1.

Introduction

Active involvement in the interbank money market is crucial for effective

risk management, enabling diversification of funding sources and minimizing
dependence on customer deposits. By grasping the dynamics of this market,
ADIB can improve operational agility, bolster liquidity, and ultimately
enhance profitability in a fiercely competitive environment.

2. Objectives
Liquidity Management: utilize the interbank money market to manage
short-term liquidity needs. By borrowing or lending excess funds with other
banks, can ensure have sufficient liquidity to meet withdrawal demands and
regulatory requirements.

Cost Optimization: Engaging in the interbank market allows ADIB to secure

funding at competitive rates. This helps reduce overall cost of funds,
enabling better pricing for loans and enhancing profitability.

Interest Rate Risk Management: Through transactions in the interbank

money market, ADIB can hedge against interest rate fluctuations. For
instance, if a bank anticipates rising rates, it might choose to borrow at fixed
rates to lock in lower costs.

Diversification of Funding Sources: The interbank market provides ADIB

with an alternative funding source beyond customer deposits. This
diversification reduces reliance on any single funding source and enhances
financial stability.

Enhancing Operational Efficiency: Quick access to funding through the

interbank market allows private banks to respond promptly to liquidity
demands, ensuring smooth operations and minimizing disruptions in their
services. Building Relationships: Regular participation in
the interbank market fosters relationships between banks, facilitating
collaboration and information sharing, which can be beneficial for future
financial dealings and partnerships.

By focusing on these objectives, private banks can leverage the interbank

money market effectively to enhance their financial performance and
resilience in an evolving economic landscape

3. Scope
 Scope includes facilitating short-term transactions where ADIB can borrow
or lend funds, usually for periods ranging from overnight to a Seven day.

4. Term Definition

4.1“Bank” Addis international Bank s.c

4.2“Central Securities Depository” (CSD) refers to a system for the central handling of
immobilized or dematerialized securities and held in custody by registered in the name of
the company or its nominee company and in respect of these securities without the physical
delivery of certificates it facilitates registration, clearing and settlement of securities
transactions or dealings.

4.3“Day Count Convention” means a system for calculating interest accruals over time for
investments in any financial instruments, which in this Directive is the number of actual
days divided by 365.

4.4“Eligible Assets” means debt instruments issued by the Government, debt instruments
issued by the National Bank, government guaranteed securities Development Bank Bonds,
used as eligible collateral for trading.

4.5“Eligible Parties” means the parties listed under article 5 of this directive.

4.6“Government Securities” means a debt obligation issued by the Government of the

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

4.7“Haircut” refers to the percentage reduction in the value of an asset when it is used as
collateral for a loan

4.8 “Interbank Money Market” The interbank market is a decentralized market where
banks and financial institutions trade currencies, loans, and other financial instruments with
each other. This market facilitates the borrowing and lending of funds, often on a short-
term basis, to manage liquidity and meet reserve requirements

4.9“Liquid Asset” means an asset that can be converted into cash easily without a
substantial loss of value.
4.10Maturity Date” means the date on which the interbank money market trade becomes
due.

4.11.Market Participants” here after participant means all commercial banks that are
licensed by National Bank of Ethiopia and a commercial bank owned by the
government.
4.12 “National Bank” means National Bank of Ethiopia, which is the Central Bank of
the Country.
4.13 “Overnight transaction” means a transaction in which the funds are repaid back
at or before 10:00AM of the next business day.
4.14 “RTGS” means Real Time Gross Settlement system (RTGS) that processes real
time settlement of payments, transfer of instruction or other obligations individually
on a transaction-by-transaction basis,
4.15 A "Secured Interbank Transaction" is one in which a liquidity-deficient
market participant receives loan from a liquidity-surplus market participant with
collateral that is worth at least the equivalent of the short-term loan, subject to a
haircut depending on the type of collateral the liquidity-deficient participant has.
4.16 “Trade Date” means the date on which the transaction is concluded.
4.17 “Related Party” to an eligible participant; to entities that have a close
relationship, such as subsidiaries, affiliates, or companies with shared ownership or
management. For example, if a bank lends money to a subsidiary or an affiliate, that
transaction would be considered related party dealings. These transactions often
require careful disclosure and regulatory scrutiny to ensure transparency and to
mitigate conflicts of interest
4.18 An "Unsecured Interbank Transaction" is one in which a liquidity-deficient
market participant receives a loan from a liquidity-surplus market participant
without collateral
5. General provision

