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    Temple Architecture

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    chaharaman081
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    It is for upsc art and culture

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    Temple Architecture __

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    Temple Architecture

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    SAARTHI IAS

    Temple Architecture in North India:


    Began during Gupta Period. 5 stages :
    First Stage : Flat roof, square in shape, shallow pillars, low platforms.

    Second Stage : platforms were upraised. two- storied temples and pradakshina
    path.

    Third Stage : emergence of shikharas. Panchayatana Style (1+4). Elongated


    Mandap.

    Fourth stage : Main Shrine more rectangular.

    Fifth Stage : Circular Temples.

    BASIC FORM OF HINDU TEMPLE :


    ● Sanctum Sanctorum / Garbhagriha = houses principal deity.
    ● Mandapa = entrance to temple.
    ● Shikhara.
    ● Vahana = vehicle of main deity, placed just before Garbhagriha.
    ● Jagati = raised platform.
    ● Kalash = top most part of temple.
    ● Amalak = disc.
    ● Rathas = vertical planes on wall.
    ● Antarala = vestibular / Small entrance.
    ● Torans = arched gateways.

    STYLES :
    Nagara School of Architecture :
    Panchyatan style.

    Presence of mandap / assembly halls.

    No water tanks in temple premises.


    SAARTHI IAS
    Upraised platforms. Portico had pillared approach.

    Shikara →Amalak →Kalash.

    No boundary walls and gateways.

    Odisha School : Khajuraho School : Solanki School :


    Central India - Chandelas Maru - Gurjara Style.

    Exterior walls decorated Exterior and Interior Devoid of carvings.


    and plain interior. walls decorated.
    Garbhagriha and Mandap
    No use of pillars, but iron Sculptures are erotic. connected.
    girders.
    Made of sandstone. Decorative torans.
    Shikhar = Rekha Prasad.
    Three Chambers : Presence of step tank or
    Mandap is k/a Jagmohan. ● Garbhagriha. surya kund.
    ● Mandapa.
    Base = Square. ● Ardha - Mandapa. Most temples = East
    facing.
    Boundary wall similar as Presence of Antarala.
    Dravidian style. Eg : Modhera Sun
    North and East Facing. Temple, Gujarat.
    Eg : Sun Temple, Konark.
    Jagannath (White Panchayatan Style, Rekha Dilwara temple, Abu.
    Pagoda), Lingaraj Temple, Prasad Shikhara.
    Bhubaneswar.
    built on high platform.

    Kandariya Mahadeva,
    Lakshman temple.

    Chaturbhuj Temple - only


    temple lacking erotic
    image.
    SAARTHI IAS
    SIKH ARCHITECTURE : influenced by Mughals and Rajputs. multiple chhatris.

    AWADH : Mortar made of : Brick dust, Urad Dal, Rice husk and tree gum. Eg: Bara
    Imambara, Chota Imambara, Rumi Darwaza.

    RAJPUT STYLE : influenced by Mughals. Concept of Hanging balcony.

    KASHMIR ARCHITECTURE :
    ● Martand Sun Temple : Karkota Dynasty (8th C) under Lalitaditya.
    Gandhara, Chinese and Gupta influence.

    ● Avantiswamin ( Vishnu ) and Avantisvara (Shiva) : Utpala Dynasty (9th C )

    ● Pandrethan Temple : Meru Vardha Swami. Carved out of single stone.

    Developments during Islamic Rule : blend of Kashmir + Islam.


    Mosque made of wood, brick and Stone masonry. Absence of cloisters and domes,
    Instead multi- levelled sloping roofs and tall spires.
    Eg : Jama masjid, Srinagar. Aali Masjid, Srinagar by Shahmiri King (15th Cen)

    PARSIS : Fire Temples / Atash Behram, Adarian, Dar - e- Mehr. Priests = Dasturs.

    Temple Architecture in South India :


    Began under Pallava ruler. Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (port city ) -
    WHS in 1984.
    Mahendra Group : Rock cut temples and word Mandap used for temples.

    Narasimha : Rock cut temples with sculptures. Mandap divided into Rathas.
    Pandava Ratha = Biggest Ratha = Dharmaraja ; Smallest Ratha = Draupadi rathas.

    Rajasimha : development of real structural temples.

    Nandivarman : similar to Dravidian style of Temple architecture.

    Dravidian style of Temple architecture ( under Cholas )


    High boundary walls.

    Entrance gateway = Gopuram.

    Sculptures at entrance of Garbhagriha – Dwaarpal, Mithun, Yakshas.

    Panchayatan Style.
    SAARTHI IAS
    Presence of Vimana. ( spire in form of stepped pyramid ) only on main temple, not
    on subsidiary shrines.

    Crowing Element in octagon shape = Shikhara ( Similar to Kalash )

    Assembly hall connected with Garbhagriha by Antarala.

    Presence of Water tank inside temple.

    NATARAJ : Tandava Dance posture. Earliest evidence = Ravana Phadi Cave at


    Aihole during Chalukyas. Reached peak under Cholas.

    Features : Shiva. Small dwarf. Symbolises ignorance and ego.


    Upper right hand = drum.
    Upper left hand = fire.
    Lower right hand = abhaya mudra = assuring devotee not to be afraid.
    Lower left hand = towards upraised foot. salvation.
    Hair = Ganga. Ardhanarishwar.
    Snake around arm symbolises Kundalini power.
    Glowing lights = endless cycles of time.

    Nayaka School / Madurai School : Dravidian Style + Islamic Influence.


    ● Presence of Prakarms or huge corridors.
    ● Gopuram reached climax = largest gopuram.
    ● Intricate carvings.
    Eg : Meenakshi Temple, Madurai = 1000 pillars.

    Vesara School / Karnataka School : Later chalukyas. Hybridised Style.


