VERB TENSES Active: I have studied the magazine.

Passive: The magazine has been studied by me.

PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Active: Kiara has deposited the payment.
I am I was I will be Passive: The payment has been deposited by Kiara.
I have I had I will have Active: We have walked three kms.
I do I did I will do Passive: Three km have been walked by us.
Active: Has he called him ?
I say I said I will say Passive: Has he been called by him ?
I buy I bought I will buy Active: They have not studied the course.
I see I saw I will see Passive: The course has not been studied by them.
Active: We have not accepted this proposal.
I talk I talked I will talk Passive: The proposal has not been accepted by us.
I go I went I will go Active: She reads the notification.
I get I got I will get Passive: The notification is read by her. Simple Past Tense Formula
Active: She does not bake chicken. Active Voice: Subject+ past participle+ object
I try I tried I will try Passive Voice: Object + was/were+ past
Passive: Chicken is not baked by her.
I take I took I will take Active: Does she buy clothes? participle+ by subject
Passive: Are clothes bought by her? Active: She wiped the floor.
Active: They plant flowers. Passive: The floor was wiped by her.
Passive: Flowers are planted by them. Active: Jeffy purchased a new scooter.
PRESEN Active: He trains me. Passive: A new scooter was bought by Jeffy.
PAST FUTURE
T Passive: I am trained by him. Active: The tutor administered the kids.
Passive: The kids were administered by the tutor.
I am I was I will be
Present Continuous Tense Formula Active: Sheena snatched his purse.
You are You were You will be Active Voice = Passive: His purse was snatched by Sheena.
He is He was He will be Subject+ to be (is, am, are)+ past participle + Active: Rita deposited all her money.
Object Passive: All her money were deposited by Rita.
It is It was It will be Passive Voice= Active: Roma mopped the kitchen slab.
We are We were We will be Object + to be (is, am, are) + being+ past Passive: The kitchen slab was mopped by Roma.
participle+ by subject Active: Alia purchased a treadmill.
What is the voice of the verb? Active: Leena is humming a tune. Passive: A treadmill was purchased by Alia.
Passive: A tune is being hummed by Leena. Active: Neeta called my office colleagues.
the voice of the verb refers to the relationship Active: Kanika is not slicing the potatoes. Passive: My office colleagues were called by Neeta.
between the subject of the sentence and the Passive: Potatoes are not being sliced by Kanika. Active: I rescued the puppy.
verb. Active: Is Reena purchasing a car? Passive: The puppy was rescued by me.
Active voice- is when the subject is doing the Passive: Is a car being purchased by Reena? Active: Mohini cleared the dues.
action on the receiver.
Active: They are helping needy kids. Passive: The dues were cleared by Mohini.
Formula: SUBJECT (DOER) + VERB + OBJECT
Passive: Needy kids are being helped by them.
(RECEIVER)
Active: He is annoying Dharmesh. Past Continuous Tense Formula
Jaica ate the nuggets. Passive: Dharmesh is being annoyed by him. Active Voice: Subject + was/were+ present
Subject verb object Active: Reena is drawing the painting. participle+ object
Passive Voice- is when the action is Passive: Painting is being drawn by Reena. Passive Voice: Object + was/were+ being+
happening to the subject. It tells us what is Active: Teachers are giving the gift. pas participle+ by Subject.
done to someone or to something. Passive: Gift is being given by teachers. Active: Neelu was ironing the shirt.
Formula: SUBJECT (RECEIVER) + VERB (BE- Active: Deepak is waiting for the train. Passive: The shirt was being ironed by Neelu.
VERB) + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY +OBJECT Passive: The train is being waited by Deepak. Active: Munna was inspecting the file.
(DOER) Active: Biban is writing a novel. Passive: The file was being inspected by Munna.
The nuggets were eaten by Sam. Passive: A novel is being written by Biban. Active: Were you playing the piano ?
Active: She is helping the poor women. Passive: Was the piano being played ?
REMEMBER!!! Passive: Poor women are being helped by her. Active: She was toasting the bread.
A VERB changes its form when you change Passive: The bread was being toasted by her.
the voice from Active to Passive Voice. Present Perfect Tense Active: Lokesh was staring at me.
-In the PRESENT TENSE use the Present form Active Voice= Subject+ have/has+ past Passive: I was being stared at by Lokesh.
of the helping verbs + PAST PARTICIPLE of participle+ object Active: I was looking for Meena.
the Verb. Passive Voice=Object + have/has been+ past Passive: Meena was being looked by me.
-In the PAST TENSE (was/were + PAST participle+ by subject Active: She was crafting an antique.
PARTICIPLE) Active: Nita has confronted him. Passive: An antique was being crafted by her.
-In the FUTURE TENSE(will, shall + PAST Passive: He has been confronted by Nita. Active: Anna was learning Japanese.
PARTICIPLE) Active: Radha has not composed a song. Passive: Japanese was being learned by Anna.
Passive: A song has not been composed by Radha. Active: They were adorning the mansion.
Active: Have they abandoned the institution? Passive: The mansion was being adorned by them.
Passive: Has the institution been abandoned by the Active: He was flying the plane.
institution? Passive: The plane was being flown by him.
Active: Seema has crafted this showpiece. Past Perfect Tense
Passive: This showpiece has been crafted by Past Perfect Tense Formula
Seema.
Active Voice: Subject+ Had+ past participle+ Present Continuous Tense The formula for Active and Passive using Can
Object So, you should now have all of the Active Voice: Subject+ can+ infinitive+ object
Passive Voice: Object+ had been+ past information you need to make changes to a Passive Voice: Object+ can be+ past
participle= by subject. sentence using Active and Passive Voice participle+ by subject
Active: She had abandoned that flat. formulas and examples in all tenses. Examples
Passive: That flat was abandoned by her. Intransitive Verb Also Cannot Be Transformed Active: He can buy all the fruits.
Active: I had accomplished my goal. in Passive Voice. Passive: All the fruits can be bought by him.
