DR Nickaf Paints Basics

WHAT IS
PAINT
PAINT
• Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic
composition that, after application to a
substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid
film.
• It is most commonly used to protect, color,
or provide texture to
objects.
• Paint can be made or purchased in many
colors—and in many different types, such
as watercolor, synthetic, etc.
• Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a
liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
Paint industry fall under the category of
surface coating industry.
COMPOSITON OF PAINT
• Paints contain:
• pigment - prime pigments to impart colour and opacity
• binder (resin) - a polymer, often referred to as resin, forming a

matrix to hold the pigment in place
• extender - larger pigment particles added to improve adhesion,
strengthen the film and save binder
• solvent (sometimes called a thinner) - either an organic
solvent or water is used to reduce the viscosity of the paint for better
application. Water-borne paints are replacing some paints that use
volatile organic compounds such as the hydrocarbons which are harmful
to the atmosphere.
• additives - used to modify the properties of the liquid paint or dry film
S O l¥
40%
w h i t t e gloss alkyd paint -

.
Solvents (Liquids)
Pigments
Additives
Resins
(Binder
1 # BINDER
The binder is the film-forming component of
paint.
In a paint mixture, the binder is responsible
for providing adhesion, binding the pigment,
and also gives the paint resistance
properties which make the final coating
tough and durable. The binder itself is clear
and glossy, but the presence of pigment
interferes with this quality
TYPES OF BINDERS
2 # Pigments
• Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to

contribute color. Fillers are granular solids incorporate to
impart toughness, texture, give the paint special properties,
[13] or to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some
paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with
pigments.
P ig m e n ts u s e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t io n o f t h e t e s t p a intin g
Strip Pigments Chemical composition
Number common
name
1 Lead white 2PbCo!<t Pb(OH)?
2 Zinc w hite ZnO
3 Titanium Ti0 2
white
4 Unpainted
canvas
5 Cadmium CdS
yellow
6 Chrome PbCr04
yellow
7 Cadmium red CdSe
8 Vermillion HgS
g Sienna cx.-FeOOH + MnO., + clay+ silica
10 Yellow oc hre cx.-FeOOH + clay + silica
11 Umber Fe203 + Mn02 + clay+ silica
12 Ultramarine N "0AI6Si6 024 S2-4
blue
13 Cobalt blue CoAI O..d
14 Prussian Fe4(Fe(CN).J3
blue
15 Viridian Cr 20(0H)
green
4
16 Chrome Cr 20
green 3 I
3 # Diluent or solvent or
thinner
• In the most basic sense, the liquid component of a paint
is simply responsible for transporting the binder and
pigment to the substrate surface.
• The main purposes of the diluent are to dissolve the
polymer and adjust the viscosity of the paint. It is
volatile and does not become part of the paint film.
• It also controls flow and application properties, and in
some cases can affect the stability of the paint while in
liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the
non volatile
• components. To spread heavier oils (for example,
linseed) as in oil-based interior house paint, a thinner oil
is required. These volatile substances impart their
properties temporarily—once the solvent has
evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed to the
surface.
Types of thinner
• The solvents used as the carrier in paints:
• Water
• White spirits (mineral turpentine spirits). White spirit is a
mixture of is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic
hydrocarbons.
• Xylene is a pure aromatic solvent having benzene ring
structure in its molecule (C8H10).
• Toluene is also a pure aromatic solvent with benzene ring
structure (C6H5CH3).
• Alcohols (n-butanol, isopropanol) are organic compounds
having a hydroxyl groups (-OH) bound to the carbon
atoms of an alkyl group.
• Ketones is an organic solvents, in which carbonyl group
(C=O) is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
4 # ADDITIVES
Depending on the type of paint and intended use, additives may include:
dispersants - to separate and stabilise pigment particles
silicones - to improve weather resistance
driers - to accelerate drying time i.e zicronium ,cobalt , lead , zinc
anti-settling agents - to prevent pigment settling
bactericides - to preserve water based paints in the can
fungicides and algaecides - to protect exterior paint films against

disfigurement from moulds, algae and lichen
FILLERS
• Filler acts as pigment extender .It reduces the paint
cost and also controls the viscosity of paint
• Quartz sand (SiO2). Finely ground quartz is a filler

increasing the abrasion resistance of the paints.
• Talc protects the substrate from the penetrating water.
• Baryte (BaSO4) is a colorless or white inorganic mineral
having high hardness and chemical resistance. It is
used as a reinforcing additive.
• Kaoline Clay is used in emulsion paints as a gloss
reducing
additive.
• Limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) is used in
emulsion paints as a filler extending expensive
pigments.
Types of finishes
There are four types of finishes