    ● Emphasis on Vimana and Manpada.
    ● Open passageway.
    ● Pillar, doorways, Ceilings = decorated.
    Prominent Dynasties : Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysala.

    Nagara = Square Base. Curvilinear Shikhar.


    Dravidian = intricate carvings. Design of Vimana. Step Shikhar.

    Vijayanagara School : Chola + Hoysalas + Pandyas + Chalukyas + Indo Islamic


    art of Bijapur.
    ● Decorated wall.
    ● Gopurams on all sides.
    ● Monolithic pillars - have Yali ( horse ) engraved.
    ● More than one mandap. Central Mandap = Kalyan.
    ● Concept of secular buildings inside temples.
    SAARTHI IAS
    Hoysala Art : Karnataka region. Prominent seats = Belur, Halebidu, Sringeri.
    ● Short height temples.
    ● multiple shrine around central pillar hall.
    ● Stellate Plan = star shaped.
    ● Soft Soapstone = main building material.
    ● intricately carved interior and exterior walls.
    ● wall and stairs follow zigzag pattern.

    Hoysaleswara temple, Halebidu. ( Shiva temple + Jain temples and stepped well.

    Chennakesava temple, Belur (Vishnu) - Star shaped.

    Keshava Temple, Somanathpura. (Vishnu) = 3 forms of Krishna. Janardhan,


    Keshav and Venugopal.

    Pala and Sena School, a.k.a. Vangas Style. Influence of Hinduism and
    Buddhism.
    ● curve and sloping roof. ( Bangla roof )
    ● terracotta bricks (principal material for building) + Stone and metal
    (Sculptures with lustrous finish.)
    ● Tall and curving Shikhara.

    Venkateshwar T. - Tirupati, Andhra. Developed by Chola. Richest Temple.

    Varaha Narasimha Temple, Andhra.

    Mallikarjuna Temple. Andhra. Only temple = both as Jyotirlinga and Shakti


    Peeth.

    Ranganathaswamy Temple, Andhra. Gaali Gopuram = wind tower.

    Kamakhya Temple, Assam. Shakti Pithas. Menstrual goddess.

    Navagraha Temple, Assam. For celestial bodies.

    Mundeshwari Temple, Bihar. Octagonal plan, specimen of Nagara Style.

    Somnath Temple, Gujarat. Jyotirlingas. Chalukyan Style of Architec.

    Dwarkadheesh Temple, Gujarat. Pushtimarg Temple. Char Dham pilgrimage.


    SAARTHI IAS
    Bahuchara Mata, Gujarat. Patron of Hijra Community.

    Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat. Chalukyan Style.

    Bhoramdeo Temple, Chattisgarh. Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh.

    Baba Balak Nath Temple, HP. Women not allowed.

    Veerabhadra Temple / Lepakshi, Floating pillars + Mural paintings.


    Andhra.

    Virupaksha Temple, KR. By Vijayanagar. UNESCO WHS.

    Vittalaswami, KR. Musical pillars.

    Hazara Ram Temple, Hampi. Stories of Ramayana carved.

    Padmanabhaswamy, Kerala. Laksha Deepam festival once in 6 years.

    Sabarimala, Kerala. Pilgrims wear blue and black.

    Vithoba Temple. Pandharpur, MH. By Hoysala. In 2014 - first temple in India to


    invite women and backward class as priests.

    Konark Temple, Orissa. By Eastern Ganga Dynasty by Narismha


    Dev. Black Pagoda. Sun dial = Calculation of
    Time.

    Shore Temples, TN. By Pallavas. Oldest Rock cut temple. WHS.

    Gujarat : Somnath, Nageshvara.

    Andhra : Mallikarjuna.

    Madhya Pradesh : Mahakaleshwar. Omkareshwar.

    Uttar Pradesh. Kashi Vishwanath.

    Uttarakhand. Kedarnath.
    SAARTHI IAS
    Jharkhand. Baidyanath.

    Tamil Nadu. Rameshwaram.

    Maharashtra. Grishneshwar, Trimbakeshwar, BhimaShankar.

    Temples Outside India :


    ANGKOR WAT, CAMBODIA ( Vishnu ) : world's largest Hindu Temple. Because
    of Chola and Kanling activities - hindu dynasties - Champa Civilisation, Vietnam.
    Khmer Empire, Cambodia. Majapahit Empire, Java.
    These temples built by Khmer Rulers - Suryavarman II

    PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE, CAMBODIA : mountains gods. By Khmer Kings.


    WHS.

    PRAMBANAN TEMPLE, INDONESIA : Trimurti Gods. Built by Sanjaya Kings of


    Medang Kingdom.

    PASHUPATINATH, NEPAL : Nepalese Pagoda Style. Cubical shape. Two


    Garbhagriha.

    KATAS RAJ, PAKISTAN : Kashmir architecture of Varma and Karkota dynasties.


    Pointed roofs. Trefoil arches ( gandhara influence ) Soft Sandstone. Sat-graha,
    Buddhist Stupa, Lake.

    ADITYA SUN TEMPLE, MULTAN, PAKISTAN. Sun God of gold. Red rubies.

    MUNNESWARAM TEMPLE, SRI LANKA.

    Modern Architecture :
    Portuguese : Ilberian Architecture. Main material = brick. Roof and stairs = wood.
    Introduced Patio houses and Baroque Style.

    French : Concept of Urban planning using Cartesian grid and Anonymous Archi.

    British : Gothic Style - usage of Red Sandstone and limestone.


    Indo Gothic Style : Victorian style ( Indian + Persian + British ) = steel, iron and
    concrete to be used.

    Post 1911, Neo - Roman / Neoclassical Style : Anonymous. Simple. Circular


    buildings. Concept of upturned domes.

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