Passive: My goal has been accomplished by me. A verb can be transitive or intransitive. The Active: Can he play the piano ?
Active: Lina had skipped the last examination. primary difference between the two is that a Passive: Can the violin be played by him ?
Passive: The last examination had been missed by transitive verb requires an object for it to However, this rule also applies in the case of
Lina.
make complete sense. However, this is not negative sentences, i.e., sentences with can
Active: He had drafted the petition.
the case in in- transitive they don't really not.
Passive: The petition had been drafted by him.
Active: Rena had finished his lecture. need an object for a sentence to make Let us have a look at the examples;
Passive: His lecture had been finished by Rena. complete sense. Let us have a look at a few Active: Romy cannot purchase this mobile.
Active: Mina had littered the room. examples; Passive: This mobile cannot be purchased by
Passive: The room had been littered by Mina. She sent a gift - This is a transitive verb. Here Romy.
Active: Vishi had not collected the packet. sent is a transitive verb that requires an Active: Raju cannot fix the problem.
Passive: The packet had not been collected object, i.e., a gift, to convey the complete Passive: The problem cannot be fixed by
by Vishi. meaning. Raju.
Active: Vimal had resolved the issue. Intransitive Verb: She smiles (smiles is an Active and Passive Voice Examples With
Passive: The issue had been resolved by Vimal. intransitive verb and doesn't need an object Answers (Using May)
Active: Had they arrested the culprit? to convey the complete meaning). Other The formula for Active and Passive using
Passive: Had the culprit been arrested by them ? examples of intransitive verbs include - laugh, Can
Active: I had submitted the task. sleep, reach, sit, etc. Active Voice: Subject+ may+ infinitive+
Passive: The task had been submitted by me. So these sentences do not require any object, object
so hence these cannot be changed into Passive Voice: Object+ may be+ past
Simple Future Tense Formula passive voice. participle+ by subject
Active Voice: Subject+ will+ infinitive+ object Some of the examples of the same are; Examples;
Passive Voice: Object + will+ be+ past She is laughing. Active: She may buy a new laptop.
participle+ by subject She has gone. Passive: A new laptop may be bought by her.
Active: I shall study the case. They died in 2020. Active: May I take a bite ?
Passive: The case will be studied by me. Imperative Sentence Passive: May a bite be taken by me ?
Active: She will make a delicious meal. Imperative sentences are those that
Passive: A delicious meal will be made by her. communicate orders, requests, commands, However, this rule also applies in the case of
Active: Bunty will repair his computer. proposals, and so on. With or without an negative sentences, i.e., sentences with may
Passive: His computer will be repaired by Bunty. object, the passive version of imperative not.
Active: They will clear the bills. phrases begins. Also, the formula remains the same.
Passive: The bills will be cleared by them. Let + object +be + past participle = passive Let us have a look at the examples;
Active: We shall begin this seminar. form (With object).
Passive: This seminar will be begun by us. If a sentence starts with 'You are instructed/ Active: She may not purchase the laptop.
Active: Kriti will knit the sweater. advised/ requested?' use the passive form Passive: The laptop may not be purchased by
Passive: The sweater will be knitted by Kriti. (no object). her.
Active: Diya will not organize the books. ……. etc. As an example, Active: He may not attend the seminar.
Passive: The books will not be organized by Diya. active - Take your medication on time. Passive: The seminar may not be attended by
Active: Will you scrub the pan? Passive - You are advised to take medication him.
Passive: Will the pan be scrubbed by you? on time. Active and Passive Voice Examples With
Active: They will publish the article. Active voice - Let me serve there. Answers (Using Must)
Passive: The article will be published. Passive voice- I may be permitted to serve The formula for Active and Passive using
Active: Rita will save cash. there. Must
Passive: Cash will be saved by Rita. Interrogative Sentence Active Voice: Subject+ must+ infinitive+ object
Interrogative sentences are those that pose Passive Voice: Object+ must be+ past
Future Perfect Tense Formula questions. Interrogative phrases in voice can participle+ by subject
Active Voice: Subject+ will/shall have+ be of two types: with or without a wh group Active: She must complete her task by today.
infinitive + object word. If "who" appears in the active voice, it Passive: Her task must be completed by her
Passive Voice: Object+ will have been + past should be changed to "by whom" in the by today.
participle+ by subject passive form. When there is no Wh word in Active: Dav must purchase this T-shirt.
Active: They will have purchased the blanket. the active voice, the assisting verb comes Passive: This T-shirt must be purchased by
Passive: The blanket will have been before the object because the sentence is Dave.
purchased by them. interrogative. As an example, However, this rule also applies in the case of
Active: Nima will not have placed the bedsheet. Active - Who appreciates him ? negative sentences, i.e., sentences with must
Passive: The bedsheet will not have been placed by
Passive - By whom is he appreciated ? not.
Nima.
Active -Are you attempting the quiz ? Also, the formula remains the same.
Active: Will she have noted the details ?
Passive: Will the details have been noted by her ? Passive - Is the quiz being attempted by you ? Let us have a look at the examples ;
Active and Passive Voice Examples With Active: Dav must not drive the car after the
Perfect Continuous Future Tense Answers (Using Modals) party.
Passive: The car must not be driven by Dav Passive: This task can be done by her. is used to show that two or more ideas have
after the party. Active: Cops could not catch the robber. the same level of importance. Parallel
Passive: The robber could not be caught by structure requires sentences that contain
The formula for Active and Passive using the cops. lists, or predicates which have multiple
Must Active: She may study this course. parts, to maintain the introduced structure
