux mixture

 Very easy and can prepared by farmers themselves.

 Can act as fungicide, bactericide and algaecide.
 Applicable to tomato, potato, chilli, other vegetables, fruits (orange, lime, lemon),
beetel vine, ginger, flower and ornamental plant diseases such as foot rot, stem rot,
leaf spot, leaf blight, anthracnose, canker, damping off, black spot, downy mildew,
late and early blight etc.
 The chemicals required for this is copper sulphate and lime which
iseasily available in the market.
 All the diseases controlled by copper based fungicides such as leaf
spot,blight diseases can be controlled by this.
 It is less toxic to human as compare to other commercial fungicides.
Disadvantages

 It cannot be keep for long periods (More than 2 days after preparation).
 It cannot be applied during the cold and cloudy weather, as it
causes phytotoxicity to plants.
 It cannot be applied to apple, maize and some of the dwarf rice varieties.
 ACTIVITY NO:-08

Demonstration & Preparation of Bramhatra

DATE
PLACE – GINABAHAR

Grind all the leaves together well. Put this mixture in an earthen pot, add 20 liters of water
and boil it. When it boils, take it out and keep it in the
shade for two to three days to cool. after this

Material required –
 Desi Cow urine
 Neem vantages and leaves cut and ground into paste
 Karanj / Ponga leaves ground into paste.
 Custard apple leaves paste
 Castor leaves paste
 Dhatura leave paste (if Dhatura not available Mango leaves paste)

How to use Brahmastra

Mix 3:100 brahmastra : water and spray it for both big and small pests.
This can be used for 6 months
Benefits of using Brahmastra
Brahmastra is a natural pesticide against large and small insects. Such asborer, pod
borer, and fruit borer.
Sparying this on crops controlls and treats pests like :

1. Sucking Pests 2. Pod Bore 3. Fruit borer

 ACTIVITY NO:-09

Demonstration & Preparation of Bird Perches for Insect & Pest

DATE:-12/04/24

PLACE:- KHAJURBAHAR
Bird percher

Bird perchers are resting places for predatory birds to rest and to look for preys;such as
insect pests of cotton, peanuts, and cowpeas. Predatory birds prefer to look for prey in field
crops where they have places to rest.

Materials required

 Bamboo poles or wooden poles,

 Nails
 Rope
 grease

Methodology

 Use hollow bamboo or wooden poles for making the bird perches
 Make a window slit near to upper node of the bamboo.
 Collect egg mass from the fields and put inside slit least part of the
leaf.Provide resting place for the birds on the bamboo pole.
 Apply grease around the slit so that the birds sitting can predate upon
theemerged larvae.
 Once the birds are on the field, they prey on cotton bollworms and otherinsects.

FIG:- Bird perches

 ACTIVITY NO:-10
Demonstration of Pheromone Trap
DATE:-15/04/24

PLACE:-
KHAJURBAHAR
INTRODUCTION: -

Using pheromone traps can be used to monitor target pests in agriculture or in

residential areas. By constantly monitoring for insect, it may be possible to detect an
infestation before it occurs. It can also limit the presence of stinging insects near
you. With 12-15 traps in a paddy field ofone hectare. There are specific traps for
paste like yellow stem borer which cause maximum damage to paddy fields.

USES OF PHEROMON TRAPS:

Each pheromone is designed for a specific insect no trap will be effectivefor all
insects. Some pheromone may be lower risk than conventional pesticides. Lures
need to be replaced often to better trap new insects.
Pheromone traps attract pests. Do not place them in high traffic areas nearpeople or
gardens, especially for wasps, hornets, or crop-damaging insects.

ADVANTAGE OF PHEROMON TRAPS:

• Pheromone trap can help find location where the pests are becoming
established.
• Sometimes traps can also remove large populations.
• Insect pheromone include their high species specificity and relatively lowtoxicity.