5.1 Eligible Participants Participants for Interbank Transactions shall :

1.Maintain a reserve requirement with the National Bank
2.obliged to agree in writing to abide by the terms of the Code of Conduct governing the
interbank money market.
3.To join the interbank market, a written request for membership must be submitted to
the Monetary and Financial Analysis Directorate of the National Bank. The Directorate
will provide a written response within five working days of receiving the request

5.2 Trading Hours for interbank money market

Trading hours run from 8:30 A.M to 4:00 P.M daily from Monday to Friday except for
Public Holidays or unless otherwise communicated by the National Bank.

5.3 Quotes and Trading

1.A liquidity-surplus market participant must publish their quote on the electronic
trading platform (Dealing Platform) on the trading day, detailing the amount
available for interbank lending, the interest rate, and the lending tenors for interbank
money market transactions. Similarly, a liquidity-deficient market participant should
also use this platform to identify the most affordable financial sources available in
the market.
2. The minimum amount per deal in interbank money market is Birr 25 million.
3. Market participants can provide quotes for overnight or seven-day tenors.
 5.4.Interest Rate Calculation

The interest rate calculated using a simple interest rate based on the Day-Count Convention.

5.5. Communication

1.All agreements Must specify: the parties agreed interest rates, total amount,
settlement and maturity.

2. Reported to the National Bank on daily basis until 4.00 P.M.

5.6Loan Repayments
1. The payment instructions with payment details including authorized signature should
be sent to RTGS of the National Bank to effect transactions according to the
instructions on a gross basis.
2. At maturity date the amount borrowed plus interest shall be credited to lender’s fund
account maintained at National Bank through RTGS.

5.7 Collateral
3. The provide collateral should be fully cover the loan granted plus a haircut, interest
payable and other related payments.
4. Collateral shall be Government securities, National Bank of Ethiopia’s securities and
Development Bank Bonds or recorded to NBE.
5. Collateral will be released on the loan maturity date and once funds are credited to the
lender's account at the National Bank of Ethiopia...

5.8 Risk management

ADIB must establish robust risk management practices to mitigate risks associated
with interbank transactions, including but not limited to credit, liquidity, and
operational risks.
5.9 Termination of Participation
A member may request to termination by providing a written explanation at least 10 days in
advance.
A member may not fulfill its obligation peruse of the rule may national bank revoke participant’s
market membership.

5.10 Events of Default on Payment

In event Failure to settle failed the transaction default and Dispute, the NBE may take
actions ranging from Charged the agreed interest rate plus a five percent penalty rate for
the first time up to suspension from RTGS participation.
5.11. Transaction Ethics

1. All Market Participants in the interbank market shall share a common interest
in ensuring that the highest possible levels of professionalism and standards of
business are applied.
2. A market participant must ensure that all transactions are conducted fairly and
honestly, without favoritism or discrimination towards any participant.
3. All market participants of the interbank market shall not engage in the
following unfair actions or seek to profit themselves or their customers:

4. Perpetrating rumors that may reflect adversely on professionalism;

- Abusing market practices;

-Attempting to obtain and using non-public information from other interbank

market members illegitimately that may affect market prices;

-Exploiting illegitimately obtained information.

 1 Interbank Money Market Operations

Interbank money market is a sector of the financial market where banks lend and
borrow funds from one another, typically for short-term periods ranging from
overnight to a few weeks. This market facilitates liquidity management among
banks, allowing them to meet reserve requirements and manage cash flows
effectively. For instance, if Bank A has excess reserves while Bank B needs short-
term funds, Bank A can lend to Bank B at an agreed-upon interest rate, known as
the interbank rate. This market plays a crucial role in maintaining stability and
efficiency in the broader financial system.

Types of Interbank Transactions

1. Interbank Loans: Unsecured loans between banks, typically for very short
periods.
2. Repurchase Agreements (Repos): Short-term borrowing using securities as
collateral. The borrowing bank agrees to repurchase the securities at a specified
price on a future date.
3. Certificates of Deposit (CDs): Time deposits issued by banks, which can be
traded in the interbank market.
4. Treasury Bills: Short-term government securities used as collateral in
interbank transactions.

