ANALOG SYSTEMS : PROBLEM SET 2

Problem 1 vi 5K vx 15K

(a)
R1 R2 R4 vo

R3
+ v vo vi
− i
5V
t
-5V

(b) R1 Rx
Figure 3: Circuit for Problem 3.

+ v vo ±9 V. The input to the amplifier is shown. Sketch the out-

− i
put and the voltage vx at the virtual ground node. What is
the maximum input amplitude that will ensure a distortion
free output?

Figure 1: Circuits for Problem 1.

Problem 4
In the circuits above, determine the signs on the
opamps for negative feedback operation, and determine
10K 5V
vo /vi . When realizing a gain with a large magnitude, what
−
+
might be the advantage of the circuit of (a) over that in (b)?

vo
Problem 2
10K 10K
R1
v1
R2 R4 0.2mA 10K
v2
R3
v3
vo
vo

10K 10K
Figure 2: Circuit for Problem 2.
Figure 4: Circuits for Problem 4.
In the circuit above, determine the signs on the opamp
to ensure negative feedback. Also determine vo in terms of In the circuits above, mark the signs on the opamp for
v1 , v2 and v3 . negative feedback operation, and determine vo .

Problem 3 Problem 5
In the figure, the opamp is operated with dual supplies In the circuits above, mark the signs on the opamp for neg-
of ±10 V. The saturation limits of may be assumed to be ative feedback operation, and determine vo .

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 50K 20K

+ R1
0.2V vo v1
−
R2 Rx
v2
R3
10K 40K v3
R4 vo
v4
1K 10K R5
v5
R6
v6
0.2mA vo
Ry

10K 40K
Figure 7: Circuit for Problem 7.

Figure 5: Circuits for Problem 5.

Problem 6

3K 4K

iin vo
vi +
−
vo R3 R2 R1
Rin

R4
2K 1K

Figure 6: Circuits for Problem 6.

In the circuit above, mark the signs on the opamp for Figure 8: Circuit for Problem 8.
negative feedback operation, and determine vo . Determine
the input resistance looking in, as denoted by Rin .

Problem 7
In the circuit above, mark the signs on the opamp for neg- R1 R2
ative feedback operation, and determine vo in terms of
v1 , · · · , v 6 .

Problem 8 R1 R2

In the circuit above, mark the signs on the opamp for neg- + vi
ative feedback operation, and determine vo . −
RL

Problem 9
Figure 9: Circuit for Problem 9.
In the circuit above, mark the signs on the opamp for nega-
tive feedback operation, and determine the Norton equiv-
alent for the circuit looking across the load resistor RL .

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Problem 10 + + vo
ve
+ vi - -
−
VB RL

RB 10V (n-1)R1
Rs R1
vo
+ C1
vi
− C2 vo vo
RL
(a) vmax (b) vmax
R2 0.5vmax slope=A/3
R1 Slope=A slope=A
ve ve

0.5*Vdd

Figure 10: Circuit for Problem 10.

Figure 11: Circuit for Problem 11.
The circuit above shows an amplifier intended for au-
dio applications. The lowest frequency of interest, there-
fore, is 20 Hz. The opamp is operated with a single supply. vi + vo
Assume VDD = 10 V.
-
voff + RL
−
• Mark the signs on the opamp for negative feedback
operation.Determine VB so that no dc current flows (n-1)R1
through R1 . R1

• R1 = 10 K, Rs = 50 K and RL = 1 K. C1 = 1 µF. Deter-

mine RB so that the ac voltage across C1 at the lowest
frequency of interest is less than 1% of vi . Figure 12: Circuit for Problem 12.

• Determine C2 so that the ac voltage across it at the

lowest frequency of interest is less than 1% of the ac
amplitude across the load resistor.
Problem 12

• Determine R2 to achieve an ac gain of 50. Sketch the This circuit explores another non-ideality of an opamp,
magnitude of the transfer function from vi to vo . namely offset. In an ideal opamp, vo = Ave , with A → ∞.
In reality, it turns out that if the opamp does not saturate,
• Determine the largest input amplitude of a 1 kHz si- its output can be expressed as vo = A(ve − vof f ), with
nusoid that will result in a distortion free output. The A → ∞. Draw the characteristics of an ideal opamp as-
opamp saturates if its output attempts to go to within suming saturation, and that of the opamp with an offset
1 V of its supply rails. voltage. What is the output dc offset of the amplifier of
Fig. 12?

