BASIC CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 06
PAINT , VARNISH , INSULATORS , POLYMERS , ADHESIVES AND LUBRICANT

Syllabus
6.1 Paints: Purpose of applying paint, Characteristics of paints, Ingredients of paints, Function and
Examples of each ingredients
6.2 Varnish: Types, Difference between paints and varnishes
6.3 Insulators: Characteristics,Classification, Properties and Application of Glass wool, Thermocole
6.4 Polymer and Monomer, Classification:on the basis of Molecular structure, on the basis of monomers
(homo polymer n and copolymer), on the basis of Thermal behavior(Thermoplastics and Thermosetting)
6.5 Types Polymerization Reaction,Addition Polymerization, Condensation Polymerization, Synthesis,
properties and application of Polyethylene, Polyvinyl chloride, Teflon. Polystyrene,Phenol formaldehyde,
Epoxy Resin
6.6 Adhesives: Characteristics,Classification and their uses.
6.7 Lubricants: Classification, properties and applications

PAINTS
Paint is a mechanical dispersion mixture of pigment in a medium (or vehicle) .
Organic coatings such as paints, Varnishes, enamels and lacquer are applied on Metals for protection from
corrosion .
Characteristics of a Good paint :
❖ It forms an impervious and uniform film.
❖ It should have high covering power
❖ it should not crack on drying.
❖ Good resistance to atmospheric conditions.
Constituents / Ingredients of paints :
Pigment, vehicle , Thinner, Driers, filler (extenders) , plasticizers.
1. Pigment provides colour to the paint
❖ Pigment also gives opacity, strength and desired Colors to paint.
❖ white pigment: Ex white lead, ZnO, BaSO4 , TiO2.
❖ Blue pigment: Ex Prussion blue.
❖ Black Pigment: Ex graphite , carbon black.
❖ Red Pigment : red lead, Fe2O3.
❖ Green pigment :Chromium oxide.
2. Vehicle is the film forming constituent of paint .
❖ EX vegetables oil ,animal oil etc
❖
3. Thinners reduce the viscosity of paint.
❖ EX Turpentine oil , Dipentene , Kerosene
4. Driers help in drying of paint .
❖ Driers like metallic soap (salts of fatty acids with metals - like lead, Mn, Co, an etc) are
added in case of drying oil to accelerate film formation.
5. Fillers help to fill voids in film. Ex Talc ,mica,Lime
6. Plasticizers provide elasticity to paint film.
❖ Plasticizers Ex are Tricresyl phosphate, Tri butyl phthalate ,Diamyl phthalate, Dibutyl tartrate.

VARNISHES
Varnishes is a homogeneous Colloidal dispersion of resin in oil or thinner.
Varnishes do not have pigment like paint.
Types of varnishes
❖ Oil varnish
❖ Spirit Varnish (Shellac Varnish )

INSULATORS
Insulators are materials which retards the flow of Heat are called Thermal Insulators.
Insulators are materials which retards the flow of Electricity are called Electrical Insulators.
Thermal Insulators : Ex Glass wool, thermocol.
Glasswool:
Glasswool is an insulating material made of filament of alkali free glass.
Glass wool is a chemical resistant material, so is used for filtering corrosive chemicals.
Glass wool is used in Air Conditioning Systems for Insulation.
Thermocol
Thermocol is also called foamed plastic.
Thermocol is made from polystyrene plastic by blowing air through molten polystyrene.
Thermocol is used for insulation purposes.
POLYMERS
Polymers : poly means many and mer means molecule or units.
Thus when a large number of molecules (monomer ) are linked together by covalent bond to form Polymer .

Classification of polymers based on:

Polymerisation Reaction :
❖ Additión polymers
❖ Condensation polymers
Chain structure :
❖ Linear polymer
❖ Branched (Cross linked polymer)
Thermal behaviour :
❖ Thermosetting polymer
❖ Thermoplastics polymer.

Types of Plastic:
Thermoplastics (Thermosoftening plastics) are the polymers which soften on heating .
Thermosoftening plastics are soluble in organic solvents
❖ Ex-Polyethylene, polystyrene , PVC, Teflon, etc -
Thermosetting plastics are the polymers which do not soften on heating rather undergo permanent change
on heating.
Thermosetting plastics are insoluble in organic solvents.
Thermosetting plastics are also called thermoset (do not Soften on heating)
❖ Ex Bakelite, polyester.
Preparation of Plastic
Polyethene is prepared by Ethene.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is prepared by vinyl chloride

PVC plastics are resistant to light, atmospheric oxygen inorganic acids and alkalis.
PVC plastics are soluble in hot chlorinated hydrocarbons like ethyl chloride.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON or PTFE )
Teflon is a Hard and rigid plastic.