1.1 3.3 Trading Procedures

1.1.1 3.3.1 Initiation and Approval

1. Proposal Submission: The Treasury Division identifies the need for

borrowing or lending funds and prepares a proposal detailing the amount,
term, and expected interest rate.
2. Approval Process: The proposal is reviewed and approved by the Director
of Finance and Treasury or a designated senior officer. The approval ensures
alignment with the bank’s liquidity strategy and compliance with internal risk
limits.

1.1.2 3.3.2 Execution of Transactions

1. Market Survey: The Treasury Division conducts a market survey to identify

potential counterparties and prevailing interest rates.
2. Negotiation: Terms are negotiated with counterparties, including the
amount, interest rate, and settlement date.
3. Confirmation: Upon reaching an agreement, transaction details are
confirmed in writing with the counterparty.
4. Recording: The transaction is recorded in the bank’s system, and relevant
entries are made in the general ledger.
1.1.3 3.3.3 Settlement

1. Funds Transfer: On the settlement date, the agreed amount is transferred

between the banks' payment and settlement accounts.
2. Reconciliation: The general accounts Division reconciles the transaction
records with bank statements to ensure accuracy.

1.2 3.4 Reporting and Monitoring

The bank employs a robust reporting and monitoring framework to oversee

interbank money market operations. This includes:

1. Daily Liquidity Reports: Detailed reports on the bank’s liquidity position,

including interbank transactions, are prepared and reviewed daily.
2. Monthly Reviews: The Asset-Liability Committee (ALCO) conducts monthly
reviews of interbank operations, assessing compliance with liquidity policies
and overall market conditions.
3. Quarterly Reports: Quarterly reports are submitted to the Board of
Directors, providing a comprehensive overview of interbank activities and
their impact on the bank’s liquidity and profitability.

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES

Employees should be familiar with the Code of conduct themselves at all times in a thoroughly
professional manner and undertake transactions in a way that is consistent with the principles set
out in this Code. They may be held accountable for any actions or discussions which breach fair
market practices and damage the reputation of their banks and their profession.

Responsibility of Bored of Director

1. Establish the overall strategy for engaging in the interbank money market, ensuring that it
aligns with the bank's risk appetite and business objectives.

2. Set the framework for risk management policies, ensuring that adequate systems are in place
to assess and manage credit, liquidity, and market risks associated with interbank transactions.

3. Review and approve key risk management policies related to interbank operations, including
exposure limits and guidelines for counterparty selection.

4. Regularly review reports on the bank’s interbank activities and the performance of its liquidity
management strategies to ensure compliance with established policies and risk appetite.

5. Ensure that the bank adheres to all regulatory requirements concerning interbank operations,
including capital adequacy and liquidity ratios mandated by central banks.

6. Approve the allocation of resources for risk management functions, ensuring the risk
management team is adequately staffed and equipped to monitor interbank exposures.

7. Be prepared to respond to liquidity crises or market disruptions by establishing a clear plan for
emergency action and ensuring the bank's resilience.

8. Engage with stakeholders, including regulators and investors, to communicate the bank's risk
management strategies and the rationale for its interbank market activities.

9. Promote a strong ethical framework and risk-aware culture within the organization,
emphasizing the importance of sound decision-making in interbank dealings.

1. Responsibility of Chief Executive Officer

1. Develop and implement the overall strategy for the interbank money market, ensuring
alignment with broader economic goals and regulatory frameworks.

2. Oversee the identification and management of risks (e.g., credit, operational, and liquidity
risks) associated with interbank transactions.

3. Implementing stress testing protocols to assess the market's resilience during economic
downturns.

4. Ensure all interbank transactions comply with central bank regulations and financial
regulations.

5. Monitor market conditions and provide insights on interest rates, liquidity trends, and
macroeconomic factors influencing the interbank money market.

Responsibility of information technology (IT)

1. Develop and maintain robust trading and risk management systems that
facilitate interbank transactions, ensuring they can efficiently handle real-
time data and transactions.

2. Implement and uphold strict cyber security measures to protect sensitive

financial data, ensuring that transactions and communications in the
interbank market are secure from breaches.

3. Ensure seamless integration between various financial systems (like

trading platforms, treasury management systems, and risk assessment tools)
to enable smooth interbank operations.