Active Voice: Subject+ might+ infinitive+ Passive: This course may be studied by her. of the words, phrases, and clauses, without
object Active: I might sing a brilliant song. mixing them. Oftentimes, these words,
Passive Voice: Object+ might be+ past Passive: A brilliant song might be sung by me. phrases, or clauses are linked with
participle+ by subject Active: We should respect our elders. coordinating conjunctions (“and,” or “or”).
Active: I might meet my old friends today. Passive: Our elders should be respected by
Passive: Old friends might be me today. us. Word Level:
Active: Disha might visit the mall today. Active: He would train us on Friday.
Passive: The mall might be visited by Disha Passive: We would be trained by him on
Not Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming,
today. Friday.
and to ride a bicycle.
However, this rule also applies in the case of Active: She must support the needy.
negative sentences, i.e., sentences with Passive: The needy must be supported by
might not. Also, the formula remains the her. Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and
same. Active: Could you calculate the expenses ? riding a bicycle.
Let us have a look at the examples ; Passive: Could the expenses be calculated by
Active: Visitors might not be allowed to wear you ? Not Parallel: The production manager was
shoes. Active: Who could aid her ? asked to write his report quickly, accurately,
Passive: Shoes might not be allowed to be Passive: By whom could she be aided ? and in a detailed manner.
worn by visitors.
Active and Passive Voice Examples With ___________________________________ Parallel: The production manager was asked
Answers (Using May have, should have, must to write his report quickly, accurately, and
have, might have, etc.) Parallel structure refers to words, phrases, or thoroughly.
Active: She may have grabbed the clauses in a sentence that are similar in
opportunity. grammatical form. Parallel structure
Passive: The opportunity may have been improves readability, so it’s a good idea to Phrase Level:
grabbed by her. include it in your writing.
Active: She may not have grabbed the PARALLEL STRUCTURE MEANS THIS CAN Not Parallel: Mary wants to go swimming,
opportunity. HAPPEN AT THE WORD, PHRASE, OR CLAUSE go hiking, and take a jog.
Passive: The opportunity may not have been LEVEL. THE USUAL WAY TO JOIN PARALLEL
grabbed by her. STRUCTURES IS WITH THE USE OF Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to
Active: She might have enjoyed the food. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SUCH AS ride a bicycle.
Passive: The food might have been enjoyed “AND” OR “OR”
by her.
Not Parallel: The teacher said that he was a
Active: She might not have enjoyed the food. EX. PARALLEL: I love singing, dancing and poor student because he waited until the
Passive: The food might not have been painting. last minute to study for the exam,
enjoyed by her.
completed his lab problems in a careless
Active: She should have completed the
NOT PARALLEL: I love singing, dancing and to manner, and his motivation was low.
assignment.
paint.
Passive: The assignment should have been
completed by her. Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor
Active: She should not have skipped the We were instructed to enter the exam student because he waited until the last
assignment. room swiftly, quietly, and in a careful minute to study for the exam, completed his
Passive: The assignment should not have manner. lab problems in a careless manner, and
been skipped by her. We were instructed to enter the lacked motivation.
Active: She must have started the task. room swiftly, quietly, and carefully.
Passive: The task must have been started by My guidance counselor suggested that I Clause Level:
her. should get some rest, that I should eat well,
Active: She must not have started the and to do some breathing exercises before
Not Parallel: The coach told the players that
calculation. the exam.
they should get a lot of sleep, that they
Passive: The calculation must not have been My guidance counselor suggested that I
should not eat too much, and to do some
started by her. should get some rest, that I should eat well,
warm-up exercises before the game.
Active: She ought to have aided the little boy. and that I should do some breathing
Passive: The little boy ought to have been exercises before the exam.
My guidance counselor suggested that Parallel: The coach told the players that they
aided by her.
I get enough rest, eat well, and do some should get a lot of sleep, that they should
Active and Passive with Verbs accompanied
breathing exercises before the exam. not eat too much, and that they should do
by Modals ( can, might, may, should, ought,
some warm-up exercises before the game.
must )
The kind of verb is the same as that in Simple PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Future tense, i.e., Modal auxiliary + be+ 3rd Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he
form. would present his product at the meeting,
Parallel Structure describes sentence
Active: She can do this task. that there would be time for him to show his
structure where the same pattern of words
slide presentation, and that questions would What is a run-on sentence example?
be asked by prospective buyers. The flowers are beautiful, they brighten the
A run-on sentence occurs when two independent
clauses run together without proper punctuation room. (Incorrect)
Parallel: The salesman expected that he or appropriate conjunctions. Incorrect: Helen
would present his product at the meeting, cooked dinner therefore Ralph will wash the Examples of correct alternatives:
that there would be time for him to show dishes.
his slide presentation, and that prospective
buyers would ask him questions. Correct: Helen cooked dinner; therefore, Ralph The flowers are beautiful. They brighten the
will wash the dishes.
room.
Lists After Colons:
Second independent The flowers are beautiful; they brighten the room.
First independent clause
clause
Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used to The flowers are beautiful, and they brighten the
Subject Predicate Subject Predicate
find these: word meanings, pronunciations,
room.
correct spellings, and looking up irregular The kind studied
his wife read a book.
verbs. man hard The flowers are beautiful because they brighten

What is for example comma splice? the room.

Parallel: The dictionary can be used to find
these: word meanings, pronunciations, A comma splice is the joining of two independent
correct spellings, and irregular verbs. clauses with a comma, e.g. "The hat does not fit,
it's too tight." Though regarded as an error in
HOW TO CHECK??? formal writing assignments, it can be carried off A run-on sentence is not defined by its length! The
successfully in informal writing.
fact that a sentence is very long does not
Skim your paper, pausing at the words "and" How to teach comma splices?
and "or." Check on each side of these words automatically make it a run-on sentence. As you
to see whether the items joined are parallel. Comma Splice Practice 1
will see, the sentence structure and use of
If not, make them parallel.
Change the comma to a period and capitalize the
punctuation determine whether a sentence is a
next word. (IC. IC.) ...
run-on.
RUN-ON SENTENCES AND COMMA SPLICES
Subject Predicate
The kind man and studied hard for the test In order to better understand run-on sentences
Run-on sentences and comma splices are closely his wife and read a book.
and comma splices, it is important to review the
related errors. A run-on sentence occurs when The man, his wife, studied hard, read
multiple independent clauses lack punctuation or and their child books, and ate dinner. basics of writing grammatically correct simple
connections in a single sentence, while a comma
splice occurs when a comma is used to separate sentence:
Change the comma to a semicolon. (IC; IC.) ...
two independent clauses.
Add a coordinating conjunction before the second A sentence can be complete and correct with one
COMMA SPLICE: Tony is dishonest, he steals data
independent clause. Coordinating conjunctions:
for a living. RUN-ON: Tony is dishonest he steals basic independent clause made up of one subject
and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet.
data for a living.
plus its corresponding predicate. To demonstrate
As you can see in these two sentences, comma RUN-ON SENTENCES AND COMMA SPLICES
splices and run-on sentences are similar mistakes. the basic structure of a simple sentence, find the