• Gloss finish
• Semi gloss finish
• Satin or egg shell finish
• Matt finish
Matt finish
Satin or egg shell finish
Semi gloss finish
Gloss finish
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT
There are two types of paint on the basis of solvent
:
Water based paint
Oil based paint
Water based
paint :
The paints formulated on the base of water as the
major solvent serving as a vehicle carrying the
solid components (binders, pigments and
additives).
Epoxies
Acrylics
Vinyls
Most polymer resins may be used as the binders in water-based paints:
Polyesters
Alkyds
Styrene-
butadiene
Urethanes
Distemper:
Distemper
is a water
based paint
in which
the binding
medium
consists
Oil based – paints :
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint
that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying
oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be
modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or
white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase the
glossiness of the dried oil paint film.
A wide range of hydrocarbon solvents are used for paint

formulation:
Aliphatic compounds (eg. White spirit)
Aromatic compounds(eg. Toluene, Xylene)
Ketones (eg. methyl ethyl keton)
Esters Alcohols
Glycol ethers.
Glycol ether esters.
Emulsion paints :
• Any paint consisting of an emulsion of oil in
water solvent is known as emulsion paint
• Emulsion paint is water based with some
additives to make it more durable, but it can
usually be scrubbed off with water and detergent.
• Modern Emulsions are water-based, with vinyl or
acrylic resins added to make them more hard-
wearing than traditional emulsions. This results in
varying degrees of sheen in the finish; as the
shine increases, the paint tends to be more hard
wearing. The ranges usually offer matt, eggshell,
silk, satin and full ...
Enamel paint
• Enamel paint is paint that air dries to a hard, usually glossy,
finish, used for coating surfaces that are outdoors or
otherwise subject to hard wear or variations in temperature; it
should not be confused with decorated objects in "painted
enamel“
• Water based enamel
• Water based enamel contain acrylic resin as binder. They
contain inflammable solvents ,lower ordour
• Oil based enamel :
Oil based enamel contain Oil or Turps based Alkyds as
binder.
• Contains flammable solvents
• Strong odour due to solvent fumes
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Steps of production
• Paint and coatings are manufactured
through four basic steps, which must be
adapted to the characteristics of different
ingredients:
• Paint & Coatings are made in a batch

process where the appropriate ingredients
are mixed together to attain the type of paint
desired. The ingredients and the paint
mixtures are subjected to stringent tests
throughout the process to ensure quality.
Following are the steps in the maunfacturing of
paint .
1 .Mixinig
2 .Grinding or Milling
3 .Thining or Filtering
4 .Filling
5 .Packaging
6 .Shipment
MIXING
• Silverson high shear mixers are widely used in the
manufacture of paints, inks and coatings. The high
shear action of the rotor/stator workhead can
rapidly disintegrate and dissolve resins and
polymers, disperse pigments and other raw
materials including “functional” ingredients.
• The resin, solvent, and additives are combined in a large
vat. The mill-base is stirred in during this
phase. Any final additions are added during
this stage, if necessary. The finished product
is tested in a laboratory. Before
manufacturing is approved, critical
ingredients are tested.
GRINDING
The paste mixture for most industrial and some consumer
paints is now routed into a sand mill, a large cylinder that
agitates tiny particles of sand or silica to grind the pigment
particles, making them smaller and dispersing them
throughout the mixture. The mixture is then filtered to
remove the sand particles.
DlSPERStat-: MIXER
THINING
• Whether created by a sand mill or a
dispersion tank, the paste must now
be thinned to produce the final
product. Transferred to large kettles,
it is agitated with the proper amount
of solvent for the type of paint desired
• Colour of paint is adjusted in this step
Filtering
• The non dispersed pigment is
removed through filration.
• Centrifuges , screens or pressure
filters are used for the filtration
purpose
Filling and packaging
• The finished paint product is then pumped into the
canning room. For the standard 8 pint (3.78 liter) paint
can available to consumers, empty cans are first rolled
horizontally onto labels, then set upright so that the paint
can be pumped into them. A machine places lids onto
the filled cans, and a second machine presses on the
lids to seal them. From wire that is fed into it from coils,
a bailometer cuts and shapes the handles before
hooking them into holes precut in the cans. A certain
number of cans (usually four) are then boxed and
stacked before being sent to the warehouse.
Properties of an ideal
paint
Some of the typical attributes required can include:
• forming a continuous protective film
• high opacity
• quick drying
• corrosion resistance
• water resistance
• heat resistance
• colour stability (i.e. against visible and ultraviolet radiation)
• abrasion and scratch resistance
• durability
• flexibility
• easily cleaned

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WHAT IS

• pigment - prime pigments to impart colour and opacity

• binder (resin) - a polymer, often referred to as resin, forming a

w h i t t e gloss alkyd paint -

• Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to

dispersants - to separate and stabilise pigment particles

silicones - to improve weather resistance

driers - to accelerate drying time i.e zicronium ,cobalt , lead , zinc

anti-settling agents - to prevent pigment settling

bactericides - to preserve water based paints in the can

fungicides and algaecides - to protect exterior paint films against

• Quartz sand (SiO2). Finely ground quartz is a filler

There are four types of finishes

A wide range of hydrocarbon solvents are used for paint

• Paint & Coatings are made in a batch

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