Epoxy resin
Epoxy resin is prepared by combination of Epichlorohydrin and bisphenol.
Preparation of Epichlorohydrin
prepared by chlorination of propylene

❖ Epoxy resins are used for a surface coatings,

❖ Skid resistant surfaces.
❖ It is also used as adhesives for Laminating materials

ADHESIVES
Adhesives are substances capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.
Classification of Adhesives :Thermosetting synthetic resin -
❖ Phenol formaldehyde resins are used for making waterproof Plywoods & laminates.
❖ Urea formaldehyde resins are used for bonding wooden - Surface, plywoods ,laminates.
❖ Epoxy resins are used for bonding glass, metallic and ceramics articles..
Thermo softening resins :
❖ Acrylics are used for bonding cloth, paper, glass leather etc.
❖ Polyvinyl (like PVC, Polyvinyl acetate): Used for bonding non-porous surfaces, in the
❖ sealing operation in the food industry.

Natural resin adhesives :

❖ Shellac resin are used for making Conveyor belts
❖ Starch adhesives are used for making of envelope, Stamps, note books, binding books and
other paper goods
❖ Animal glues are used for making furniture , Radio Cabinets etc.

LUBRICANTS
Lubricants are substances which reduce friction between two moving surfaces.
lubrication results in reduction of friction and wear.
Classification of lubricant.
1. Solid lubricants :
❖ Ex Graphite , Molybdenum disulphide, Talc, Soapstone etc
2. Semi- Solid lubricant : Ex Grease
❖ Soap (Gelling agent) +Synthetic or oil þetroleum Oil → Grease.
❖ Greases are prepared by the saponification of fats
3. Liquid lubricant
Ex Animal Oil, Vegetable Oil, mineral Oil, Blended Oils .
Properties of Lubricant :
Viscosity is the property of liquid.
❖ Viscosity is the resistance to flow of a liquid .
❖ Viscosity of lubricating oil can be measured by using a Redwood Viscometer.
❖ Viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
❖ Viscosity of a good lubricating Oil must not change much with a change in temperature.
Viscosity Index (V.I) - The rate at which the Viscosity of an oil changes with temperature.
❖ Good lubricating oil should have moderate Viscosity & high viscosity Index.
Flash point and Fire point can be dēlermined by Abel's flash point apparatus and Pensky Martens
apparatus
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the lubricant gives off enough vapour to cause
 a momentary flash.
❖ Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the oil Vapours Catch fire and burn for at least 5
seconds.
❖ Good lubricant should have a high flash & fire point .
Cloud point & Pour point of good lubricant should be low.
❖ Cloud point is the Temperature at which oil becomes Cloudy in appearance, when slowly
cooled.
❖ Pour point is the temperature at which oil ceases or stops to flow .

Oiliness is the measure of the capacity of oil to Stick on to the surface.

❖ Good lubricant should have high oiliness.
Acid Value (Neutralisation Number) is the number of milligrams of KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)
required to neutralize free acid present in 1gm of lubricating oil.

Applications of lubricant
In watches, Hazelnut oil is used for lubrication
In Aircrafts, Solid Lubricants are used
In Heavy machines Greases are used .
In Sewing machine vegetable oil is used.
Solid lubricants:
Solid lubricants are used in the form of dry powder or mixed with water or oil.
Solid lubricants are used where the load is too high
They are especially useful at high and low temperatures.
Examples: Graphite, molybdenum disulphide, hexagonal boron nitride,
tungsten disulphide, soapstone, talc, mica, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc.
Applications of solid lubricants:
Examples-
Graphite: Graphite is widely used as a solid lubricant because of its low cost and excellent
lubricating action. Applications:
1. It is used in air compressors, food industry and railway track joints.
2. They are used in brass instrument valves, open gear, ball bearings, machine shop works etc.
Molybdenum disulphide: It is used up to 400 Degree C.
Semi Solid lubricants
Greases, Vaseline, waxes are the semisolid lubricants.

Applications of semisolid lubricants:

1. It is used in high pressure applications and during metal cutting where liquid lubricants
cannot be retained.
2. Greases are used where oil drip is undesirable because of heavy pressure.
Liquid lubricants:
These are mainly lubricating oils, They are used as cutting fluids in cutting, grinding, trading and drilling of
the metals. Cutting fluids are used in machining operations where friction is very high
1. Liquid lubricants are used in medicines.
2. They are used in machinery as engine oils, compressor oils, gear oils and piston oils.
3. They are used as hydraulic, brake and gearbox fluids.