4. Provide analytical tools and dashboards for real-time monitoring of

interbank rates, liquidity positions, and exposure limits, enabling timely
decision-making.

5. Assist in the automation of compliance reporting processes related to

interbank transactions, ensuring that the bank adheres to regulatory
standards and requirements.
6. Develop and test disaster recovery plans and business continuity
strategies to minimize downtime during any disruptions, ensuring
uninterrupted operations in the interbank market.

7. Offer training and support to users on new systems and technologies

related to interbank transactions, ensuring efficient use of tools and
adherence to protocols.

8. Regularly monitor the performance of IT systems used in interbank

operations, identifying and addressing any inefficiencies or potential issues
before they impact trade execution.

9. Stay updated on emerging technologies, such as blockchain and AI, that

could enhance interbank operations, and assess their implementation within
the bank’s framework.

Responsibility of Internal Auditor

1. Ensure that all interbank transactions comply with internal policies and
external regulations, such as capital adequacy and liquidity requirements, as
well as relevant laws and guidelines.

2. Perform detailed audits of interbank transactions to verify accuracy,

legitimacy, and appropriate authorization, ensuring that funds are correctly
allocated and reported.

3. Evaluate the efficiency of processes related to interbank dealings,

identifying areas for improvement to reduce costs, streamline operations,
and enhance productivity.

4. Assess the effectiveness of internal controls over interbank transactions,

ensuring that systems are in place to prevent fraud and errors, and
recommending enhancements where necessary.
5. Review the integrity of data used in interbank operations, ensuring that
information is accurate, complete, and timely for decision-making purposes.

6. Prepare comprehensive audit reports detailing findings, recommendations,

and corrective actions related to interbank operations, sharing these with
senior management and the Audit Committee.

7. Conduct follow-up audits to ensure that recommendations from previous

audits have even implemented effectively, and assess the ongoing
compliance with risk mitigation measures.

8. Provide training and support to staff on compliance and risk management

practices related to interbank transactions, fostering a culture of
accountability and awareness.

Responsibility of Risk Manger

1. Evaluate the creditworthiness of counterparties to mitigate the risk of

default. This involves analyzing credit ratings, financial statements, and
historical performance.

2. Monitor liquidity positions to ensure that the bank can meet its short-term
obligations. This includes assessing the availability of funds and the
implications of interest rate movements on liquidity.

3. Analyze the potential impact of market fluctuations on the bank's

investment portfolio. For example, changes in interest rates can affect the
value of instruments held in the interbank market.

4. Ensure that all transactions and practices comply with regulatory

requirements, such as capital adequacy and liquidity ratios established by
central banks.

5. Conduct regular stress tests to evaluate how the bank’s balance sheet
would perform under various adverse scenarios, such as sudden interest rate
hikes or economic downturns.

6. Establish and update risk management policies and procedures

specifically related to interbank transactions, including guidelines for
acceptable risk levels and exposure limits.
7. Provide regular reports to senior management and the board regarding
risk exposures, market conditions, and compliance issues. Effective
communication is essential for informed decision-making.

8. Maintain relationships with other banks and financial institutions to

facilitate smooth interbank transactions and negotiate terms that mitigate
risk.

9. Identify and manage operational risks associated with interbank

transactions, including settlement risks and technology-related issues.

10. Educate staff about the risks associated with the interbank money
market and promote a risk-aware culture within the organization.

2. Responsibility of Finance and Investment director

1. Formulate and implement investment strategies that optimize returns on

surplus funds while managing risk.

Example: Designing portfolios that balance short-term investments in money

market instruments with longer-term securities to maximize yield.

2. Monitor and manage liquidity levels across banks to ensure smooth

functioning of the money market.

3. Provide in-depth analysis of market conditions, interest rates, and

economic indicators to guide investment decisions.

Example: Preparing reports on macroeconomic trends that could impact

interbank lending rates and liquidity.

3. Identify and evaluate financial risks associated with investment portfolios

and interbank transactions, implementing strategies to mitigate these risks.

4. Ensure all investment activities comply with applicable regulations and

internal policies.

5. Act as a liaison between member banks, regulatory authorities, and other

stakeholders to communicate investment strategies and market conditions.