A simple sentence is made up of only one Run-on sentences can be divided into two types. noun that forms the subject and divide it from the
Subject
independent clause. An Predicate
independent clause is a
The first occurs when a writer puts no mark of verb.
group
The of words that contains
man studied.a subject and a
predicate and forms a complete thought when
Subject
The kind man Predicate
studied Sentence
hard. punctuation and no coordinating conjunction
standing alone. The subject refers to someone or By dividing the noun and verb, we can add
Isomething (the subject contains
The kind man at the studied hard am.
am. at
I least
for theone noun
test between independent clauses. The second is
or pronoun). The predicate
library refers to what the
on Friday. modifiers to a simple sentence and still see the
subject The manthe verb
The mandoes or is (the predicate contains
studied. called a comma splice, which occurs when two or
studied.can
or verbs). Both the subject and predicate two basic parts, the subject and the predicate.
contain
A frog additional descriptive elements,
jumped. such as
A frog jumped. more independent clauses are joined by just a
adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, or other
Lola sings.
modifying phrases, but in its mostLola
basicsings.
form the comma and no coordinating conjunction. When looking at the structure of an independent
subject is the part of the sentence that contains
clause, it is helpful to think of all elements of the
the noun, and the predicate contains the verb.
Example of a run-on sentence:
subject separately predicate form the two basic

The flowers are beautiful they brighten the and separate parts of each clause.

room. (Incorrect)
In both cases, the punctuation (or lack of it) does If the independent clause forms a complete
not indicate complete, independent sentences. Example of a comma splice: thought, a period at the end demonstrates that
the sentence is complete. The period means 4. The two clauses can be rewritten by adding, 2. A simple sentence is
Secon
STOP. The sentence has ended, and a new changing, rearranging, or deleting words. The made up of only one First d
indepe indep
sentence will begin. independent clause: ndent ende
Second
First independent clause nt
independent
clause clause
Run-ons and comma splices occur when more clause Music makes my life
Semicolo 4
than one subject/predicate pair exists in the Subject Predicate Subject Predicate worth living. COR S
n Su Pr
Pre REC u
sentence. When one subject/predicate pair is bring bj ed
3. A run-on sentence is dica T bj
wonderfu ec ica
followed by an additional subject/predicate pair means a certain te OPT ec
Music ; l t te
lot to me songs made up of two or ION t
memories
within one sentence (forming separate S
to mind. more independent
Th re
independent clauses), they need to be separated simplest way to accomplish this is to add a Hi
clauses that are not e stu ad
. (pe s
(or joined) according to very specific rules of subordinating conjunction between the clauses. ki die a
riod w
joined correctly or nd dh bo
) if
punctuation and grammar. m ard ok
Notice that joining the independent clauses by e
which should be made an .

Look at the following example of a run-on a comma alone is NOT a choice. When two into separate ,
and
sentence: independent clauses are joined by only a comma, sentences. A run-on , but
, or
this error is called a comma splice. sentence is defined by , for
The kind man studied hard his wife read a ,
its grammatical nor
book. (Incorrect) The table below demonstrates the four correct
, so
structure, not its Th re
, yet hi
options. When two independent clauses appear in e stu ad
If we divide the sentence into subject/predicate (co s
length. ki die a
a sentence, try to imagine a middle column in mm w
nd dh bo
pairs (each an independent clause), we see that a if
m ard ok
which only four possibilities exist to join the two Incorrect: My favorite plus e
an .
two independent clauses exist, one following the a
clauses: band is in town they coor
other: dina
are performing now. ting
conj
Please note again that in the above examples a Correct: My favorite unc
tion
comma alone is NOT one of the correct options. band is in town. They )
are performing now. Th re
; hi
Without the correct separation, the two The kind man studied hard, his wife read a e stu ad
Correct: My favorite (se s
ki die a
book. (Incorrect) mic w
independent clauses written together form a run- nd dh bo
band is in town, and olon if
m ard ok
) e
on sentence. Once you can identify a run-on an .
A comma alone between two independent they are performing
sentence by its incorrect structure, it is not hard whil
clauses creates an incorrect comma splice. now. e
to find a way to correct it. afte
r
4. A comma splice is
as
When two independent clauses appear in one bec
the incorrect use of a
aus
sentence, they must be joined (or separated) in
comma to Subject Predicate e . .
.
one of four ways: Music makes my (exa
life worth living.
join two
mpl
Th re
1. The two clauses can be made into two separate independent clauses. es hi
e stu ad
of s
Summary (Including Related Grammar Rules) ki die a
sentences by adding a period. sub w
nd d h bo
ordi if
m ard ok
1. An independent clause contains one nati e
2. The two clauses can be joined by a comma and an .
ng
a coordinating conjunction (comma plus: and, subject/predicate pair and expresses a complete conj
unc
but, or, nor, for, so, yet). thought. tion
s
- no
3. The two clauses can be joined by a semicolon. Music makes my life worth living.
com
ma
req
uire
d)
Incorrect: I love classical music, it makes me feel First Second
independent independent
joyful. clause clause
Subjec Predicat Subordinatin Subjec Predicat
Correct: I love classical music because it makes
t e g conjunction t e
me feel joyful. always play
I think of Whenever they that
Correct: I love classical music; it makes me feel summer song.
joyful. express the complete meaning of the sentence.

The following are examples of some of the most

5. A compound sentence contains two or more
common subordinating conjunctions:
independent clauses that are correctly joined by a

comma plus a coordinating conjunction or by a after, although, as, as if, because, before, even

semicolon: though, if, in order that, rather than, since, so

that, than, that, though, unless, until, when,

Music means a lot to me, and certain songs bring
whenever, where, wherever, whether, while
wond erful memories to mind.

Second
First independent
independent
clause
clause
Comma and
Subjec
Predicate coordinating Subject Predicate
t
conjunction
bring
means a certain wonderful
Music , and
lot to me songs memories
to mind.

Music means a lot to me; certain songs bring

wonderful memories to mind.

6. A comma plus a coordinating conjunction can

connect independent clauses correctly. There are

seven coordinating conjunctions (sometimes

remembered by the acronym "fanboys"):

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

7. A complex sentence contains one independent

clause and one or more dependent clauses.

The dependent clause begins with

a subordinating conjunction:

I always think of summer whenever they play

that song.

8. A subordinating conjunction connects a

dependent clause to an independent clause. The

dependent clause cannot stand alone; it requires

attachment to an independent clause in order to