Problem 11

This problem illustrates another aspect of negative feed-

back, namely pre-distortion. In the amplifier above, the Problem 13
opamp is non-ideal. We will consider two cases. In
the first, the opamp’s input characteristic is as shown in
The figure above shows three different ways of achieving
Fig. 11(a). Plot the error voltage ve between the input
an amplifier with a gain of n2 , where n2 ≫ 1. If vof f,1,2 = 0
terminals of the opamp as vi is swept from −vmax /n to
and the opamps have infinite gain, all three are equivalent.
vmax /n. Assume that A/n ≫ 1.
When the opamps have a finite gain A, the gains will de-
In class we assumed that the opamp characteristic sat- viate from the ideal value of n2 . Determine the output off-
urates abruptly. In reality, saturation occurs in a gentler set voltage and gain in each of the three cases. Make suit-
fashion. An example is shown in Fig. 11(b). On the same able approximations, such as 1/(1 + x) ≈ 1 − x for small x
graph as you plotted for the previous part, plot ve as vi is etc. Which of the amplifiers above is least tolerant of finite
swept. What do you notice? opamp gain? Which is the most tolerant?

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 Problem 14
In many precision sensing applications, amplifier offset
can be (very) problematic. This problem illustrates the idea
of chopping, which is one way of solving the offset prob-
vi + vo lem. The amplifier’s offset is modeled by voff .The input u
-
is multiplied by a square wave with 50% duty cycle, pro-
cessed by the amplifier (whose gain is A). The output of
(a) voff,1 +
−
the amplifier is multiplied by the same square wave, and
passed through a low-pass filter. p(t) has a fundamental
(n2-1)R1
R1 frequency of fc , as shown in Fig. 14. For the purposes of
this problem, you can assume that the filter is ideal and
has a cut-off frequency smaller than fc .
Assuming u is dc, plot the signals at a , the amplifier
vi + + output, b and at y. What is y/u?
vo
- - Repeat the exercise above assuming that the amplifier,
voff,1 +− voff,2 +− in addition to offset, has finite bandwidth. For simplicity,
(b)
assume that the transfer function of the amplifier is
(n-1)R1 (n-1)R1
R1 R1 Ao
A(s) = (1)
1 + sτ

where τ fc ≪ 1.
(c) vi +
+
- vo
voff,1 +
−
- Problem 15
voff,2 +
−

R1 (n-1)R1 R R
vi vo1 vo2

(a) C C
(n2-1)R1
R1
vi

R1 vx R2 R1 vx R2
vi vo1 vo2
Figure 13: Circuit for Problem 13. + +
(b) C1 Avx C2 C1 Avx C2
- -

vi

C3 C3
R1 R2 R1 R2
vi vo1 vo2

(c) C1 C2 C1 C2

vi

a b Lowpass vi vo1 vo2

u A y (d)
Filter N N
p(t) vof f p(t)
p(t)

... ... 1 vi
−1

Figure 14: Circuit for Problem 14. Figure 15: Circuit for Problem 15.

For each of the networks in parts (a), (b) and (c) above,
determine H1 (s) = Vo1 (s)/Vi (s) and H2 (s) = Vo2 (s)/Vi (s).
Is there a pattern you notice? Generalize it to an arbitrary
linear network of Fig. 15(d).

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Problem 16 Problem 18

R1 vx R2 R1 vx R2
vi vo1 vo2 vi + +
+ + vo1 vo2
(a) C1 Avx C2 C1 Avx C2 - -
- -
vi
(a)
C3 C3 (n2-1)R1 (n2-1)R1
R1 R1
R1 R2 R1 R2
vi vo1 vo2
vi
(b) C1 C2 C1 C2
vi +
vi +
- vo1
-
Figure 16: Circuit for Problem 16. (b)
(n-1)R1
For each of the networks in parts (a), (b) above, deter- R1 (n-1)R1
mine H1 (s) = Vo1 (s)/Vi (s) and H2 (s) = Vo2 (s)/Vi (s). Does R1
the pattern you noticed in the previous problem still hold?
+
+
Problem 17 - vo2
-

vi + vx (n-1)R1
vo R1 (n-1)R1
+
−

R1
-
(a) vi

(n2-1)R1 vi
R1 (c) +
+
- vo1
-
vi + vx
+ vy
+
−

R1 (n-1)R1
- vo
+
−

-
(b) (n2-1)R1
R1
(n-1)R1
R1 (n-1)R1
R1
+
+
vx - vo2
(c) vi +
-
+ vy
+
−

- vo
+
−

-
R1 (n-1)R1

R1 (n-1)R1 (n2-1)R1
R1

(n2-1)R1 vi
R1
Figure 18: Circuit for Problem 18.

Figure 17: Circuit for Problem 17. The opamps are ideal. For each of the networks in
parts (a), (b) and (c) above, determine H1 = vo1 /vi and
H2 (s) = vo2 /vi . Is there a pattern you notice?
For each of the circuits above, the opamps are ideal.
Determine vo . Recall that the ideal opamp is a VCVS with infinite

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