MOTIVATIONAL

ACTIVITY
CATCH THE
BALL
 MECHANICS OF THE GAME:

1. The class will be divided into 2 groups.

2. Each group will have a representative per game / round.
3. Each representative will play the game.
4. Whoevers catch the ball will be safe and the one who didn't will
answer the question prepared by the reporters.
5. If the representative did not answer the question correctly, the
other representative will have a chance to answer the question.
6. The group members can help their representative in answering.
7. 1 point per correct answer.
BSED FILIPINO 3A: GROUP 14 ETHICS

THE ACT
 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, student are expected to:
1. Discover the role and disadvantages of feelings in moral
decision.
2. Appreciate the dynamics of reasoning and impartiality.
3. Formulate one’s ethical understanding based on human
experience.
 1. Feelings and Moral Decision Making
2. Minimum requirements for morality
Reason and Impartiality defined as
TABLE OF minimum requirements for Morality.

CONTENTS The 7 Steps Moral Reasoning Model

3. Moral Courage
Difference between will and
reason.
Developing the will.
 FEELINGS AND
MORAL DECISION
MAKING
"Our feelings play a complex role in shaping our moral
decision. While they can cloud our judgement, they can also
guide us towards empathy and compassion".
WHAT IS FEELINGS?

PHYSIOLOGICAL

Feelings involve bodily sensations, like a

racing heart or stomach butterflies.
WHAT IS FEELINGS?

COGNITIVE

Feelings are influenced by our thoughts,

belief and memories.
WHAT IS FEELINGS?

BEHAVIORAL

Feelings can manifest in our actions,

smiling, frowning, or withdrawing.
DEFENITION OF MORAL DECISION
MAKING

1 2 3
ETHICS CONSEQUENCES INTUITION

Moral decision making is We consider the potential Gut feelings and instincts
often guided by ethical impact of our actions on can play a role in moral
principles, like fairness, ourselves and others. decision, though they
honesty and justice. should be carefully
considered.
 ROLE OF FEELINGS
IN MORAL DECISION
MAKING
 FEELINGS CAN HELP IN
DECISION MAKING

01 There are situations in which our feelings and likings

are relevant to the rightness of our decision and
actions. Like selecting a course to take, a job to
assume and person to marry.
 HOW ARE DECISIONS
AFFECT BY EMOTION

02 Emotions are created when the brain interprets

what's going on around us through our memories,
thoughts, and beliefs. This triggers how we feel, and
behave. All decisions influenced by this process in
some way.
 HOW ARE DECISIONS
AFFECT BY EMOTION
Peer Pressure - Conforming to social norms can lead to
decision that are not in line with one's values.
Personal Passion - Following one's passion can lead to
greater fulfillment.
Uncertainty - Fear of the unknown can prevent individuals
from making choices that align with their dreams.
 ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE OF
FEELING IN DECISION
MAKING
 ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

Emotions can motivate us Emotions can cloud our

to act, improve our judgement, lead to
relationships, and enhance impulsive actions, and
our creativity. hinder our ability to think
rationally.
 MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS
FOR MORALITY
Humans have not only feelings but also reason, and reason plays
a vital role in Ethics. In fact, moral truths are truths of reason; that
is, a moral judgment is true if it is espoused by better reasons than
the alternatives.
A. Reason and Impartiality Defined as
minimum requirements for Morality
REASON
basis of motive for an action, decision of conviction.

IMPARTIALITY ( fair-mindedness )
is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based
on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias,
prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another
for improper reasons.
DO REASONS AND IMPARTIALITY
A REQUIREMENT FOR MORALITY?
"morality at the very least, is the effort to guides
one's action based on the logical choice while
giving equal importance to the interest of each
person affected by your decision"
- Dr. James Rachels
B. The 7 Step Moral Reasoning Model of
SCOTT RAE (2009)
Contemporary author Scott B. Rae, Ph.D. proposes a model for making
ethical decisions. To say the least, his suggested 7-step model introduces
the use of reason and impartiality in deciding on moral matters.

To sufficiently address the ethical dilemmas that people encounter

regularly, Rae offers model which can be used to insure that all the
needed bases are covered. He admits that the model is not a formula that
will automatically generate the "right' answer to an ethical problem but a
guideline in ascertaining that all the right questions are being asked in the
process of ethical deliberation.
 Gather the facts

01
the simplest way of clarifying an ethical dilemma is
to make sure the facts are clear.
ASK: Do you have the facts that are necessary to
make a good decision? What do we know? What
do we need to know? In this light it might become
clear that the dilemma is not ethical but about
communication or strategy.
 Determine the Ethical issues

02
are stated in terms of legitimate competing interests
or goods. The competing interests are what creates
the dilemma. Moral values and virtues must support
the competing interests in order for an ethical
dilemma to exist. If you cannot identify the
underlying values/virtues then you do not have an
ethical dilemma. Often people hold these positions
strongly and with passion because of the value /
virtue beneath them.
 Determine the principles which

03
have bearing in the situation
are central to the competing positions. Identify
these. Determine if some should be given more
weight than others. Ask what the source for the
principle is constitution, culture, natural law, religious
tradition.
 List the alternatives

04
creatively determine possible courses of action for
your dilemma. Some will almost immediately be
discarded but generally the more you list the greater
potential for coming up with a really good one. It will
also help you come up with a broader selection of
ideas
 Compare the alternatives with

05
the principles
this step eliminates alternatives as they are weighed
by the moral principles which have a bearing on the
case. Potentially the issue will be resolved here as all
alternatives except one are eliminated. Here you
must satisfy all the relevant virtues and values so at
least some of the alternatives will be eliminated
(even if you still have to go on to step 6). Often here
you have to weight principles and virtues make sure
you have a good reason for each weighting.
 Weigh the consequences

06
if principles have not yielded a clear decision
consider the consequences of your alternatives.
Take the alternatives and work out the positive and
negative consequences of each. Estimate how
beneficial each positive and negative
consequence is some might have greater weight
than others.
 Make a decision

07
Ethical decisions rarely have pain-free solutions - it
might be you have to choose the solution with the
least number of problems/painful consequences.
 MORAL
COURAGE
WHAT IS MORAL COURAGE?
Moral Courage

• is concerned with the • can be defined as an act or

principles of right and responsibility that can be manifest in
wrong ethically. times of dilemma and the ability to
confront danger, fear, intimidation,
pain or uncertainty.
WHAT IS MORAL COURAGE?
The courage to take action Moral courage is the ability to stand
for moral reasons despite up for and practice that which one
risk or adverse considers ethical, moral behavior
consequences. (or, simply when faced with a dilemma, even if it
put, the courage to be means going against countervailing
moral) pressure to do otherwise.
 MORAL COURAGE LOOKS LIKE

• A teen who calls home for a ride from a party where alcohol is being served

• Reporting a crime

• Standing up to a bully on the playground

• Helping someone at the street even if it means being late

 LACK OF MORAL COURAGE LOOKS LIKE

• Laughing at someone's misfortune or accident

• Grabbing the spotlight from someone who has earned it
• Remaining silent in the face of wrong-doing or injustice
 ELEMENTS OF
MORAL COURAGE
 CONVICTIONS, CORE VALUES, FOUNDATIONS FOR BELIEFS

A comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption

A rule or code of conduct

1
In the context of moral courage, principles are
fundamental ethical standards or values that guide an
individual's actions and decisions, especially in
challenging situations. These principles often involve a
commitment to truth, justice, and integrity, and they
drive individuals to act in accordance with their values,
PRINCIPLES even when facing personal risk or adversity. For
example, principles like honesty, fairness, and respect
for others are central to demonstrating moral courage.
 POSSIBILITY OF SUFFERING PHYSICAL OR MENTAL HARM
AND INJURY

Exposure or liability to injury, pain, harm, and loss

2
DANGER
In the context of moral courage, "danger" refers to the
risks or threats that individuals might face when they
act according to their ethical beliefs. This danger can
be physical, social, or psychological, such as the
potential for personal harm, social ostracism, or
emotional distress. Moral courage involves
confronting these dangers in order to uphold one's
values and principles, even when it puts one at risk.
 FORTITUDE OR ABILITY TO LAST

The ability to withstand hardship or adversity

The act of an instance of enduring or suffering

3
ENDURANCE
Endurance in moral courage refers to the
ability to persist in standing up for one's
ethical beliefs and values despite facing
significant challenges, opposition,
suffering. It involves maintaining one's
or

principles over time, even when it is difficult

or requires substantial personal sacrifice.
 DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN WILL AND
REASON
 WILL REASON
Will is the power of the mind to decide Reason is the capacity of the human to
and make things happen. think logically, analyze information. and
Ability to weigh options, prioritize make informed judgements. It involves the
objections, and make choices based on use of logic, evidence, and critical thinking
internal motivation. to arrive at conclusion. It serves as the
cognitive or intellectual aspect of decision-
The faculty of choice or decision, by making.
which we determine which actions we
shall perform. Reason is associated with knowledge.

In Filipino - kalooban, hangad In Filipino - dahilan, rason

 WILL REASON
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

A student is faced with the decision to A student is deciding whether to

either cheat on an important exam or to participate in group project or to work
study hard and do their best honestly. alone.

The concept of ‘will’ in this situation The concept of ‘reason’ involves the
involves the student’s ability to choose student using thelogical thinking to
the ethical course of action despite the make an informed decision. The reason
potential easier short-term gain through might working in a group could lead to
cheating. better ideas and a more comprehensive
final project and working alone allows
for more control over the project and
less risk of conflict.
DEVELOPING
THE WILL
 DEVELOPING THE WILL
Developing will involves developing self-control. It includes nurturing the ability to
stick to actions, thoughts, and behavior, which lead to moral improvement and success.
It encompasses the inner strength to focus all the energy on a moral goal and persevere
until it is accomplished.
Developing the will includes developing and practicing self - discipline, do mental
strength training, have inspiration.
The fundamental way to develop our will involves setting a goal, working toward that
goal, and monitoring our progress. Each of these steps requires skill and intelligence.
THANK YOU
 ETHICS

THE ACT
BSED FILIPINO 3A

ABECILLA, CHARISE ANGEL M.

DULAY, ANDREA LOIS B.
SILLADOR, VENUS