6. Continuously monitor the performance of investment portfolios and make

adjustments as necessary to meet financial objectives.
7. Assessing potential investments in government securities versus
corporate bonds to determine the best allocation of resources.

Training and Development:

8. Provide training and guidance to financial teams within member banks on

best practices in investment management and market operations.

9. Develop contingency plans for investment strategies during times of

financial instability or market disruption.

.Responsibility Fund and investment division

1. Monitor and manage the bank's short-term liquidity needs by analyzing

cash flow forecasts and ensuring adequate funds are available.

2. Facilitate and oversee interbank lending and borrowing activities,

including repo transactions and term deposits.

3. Develop and implement funding strategies to meet the bank’s short-term

financing requirements in the money market.

3. Assess and manage the risk associated with fluctuating interest rates in
the money market, implementing hedging strategies as necessary.

4. Prepare regular reports on the bank’s cash position and interbank funding
activities for senior management and stakeholders.

5. Ensure that all interbank transactions comply with regulatory

requirements and internal policies.

6. Evaluate the creditworthiness of potential counterparties in interbank

transactions to minimize default risk.

7. Maintain strong relationships with other banks and financial institutions to

facilitate efficient interbank operations.

.Responsibility officer

1. Carry out duties in accordance with the instructions of their management, within the limit
of the authority that has been granted to them.
2. The NBE system shall be used by ADIB participant dealing with interbank money market
3.
 4. When entering into or arranging deals, employees should seek to ensure that they do not
provide misleading information or misrepresent the nature of any transaction in any way
5. Employees should also exercise careful judgment in assessing whether the information
they receive is accurate and can be substantiated
6. All staff members should immediately report to their management any problems arising
during dealing operations, or other matters, which could seriously affect their business,
and follow instructions they are given by management to resolve the issue at hand.
7. Any disputes on any transaction or settlement arising between a dealer and counterparty
should be resolved cooperatively and with high degree of integrity and mutual respect

Treasurer

1. Monitor market conditions, interest rates, and liquidity trends and analyze
data to identify may need to borrow funds or lend surplus cash

2. Identify proactively reach out to potential counterparties.

3. Negotiations regarding the terms of borrowing or lending, interest rates,

maturities, and collateral requirements

4. Carry out duties in accordance with the instructions of their management,

within the limit of the authority that has been granted to them

4 After finalized, dealers execute the transaction, ensuring all details are
accurately documented and promptly communicated to the back office

Back Office Staff:

1. verifies the details of the transactions executed by the dealers,

2. Ensuring accuracy and compliance with internal policies and regulatory
requirements.
3. Settlement of transactions, ensuring that funds are transferred and
received correctly. This involves coordinating with the Central Securities
Depository (CSD) and Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) systems.
4. Daily reporting of all transactions to the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE),
ensuring compliance with the directive.

Transaction Process

1. Pre-Transaction:
 Market Analysis: Treasury dealers analyze the market to determine the need
for interbank borrowing or lending.
Counterparty Selection: Select potential counterparties based on
creditworthiness and historical dealings.

2. Transaction Execution:
Agreement: Dealers negotiate and agree on the terms of the transaction,
including interest rates, amounts, and maturity.
Documentation: Prepare the necessary documentation, including
confirmation of the terms agreed up on.
Recording: Record the transaction details in the bank’s system.

3. Post-Transaction:
Settlement: The back office coordinates the settlement process, ensuring
that funds are transferred through the RTGS system by the agreed maturity
date.
Collateral Management: If the transaction is secured, manage the collateral,
including applying haircuts and ensuring it meets eligibility criteria.

BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN

The Bank's Business continuity program is developed to manage the impact

of significant disruptions and will endeavor to resume business and
operations to an acceptable level within a reasonable time in the event of a
disaster
. Here’s a structured approach you could consider continuity operations
during and after crisis:

1. Risk Assessment

 Identify potential risks (e.g., financial crisis, cyber-attacks, and natural

disasters).
 Assess the impact of these risks on market operations and participant
banks.

2. Communication Plan

 Establish a communication protocol between banks and regulators.

 Designate a crisis communication team to provide timely updates.
 Utilize secure channels for sensitive information.

3. Operational Resilience

 Implement redundancy for critical systems and infrastructure, such as

backup data centers.
 Ensure that all trading and settlement systems have contingency
plans.
 Conduct regular drills and simulations of crisis scenarios.

4. Liquidity Management

 Maintain adequate liquidity reserves to meet unexpected demands.

 Create framework for emergency lending facilities with the central
bank.
 Establish lines of credit with other financial institutions for support.

5. Recovery Strategies

 Develop a phased recovery approach tailored to the severity of the

disruption.

1: Immediate Response (Acute Disruption)

Scope: A critical incident (e.g., cyber-attack, major system failure) that

affects operational capabilities.

Actions:

Activate Crisis Management Team: Immediate formation of a response

team to oversee and coordinate recovery efforts.
Communication: Notify all stakeholders, including regulators, partner
banks, and clients, about the disruption and initial measures taken.

Containment: Implement temporary measures to contain the incident, such

as disabling affected systems or restricting certain transactions.

Assessment: Conduct a quick assessment of the impact on liquidity and

trading capabilities.

Phase 2: Stabilization (Moderate Disruption)

Scope: A moderate incident that causes disruptions but does not completely
halt operations (e.g., localized system failure, minor market distress).

Actions:

Restore Critical Processes: Prioritize the restoration of essential trading

and settlement functions.

Liquidity Support: Activate pre-arranged liquidity facilities or lines of credit

with the central bank or other institutions.

Enhanced Communication: Provide regular updates to stakeholders about

recovery progress and expected timelines.

Temporary Solutions: Implement alternative operational methods (e.g.,

manual processes) to maintain essential functions.

Phase 3: Recovery (Severe Disruption)

Scope: A severe incident that significantly disrupts operations but is

manageable (e.g., widespread market panic, significant liquidity shortages).

Actions:

Full Operational Assessment: Conduct a thorough analysis of all affected

systems and processes to identify recovery needs.

System Restoration: Begin restoring IT systems and trading platforms

according to established priorities, ensuring robust testing before full
reactivation.

Implement Recovery Plans: Execute predefined business continuity plans

to restore normal operations, including collaborations with third-party
vendors if needed.
Market Monitoring: Continuously monitor market conditions to assess
recovery needs and adjust strategies accordingly.

Phase 4: Return to Normalcy (Post-Disruption)

Scope: A return to normal operations after the crisis has been managed
(e.g., market stabilization, resolution of liquidity issues).

Actions:

Review and Analyze: Conduct a comprehensive review of the incident,

recovery efforts, and outcomes to identify lessons learned.

Adjust Policies: Update internal policies and procedures based on insights

gained during the disruption.

Stakeholder Briefing: Hold a debriefing session with all stakeholders to

discuss the response, recovery, and any required changes moving forward.

Training and Drills: Enhance training programs to incorporate lessons

learned and conduct drills to prepare for future incidents.

 Prioritize critical operations for reinstatement, such as trading and

settlement processes.

Assess market conditions regularly and adjust strategies accordingly.

6. Regulatory Compliance

Ensure that the BCP meets the requirements of financial regulators.

Regularly review and update the plan to reflect changes in regulations and
market conditions.

7. Training and Awareness

 Conduct regular training sessions for staff on BCP procedures.

 Raise awareness about the importance of continuity planning within
the organization.

8. Review and Testing

Schedule regular reviews and updates of the BCP.

 Implement testing scenarios to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan and
make improvements as necessary.

A well-structured BCP for the interbank money market is vital for ensuring
the smooth functioning of the financial system during crises. By focusing on
risk assessment, operational resilience, and effective communication, banks
can safeguard their interests and maintain trust in the money market.

Appendix 1: Reporting Format for Interbank Money Market (unsecured transaction for
the interim phase)
Issue Participan Counter Participan Counter party Interest Maturity Total
date t ID party t account account rate Date amount
(lender) ID( borrower
)
Prepared By: _______________________ Checked By:____________________ Approved by
_______________________

1. ash Management:
 Monitor and manage daily cash flows to ensure sufficient liquidity for operational needs.
 Example: Implementing cash forecasting techniques to predict short-term cash
requirements and avoid overdrafts.
2. Liquidity Management:
 Ensure that the organization has enough liquid assets available to meet obligations
without incurring excessive costs.
 Example: Maintaining relationships with banks to secure lines of credit for emergency
liquidity needs.
3. Debt Management: